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浅谈建筑给排水施工技术在多层住宅中的应用【摘要】文章就笔者的一些工作经验，浅述了多层住宅建筑给排水设计中给水管材的选用、管道的敷设方式、卫生间器具的布置、水表出户设置、空调冷凝水排放以及家用热水器管道设置的等方面的施工要点，提出一些具体看法。
【关键词】多层住宅；给水管材；管道敷设1.材料选用目前，多层住宅使用最广泛的排水管材是upvc塑料管，它是由合成树脂加添加剂经熔成型加工而成的产品，由于原材料的组成决定了塑料管的特性有其优点，但也存在缺点与不足。
其优点主要表现在：（1）化学稳定性好，耐腐蚀性，不受环境因素和管道内介质组成的影响；（2）导热系数小，热传导率低，绝热保温，节能效果好；（3）水力性能好，管道内壁光滑，阻力系数小，不易积垢，相对于铸铁管道而言管道阻塞机率较小；（4）材质轻便，运输与安装方便、灵活。
其主要缺点表现在：（1）力学性能差、抗冲击性不强、刚性与平直性不好，管卡及吊架设置密度较大；（2）热膨胀系数大，安装时需设置伸缩节；（3）耐热性能差，在60℃以上环境抗拉强度下降；（4）阻燃性差，在穿越楼板、上人屋面的屋面板、防火墙、管道井井壁处需设置阻火圈和防火套管；（5）抗机械冲击性差，需强化施工技术，精心施工，及时防护；（6）隔声性能差，塑料管的噪声大于铸铁管，因此管道布置时应远离卧室。
2.施工方法多年来，室内upvc排水塑料管道施工虽然取得了不少成功经验，但也一直存在诸如堵塞、渗漏等问题。
施工前，现场工程技术人员在按照设计图纸及施工验收规范严格进行技术交底的同时，在施工时不妨采纳以下几点建议：（1）在进行upvc排水管施工时，要求施工人员用砂纸对管壁进行打毛（施工规范中未作要求），这样粘接效果会更好。
（2）穿越楼板洞口处的upvc排水管外壁亦应打毛，使其表面粗糙，这样管道与混凝土结合会更紧密，以达到防水目的，对要求较高的部位应安装橡胶止水环。
（3）施工过程中应按规范要求及时安装管道支、吊架，防止管道断裂。
建筑给排水试题1一、问答题1．排水管道设计的影响要素？2．自喷系统按喷头的开闭形式分为？3．高层与超高层的界限高度为多少米？4热水供应系统中处安装与冷水系统相同的附件外，尚需加设哪些附件？试述它们的作用和设置要求。
5室内热水供应系统的加热方式、加热设备的类型有哪些？各适用于什么场所？6、天沟排水设计计算内容、方法、内排水设计计算方法。
7、排水单立管系统有哪些新型式？各自特征？是如何保证排水和通气功能协调的？8、污废水抽升设备选择，贮污水池容积计算。
9、试述室内给水排水系统采用的管材、连接方法及其选用？10、消防给水的水源有哪几种？在什么情况下可不设消防水池？11、生活与消防合用的贮水池，为保证水质卫生和消防水量平时不被动用，应采取什么技术措施？试绘简图说明。
12、试述消火栓给水系统中每支水枪的最小流量（每股水量）与实际消防射流量的区别。
13、自动喷水灭火系统的水力计算，为什么说作用面积计算法更合理些？此法基本参数有哪几项？14、写出排水管道设计秒流量的计算公式并说明式中各项的意义。
15、排水横管水力计算有哪些规定？16、简述雨水内排水系统的组成及分类。
17、雨水斗有几种形式？一根悬吊管上最多接几个雨水斗？18、自动喷水灭火系统有哪几种？各有何特点？喷头常用动作温度是多少？19、喷头的布置形式有哪几种？自喷系统管网的布置形式又有哪几种（画简图）20、自喷系统配水支管上喷头数不能超过几个？中危险级报警阀控制喷头数为多少？二、计算题1.某旅馆建筑给水系统选用的给水方式为自动启动水泵供水到管网和水箱，此种工况的水泵出水量q b=15m3/h，试求水箱净容积。
2.某旅馆共有40套客房，每套客房均设有卫生间，其中卫生器具计有浴盆1，洗脸盆1，坐便器1，有集中热水供应，试确定每套客房给水总管和全楼给水总进户管中的设计秒流量。
建筑给排水试题2一、问答题1、按水泵吸水管与外网的连接方式有直吸式和断流式，分别用于什么场合？2．室内消防系统按种类和方式可分为？3．排水当量?4．热水供应系统的组成?5．热水循环回水立管应在配水立管最高点下大于等于？6．给水系统中水箱的作用是什么？安装时应注意什么事项？7．小时变化系数的定义是什么？8、生活用热水在何种情况下需进行水质软化处理？9、自动喷洒及水幕消防系统功能特点及设置场所。
现代建筑给排水工程设计问题及优化策略探讨发布时间：2022-12-21T08:02:48.867Z 来源：《中国建设信息化》2022年16期8月作者：吴慧聪[导读] 本文主要对建筑给排水设计问题及优化策略进行了分析与探讨，以供同仁参考。
吴慧聪珠海华发建筑设计咨询有限公司摘要: 本文主要对建筑给排水设计问题及优化策略进行了分析与探讨，以供同仁参考。
关键词: 建筑给排水；设计问题；优化策略一、前言近年来，随着我国城镇化建设的快速推进，城市人口也在不断增加，现代城市土地资源日益稀缺，高层建筑目前已成为我国建筑行业发展的一个重要方向。
由于高层建筑具有楼层多、功能复杂、用水要求高、水量大的特性，使得对建筑给排水工程的设计提出了更高的技术要求。
与普通的多层建筑相比，高层建筑的给排水处理具有以下特点:在排水系统中，排水卫生器具多，排水流量大，底部管道排水的瞬时波动较大，且对底层横干管冲刷较为严重，需严格控制排水管道材料的选择，并根据实际技术要求选择合适的管道，提高排水系统的可靠性。
在供水系统中，供水设备的选择非常重要，应通过计算选择供水系统参数（流量及扬程），如果扬程过高，会导致能量的浪费；扬程较低，无法满足高区所需压力要求。
在消防系统中，高层建筑火灾危险等级比多层建筑大，当高层建筑发生火灾时，外部施救较为困难，更多的是靠建筑的内部自救（室内消火栓，自动喷淋等）。
所以高层建筑的消防系统，对确保人身财产安全显得尤为重要。
基于此，本文主要对建筑给排水设计问题及优化策略进行了分析与探讨，以供同仁参考。
二、高层建筑给排水工程设计现状高层建筑自身独特的属性使给排水设计面临更为复杂的环境。
为保持给排水设计方案的有效性与合理性，确保给排水设计方案可以满足高层建筑的使用需求，有必要对给排水设计过程中面临的主要技术难题进行梳理。
高层建筑由于垂直高度较高，为保证生活用水可以快速达到供水点，往往采用加压泵组的供水方式；高层建筑给水管网在用水高峰时期，需水量较大，高层建筑顶部的水压及水量不足，从而影响用户的正常使用。
分析建筑给排水设计的常见难点及解决策略水是生命之源，是生态环境的控制性因素之一，是人类赖以生存和社会经济发展的命脉。
人在日常生活中需要喝水，洗漱需要用水，可见水在人们的生活中发挥着不可替代的作用。
水在建筑中也一样发挥着重要的作用，建筑给排水工程的意义是为居民提供生活用水，也将建筑内部所有的生活污水及时排出。
给排水工程是建筑能够正常发挥功能的基础保证。
一、建筑给排水设计的常见难点我国城市的建筑都具有面积大、用电设备多、供电要求高、人员集中等特点，这些都给建筑给排水设计的安全性及可靠性提出了很高的要求。
但是，在实际中，建筑给排水系统常会出现一些普遍性问题，需要我们在进行合理分析后，才能提出有效的设计对策。
（一）给水的大压力缩短了管材与卫生器具的寿命多层建筑中的给水需要的压力较小，可以在选择管材与卫生器具时就降低设计标准。
而高层建筑中的差异较大，一些设计人员仅仅利用水泵机组的高压区与低压区开展分组设计，并未综合思考小区内分区给水压力，进而造成水压较高的情况，不但浪费了大量电能，还降低了管材与卫生器具的寿命。
（二）给水管道材质影响了水质管网是给水系统的重要组成部分，其作用是把经水厂净化后的符合国家相关标准的水输送至用户。
传统的给水管道的材质基本都是铸铁，但是铸铁在使用的过程中会因为氧化而发生水锈，引起的“红水”问题，它降低了输水能力，增加了供水成本，严重影响着供水水质，给用户感官上带来不悦，是用户普遍投诉的问题。
为了提高供水质量，更换了给水管道的材质，使用塑料材质，大大的减少了对水质的污染，在一定程度上提高了人们的生活水平。
虽然塑料材质的管道减少了对水质的污染，但是噪声却比铸铁材质大很多，尤其是将管道设计在客厅或者卧室等位置的建筑中，严重影响了居民的生活。
（三）给水支管布置与敷设给水管道的敷设主要有明装和暗装两种。
明装其实是指管道外露，这种方式安装维修方便，所需的成本较低，也会直接影响到外部美观性，容易出现表面结露等不足的问题。
The multilevel residential housing is given and drains off water severalquestions designedSummary : This text give and drain off water on multilevel residential housing design supply water the exertion of the tubular product , Way of laying of pipeline, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and air conditioner condensation water of pot-type boiler discharge issue goes on the discussion , And put forward some concrete views.Keyword: Skyscraper, supply water the tubular product , the pipeline is laid, The water gauge, the solar water heaterThe skyscraper is simple with its auxiliary facility, the fabrication cost is low, the characteristic such as being convenient of estate management, Receive the welcomes of the real estate developer and vast resident of small and medium-sized cities very much. How project planning and design of inhabited region, scientific and technological industry of comfortable house, lead the request according to 2000, Improve the design level of the house, build out a comfortable living space for each household, It is each designers duty. As the heart of the house --The kitchen, bathroom, is that the function is complicated, hygiene, safe and comfortable degree are expected much, It is miscellaneous to build, the space expecting much in technology. So, the designer must consider synthetically with the idea and method of global design that the kitchen, bathroom give installation of the drainage pipeline and equipment,etc. . Give and drain off water on skyscraper design supply water exertion, to lay pipeline of tubular product, water gauge produce family set up, establishment and empty of pot-type boiler now Transfer condensation water discharge issue discuss together with colleagues.( 1)supply water tubular product select problem for use Traditional watersupply tubular product adopt zinc-plated steel tube generally, because zinc-plated steel tube exchange the corrosion, Use short-lived , use for and send domestic water can satisfied with water quality sanitary standard shortcoming, Ministry of Construction is popularizing the application of the feed pipe of plastics energetically . A lot of districts and cities have already expressed regulations: Forbid designing and using the zinc-plated steel tube , use widely the feed pipe of plastics. The plastics supply water In charge of compared with metal pipeline, light, it is fine to able to bear the intensity of keeping, Send obstruction little liquid , able to bear chemistry better to corrode performance, it is convenient to install, The steel energy-conservation of the province, merit of having long performance life etc.. Supply water and use plastics pipeline: Hard polyvinylchloride( PVC-U), high density polyethylene( HDPE), pay and unite polyethylene( PEX) , modify the polypropylene( PP-R, PP-C), gather butene( PB), aluminium mould and compound and in charge of and the steel is moulded and compound and is managed etc.. Choice of tubular product economic comparative course of technology, technology should from pressure, temperature, environment for use, install method,etc. go on and consider, Combine owners at the same time request and the house of grade,carry on and fix after being consider synthetically technology not economic. The above plastics supply water tubular product can supply water tubular product as house life. The economic and functional house conciliating Strand room in the face of the masses of with low- and medium-level incomes resident, can select for use hygiene grades of hard polyvinyl chloride in charge of as feed pipe mainly, In order to reduce the fabrication cost; Medium-to-high grade commodity apartment available aluminium Mould and compound and in charge of or other plastics supply water the tubular product as the feed pipe. House mix hot water temperature that water order exceed 600 C, so above-mentioned tubular product in charge of except hard polyvinyl chloride and aluminium plastics compound and in charge of( PE-AL-PE), Mostly the tubular product can be regarded as the hot water pipeline of the house.( 2) pipeline lay problem 1. give and drain off water it set up there arent one that in charge of（1)Will install it in the corner place of the kitchen, bathroom tomorrow. Adopting this kind of way of laying more in the design of house in the past, it is convenient for it to construct, But will reveal the pipeline and hinder the room beautifully tomorrow Watch, the households will mostly be hidden with the light quality material in the equipment two times.（2)Will install it in the overcast angle place of the outer wall of the building tomorrow. Way this suitable for southern weather warm district only, the minimum temperature in winter cant be lower than zero degrees Centigrade, In case water pipe water-logging freeze ice is bloated to split pipeline, influence household use. Pipeline lay in outer wall, influence building to be beautiful, too inconvenient on manage and maintain in the future.（3)Lay it in the pipeline well. This way makes the room clean and beautiful , but the pipeline well has taken up the area of the bathroom, And pipeline construct, maintain relatively more difficult. Bathroom set up concentrate pipeline well, concentrate pipeline on assign in the well feed pipe, drain pipe, This is that the civilized importance lives in the kitchen of comfortable house, bathroom Embodiment. I think : Should consider the establishment of the pipeline well of the bathroom in the medium-to-high grade building conceptual design of commodity apartment, Improve quality of using of bathroom promptly so , can solve hard polyvinyl chloride drain pipe rivers noise heavy problem, Improve the environmental quality level of the room; Whether for bathroom in the areas for little economic and functional house and Overcome difficulties room, warm area give and drain off water and set up and in charge of and can consider and lay in the outer wall in the South, In order to increase using the space of the bathroom; Pipeline install and in the room, should influence kitchen, bathroom every sanitary equipment use of function tomorrowsupply water and prop up there arent tube House supply water prop up and in charge of pipe diameter one ≤ 32mm, de of battle,, little plastics feed pipe of pipe diameter is the crooked state, So the house supplies water and is propped up and in charge of being recommended and adopted and set up secretly. Supply water to prop up to manage darkly There are thes way had:（1)Set up in the brick wall secretly. Wall turn on and in charge of trough in brick when constructing, in charge of trough width tube +20 mm, de of external diameter,, degree of depth tube external diameter de, The pipeline is imbedded and managed directly Trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of son.（2)Whether pipe diameter supply water and prop up and last de ≤ 20mm,can set up at floor secretly piece make level by layer. Turn on and in charge of trough in floor( ground) the board when constructing, it wides trough have to be de +10 mm deeply 1/2 of the de, Half pipeline imbed and in charge of trough, and with in charge of card fix in trough of inning charge of tube. Aluminium mould compound and in charge of and pay and unite polypropylene in charge of pipeline adopt metal pipe fittings connection, Must strengthen and in charge of trough size when adopting and set up secretly, and rivers some flood peak loss relatively heavy. Assign the relative house that concentrated to the kitchen, bathroom interior hygiene utensil, Can adopt and divide Water device go on and join , divide water device whether one more than branch in charge of and connect, every hygiene utensil supply water and prop up and in charge of and connects and publishes from the water dividing device separately. Can already prevent the tube burying the pipeline secretly from being connected like this Permeate the question. Can reduce some flood peak lost, decrease the fabrication cost of pipe networks（3)Drain off water and prop up the tube to lay House room drain off water and in charge of and should set up at the time of inning this each, drain off water and in charge of permeating sideways like this canning prevent the sewage from waiting for the pollutant to enter the neighbor family sideways, Will not influence the neighbor either when the pipeline is maintained Normal life of one. Kitchen wash water drainage of basin propped up and in charge of generallying inserts draining off water to stand to managethis layer of floor sideways; Floor drain drain off water propped up and in charge of laying the room of lower floor. A lot of colleagues think now: Whether kitchen the ground it lay ceramic tile of,whose name is clean in when need develop with water,not strong in meaning to set up floor drain, So kitchen set up ground floor drain, avoid and drain off water and prop up and in charge of and enter neighbor family sideways already so, Can increase using the space of the kitchen . Bathroom drain off water and prop up and in charge of and lay concrete measure have in this layer sideways inside:（1)Improve the bathroom ground . Ground tendency high 150mm, adopt back row type take stool pot, washing basin, bath tub, water drainage of floor drain in charge of and bury in cushion layer secretly sideways.（2)Adopt the sinking type bathroom. Bathroom sink 350mm the floor, hygiene utensil drain off water and in charge of and bury on sinking space secretly sidewaysTwo method these can realize water drainage of bathroom prop up and in charge of earths surface to bury underground this one without entering the neighbor family sideways. Bury pipeline when installing, construction quality must check on strictly, can construct bathroom ground after confirming qualified secretly, So as not to leave the hidden danger in giving in the future using. Bathroom ground construct and can pack coal ash light quality material , also can adopt and lay bricks impracticable to lay plate making construct ground, Ground must make waterproof to deal with, method can waterproof to deal with according to roofing, make two oil one rubber and plastic ointment waterproof cloth.（3) water gauge the open air set up problem The water gauge is had indoors, not only the work load of checking meter is very heavy , but also make the security and privacy of the house reduce greatly . So house divide into households of water gauge or divide households of figure of water gauge Show that should be set up in the open air. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following several kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether 2.adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high.adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary（1)The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household watersupply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase.（2)The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges( meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor( meter box) on falling, every household watersupply to prop up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under upgoing. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in thefuture; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the fabrication cost.（4) establishment question of the pot-type boiler Should reserve and install hot water supply terms of facility, set up hot water supply facilities with when the design of house. Have and concentrate house that hot water supply on , should consider house assign with installation position and cold hot water pipeline of hot water device. The pot-type boiler generally has three kinds, such as gas, electricity, solar energy,etc.. Whether last kitchen gas heater and electric heater or Bathroom inside, give when draining off water design shoulding reserve installation position and cold hot water interface of pipeline of water heater in advance in building, Install by oneself when convenient users fit up. Solar energy and hot water It is simple and convenient and safe for device to use, need fuel and electric power is low to run the expenses, Have long performance life, pollution-free, received by the masses of users favourably very much, Many houses have been small in recent years The district all install the solar water heater at the time of designing and construct. Solar water heater install and at the roof, need to set up the cold hot water pipeline among bathroom and water heater of the roofing like this generally, Consider installation of solar water heater when the design of house, household can only lay cold and hot pipeline along the building outer wall when installing in the future, Increase household degree of difficulty when installing like this , increase pipeline make the investment, influence building beautiful. Give when draining off water the design needing to solicit the developers suggestion first in building, Interconnected system one design, construct the solar water heater in unison; Reserve solar water heater and cold hot water installation position of pipeline in advance only. The cold hot water pipeline of the solar water heater can be laid In the pipeline well; Set up pipeline house of well , can set up one UPVC drain pipe of de110 as solar water heater hot water sleeve pipe of pipeline close to corner of person who take a shower in bathroom, Set up a de110 *75 three direct links in each hygiene interval ground, as connecting the entry of cold and hot water pipe ( 5) air conditioner condensation ink discharge the issue In recent years, air conditioner enter huge numbers of families gradually, condensation water amorphous to discharge the building outer wall of pollution air conditioner have, Have influenced a beautiful important problem of biotope already. Building give when draining off water design shoulding consider air conditioner condensation ink discharge in a organized way. Concrete method can machine set up the water drain pipe of the condensation by the position outside reserving air conditioner, Drain off water and set up and in charge of and select PVC-U drain pipe de40 for use , reserve three direct links of draining off water highly in each air conditioner, It is convenient for air conditioner to drain off water hose insert directly.译文：多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题多层住宅以其配套设施简单，造价低，物业管理方便等特点，很受中小城市房地产开发商和广大居民的欢迎。
慧是．：璺凰多层住宅建筑给排水设计浅议薛健(江苏省建工设计研究院有限公司，江苏南京210036)脯要】文章对多层住宅给排米系统中的常见问题进行了探讨。
目狮】管道敷设；地满设置；雨水排放；热水器设置随着我国经济建设的快速发展，人民生活水平的逐步提高，对于居住环境的要求也在不断提高。
人们除了对住宅的建筑面积、得房率、户型、环境等的关注外，把更多的关注放在了住宅的核心部分：厨房和卫生问。
绐排水系统作为住宅厨、卫的重要组成部分，其系统的设计是否合理，对今后住户的装修、使用与维护将产生重要影响。
如何提高住宅的设计水平，综合考虑好厨、卫给排水管道和设备的安装，为每个住户营造出一个便捷、舒适的生活空间，成为设计人员当前最重要的责任。
下面就多层住宅给排水设计中管道敷设、地漏设置、雨水排放和热水器设置等问题与同行们一起探讨。
1管道敷设问题1．1立管的敷设一般有以下几种方式a．明装在厨、卫的墙角处。
这是在以往的住宅设计中采用较多得敷设方式，它的优点是施工方便；缺点是明露的管道影响居室的美观，所以住户在二次装修时都会用轻质材料将其隐藏起来。
b．明装在建筑物外墙阴角处。
这种方式仅适用于南方常年气温较高的地区，冬季的最低温度不矧氏于零摄氏度，否则水管内水会冻结，导致水管破裂。
同时管道敷设在外墙，影响建筑外立面，实际管理和维修也不方便。
c敷设在管道井内。
这种方式将立管都都集中布置在管道井里，使厨、卫整洁美观，缺点是占用了厨、卫的面积，但比例不大。
这种方式是将来住宅厨、卫设计的—个发展方向。
笔者认为：在中高档商品房建筑方案设计时应优先考虑这种方式，即可以提高厨、卫的使用质量，又可以降低排水管的水流噪声，提高住房的环境质量：对于厨、卫面积较小的经济适用房和解困房，在南方天气较暖和地区可考虑明装在建筑物外墙阴角处，使空间得到最大利用：在其它地区可考虑明装在厨、卫的墙角处，但应以不影响住户厨、卫的使用为首亩提。
12给水支管敷设多层住宅给水支管一般均为de≤32m m的小管径塑料给水管，一般都采用暗设。
多层住宅建筑给排水设计的几个问题乐启夏（福州铁路分局永安建筑段设计室 366000）提要本文就多层住宅建筑给排水设计中给水管材的选用，管道的敷设方式，水表出户设置，家用热水器的设置及空调冷凝水排放等问题进行探讨，并提出一些具体看法。
关键词多层住宅给水管材管道敷设水表太阳能热水器多层住宅以其配套设施简单，造价低，物业管理方便等特点，很受中小城市房地产开发商和广大居民的欢迎。
如何按"2000年小康住宅科技产业工程居住区规划设计导则"的要求，提高住宅的设计水平，为每个住户营造出一个舒适的生活空间，是每个设计人员的职责所在。
作为住宅的心脏――厨房、卫生间，是功能复杂，卫生、安全和舒适度要求高，营造繁杂,技术要求高的空间。
因此，设计人员必须以整体设计的观念和方法，综合考虑厨房、卫生间给排水管道和设备的安装等。
下面就多层住宅给排水设计中给水管材的选用、管道的敷设、水表出户设置、家用热水器的设置和空调冷凝水排放等问题与同行们一起探讨。
（一）给水管材选用问题传统的给水管材一般采用镀锌钢管，由于镀锌钢管易锈蚀，使用寿命短，用于输送生活用水不能满足水质卫生标准等缺点，建设部正大力推广塑料给水管的应用。
许多地市已明文规定：禁止设计使用镀锌钢管，推广使用塑料给水管。
塑料给水管与金属管道相比，具有重量轻，耐压强度好，输送液体阻力小，耐化学腐蚀性能强，安装方便，省钢节能，使用寿命长等优点。
给水用塑料管道主要有：硬聚氯乙烯（PVC－U）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）、交联聚乙烯（PEX）、改性聚丙烯（PP－R ，PP－C）、聚丁烯（PB）、铝塑复合管（PE－AL－PE，PEX－AL－PEX）和钢塑复合管等。
下表是几种建筑给水管材性能的比较。
管材性能优点缺点长期使用温度短期使用温度硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC－U）抗腐蚀能力强，质地坚硬，施工简便有UPVC单体和添加剂渗出，管接头粘合技术要求高，固化时间长≤400C ――改性聚丙烯（EN-US)PP－R，PP－C）耐温性能好，抗蠕变性能好，施工简便只有用金属管件连接；水流局部水头损失大，不能回收重复利用 900C 950C铝塑复合管(PEX－AL－PEX）耐温性能好，保温性能好(EN-US) 在同等压力和介质温度的条件下，管壁最厚，采用热熔连接，需用专门连接工具≤600C ≤900C 铝塑复合管(PE－AL－PE）易弯曲成形，完全消防氧渗透，线膨胀系数小，施工简便管壁厚薄不均匀，管路连接采用铜管件，水流局部水头损失大≤400C ――注：1）长期使用温度系指管道在此温度范围内使用寿命达30～50年2）短期使用温度系指管道在此温度范围使用寿命达10～20年管材的选择是经济技术的比较过程，技术上应从压力、温度、使用环境、安装方法等方面进行考虑，同时结合业主的要求和住宅的档次，进行经济技术综合考虑后确定。
以上所塑料给水管材都可作为住宅生活给水管材。
经济适用房和解困房主要面对广大中低收入居民，可选用卫生级硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC－U）作为给水管，以降低造价；中高档商品房可用铝塑复合管（PE－AL－PE，PEX－AL－PEX）或其他塑料给水管材作为给水管。
住宅配水点的热水温度不超过600C，因此上述管材中除硬聚氯乙烯管（PVC－U）和铝塑料复合管（PE－AL－PE）外,大多管材可作为住宅的热水管道。
（二）管道敷设问题1．给排水立管的敷设一般有以下几种方式1）明装在厨房、卫生间的墙角处。
在以往的住宅设计中较多采用这种敷设方式，它施工方便，但明露管道有碍居室美观，住户在二次装修时大多会用轻质材料给予隐藏起来。
2）明装在建筑物外墙阴角处。
这种方式仅适用于南方天气较暖和的地区，冬季的最低温度不得低于零摄氏度，以防水管内水冻结成冰，胀裂管道，影响住户使用。
管道在外墙敷设，影响建筑美观，也不便于日后管理和维修。
3）敷设在管道井内。
这种方式使居室洁净美观，但管道井占用了卫生间的面积，且管道施工、维修都比较困难。
卫生间设立集中管道井，把给水管、排水管都集中在管道井里布置，这是小康住宅厨房、卫生间居住文明的重要体现。
本人认为：在中高档的商品房建筑方案设计时应考虑卫生间管道井的设置，这样即提高卫生间的使用质量，又可解决硬聚氯乙烯排水管水流噪声大的问题，提高居室的环境质量水平；对于卫生间面积较小的经济适用房和解困房，在南方较暖和地区给排水立管可考虑敷设在外墙，以增大卫生间的使用空间；管道明装在室内时，应不影响厨房、卫生间各卫生设备功能的使用。
2．给水支管敷设住宅给水支管管径一役de≤32mm，小管径的塑料给水管，呈弯曲状态，故住宅给水支管提介采用暗设。
给水支管暗设的方式有：1）暗设在砖墙里。
施工时在砖墙面开管槽，管槽宽度为管子外径de+20mm，深度为管子外径de，管道直接嵌入管槽，并用管卡将子固定在管槽内。
2）对于小管径给水支管de≤20mm，可暗设在楼（地）面找平层里。
施工时在楼（地）板面上开管槽，槽宽为de+10mm，深为1／2de，管道半嵌入管槽里，并用管卡将管子固定在管槽内。
铝塑复合管和交联聚丙烯管等管道采用金属管件连接，采用暗设时须加大管槽尺寸，且水流局部水头损失较大。
对于厨房、卫生间内卫生器具布置相对集中的住宅，可采用分水器进行连接，分水器是一种多分支管接头，各卫生器具给水支管分别从分水器接出。
这样既可避免暗埋管道的管接头渗透问题。
又可减小局部水头损失，降低管网造价。
3）排水支管敷设住宅室内排水横管宜设在本层套内，这样排水横管渗透时可避免污水等污染物进入邻户，管道维修时也不会影响到邻户的正常生活。
厨房内洗涤盆的排水横支管一般在本层楼板面上接入排水立管；地漏排水支管须敷设下层空间。
现在许多同行都认为：厨房地面都铺设瓷砖，清洁地在时不须用水冲洗，设置地漏意义不大，故厨房内可不设地地漏，这样既避免排水横支管进入邻户，又可增大厨房的使用空间。
卫生间内排水横支管在本层敷设具体措施有：1）提高卫生间地面。
地面势高150mm，采用后排式坐便器，洗脸盆、浴盆和地漏的排水横管暗埋在垫层内。
2）采用下沉式卫生间。
卫生间楼板面下沉350mm，卫生器具排水横管暗埋在下沉空间里。
这两种做法均可实现卫生间的排水横支管埋设本层的地面而不进入邻户。
暗埋管道安装时，施工质量一定要严格把关，经验收合格后方可施工卫生间地面，以免给日后使用中留下隐患。
卫生间地面施工可填充煤灰等轻质材料，亦可采用砌砖架空铺设制板施工地面，地面须做防水处理，做法可参照屋面防水处理，如做两油一布橡塑油膏防水。
（三）水表户外设置问题水表设在户内，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。
故住宅的分户水表或分户水表的数字显示宜设在户外。
多层住宅水表户外设置有以下几种形式：1．采用远传水表把普通水表换成远传水表，由一根信号线连接水表与数据采集机，再传至智能管理（微机）。
它的优点在于节省大量人力来抄表，数据准确，缺点是造价高。
2．采用磁卡式水表用户预先购买自来水公司的电子卡，然后把它插入水表的存贮器内，用水时卡上金额被自动扣除，这种方式用户需预付水费，水表价格较高。
3．采用普通水表设在户外1）水表设在楼梯休息平台的壁龛里。
住户给水支管经水表计量后进入厨房、卫生间。
这种方式实现了水表出房设置，工程等价低，但给水立管和水表设在楼梯处影响美观。
它适用于南方较暖和地区厨房、卫生间布置靠近楼梯间位置的住宅。
2）水表集中设在水表间（水表箱）。
下行上给式供水时，在底层设水表间（水表箱），各层住户给水支管在管道井内敷设，南方地区也可在建筑物阴角处沿外墙敷设；上行下给式供水时，可在屋顶设水表间（水表箱）。
这种方式增加给水支管敷设长度、管道沿外墙敷设影响建筑物美观。
水表出户布置的方式选择，须结合住宅厨房、卫生间平面布置特点和开发商的具体要求，对以上几种可行性方案进行经济技术比较后确定。
物业管理完善的住宅小区的中高档商品房，可采用远传水表，它是今后水表应用发展方向；物业管理不完善的住宅小区的中高档商品房，可采用磁卡式水表（在自来水公司有这种业务的地区可设计）或集中设置水表间（箱）；南方地区单元式住宅可用普通水表设在楼梯的休息平台处，以降低造价。
（四）家用热水器的设置问题住宅设计时应预留安装热水供应设施的条件，或设置热水供应设施。
所以在没有集中热水供应的住宅，应考虑家用热水器的安装位置及冷热水管道布置。
家用热水器一般有燃气、电、太阳能等三种。
燃气热水器和电热水器一般安装在厨房或卫生间内，在建筑给排水设计时应预留出热水器的安装位置和冷热水管道的接口，便于用户装修时自行安装。
太阳能热水器使用简便安全，无需燃料及电力，运行费用低，使用寿命长，无污染，很受广大用户的欢迎，近几年来有不少的住宅小区在设计施工时就全部安装上了太阳能热水器。
太阳能热水器一般安装在屋顶上，这样就需要在卫生间与屋面热水器之间设置冷热水管道，住宅设计时若不考虑太阳能热水器的安装，今后住户安装时只能将冷热管道沿建筑物外墙敷设，这样既增加住户安装时的难度，增加管线投资，又影响建筑的美观。
所以在建筑给排水设计时需要先征求开发商的意见，是否统一设计，统一施工太阳能热水器；或只预留出太阳能热水器及冷热水管道的安装位置。
太阳能热水器的冷热水管道可敷设在管道井内；不设管道井的住宅，可在卫生间靠近沐浴器的墙角增设一根de110的UPVC排水管作为太阳能热水器热水管道的套管，在每户卫生间距地面1m处设一个de110×75三通，作为冷热水管的接入口。
（五）空调冷凝水排放问题近几年，空调逐渐进入千家万户，空调冷凝水无组织排放污染建筑物外墙，已是影响生活区美观的一个重要问题。
建筑给排水设计时应考虑空调冷凝水的有组织排放。
具体做法可在预留空调外机位置旁设置冷凝水排水管，排水立管选用PVC －U排水管 de40，在每层空调机高度预留排水三通，便于空调机排水软管直接接入。
以上是本人在工作中的一点体会，由于水平所限，有不妥之处，请专家们指正。
