法律英语常见句型(IN RESPECT OF)
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法律翻译笔记〔一〕房屋租赁property tenancy预租pre-leasing法定代表人legal representative股权equity interestpurpose and business scope 宗旨及经营范围contribution 认缴〔资本〕non-compete(non-competition) 不竞争〔协议/条款〕deadlock/impasse 僵局〔条款〕interim meeting 临时会议early termination 提前终止〔协议等〕fair market value 公平市价without regard to its conflict of laws provisions(OR without reference to conflicts of law principles)〔但〕排除冲突法的适用waiver 弃权headings 标题subject to PRC laws 受中国法律约束〔二〕Agreement for Acquiring Increased Registered Capital 认购增资协议Conditions Precedent 〔交易等的〕先决条件without cause 无理由to the best knowledge of 就……所知encumber (property, etc.) 对〔财产等〕设定他方权利time is of the essence 时间是关键要素意向书letter of intent多功能〔地产〕multi-purpose综合性〔物业等〕complex土地使用权land use right合作经营公司Contractual/Cooperative Joint Venture 〔CJV〕合资经营公司Equity Joint Venture (EJV)尽力use its best efforts促使cause...to...预租pre-completion (NOT pre-leasing)许可证permit (NOT approval)可以对抗第三人be good against any claims made by any third party商品房commercial/condominium (NOT commodity house)尾款final payment业主owner法律翻译Tips# 法律文件中列举项目的最后一项前的"or"或"and"表示充分或必要的逻辑关系,不可略译。
•法律英语典型句型的翻译•1. OTHERWISE•2. SUBJECT TO•3. WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO•4. WHERE•5. ANY PERSON WHO DOES... SHALL ...•6. FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF ...•7. PROVIDED THAT ...•8. NOTWITHSTANDING ...•9. SA VE.../ EXCEPT (FOR)...•10. IN RESPECT OF…1.OTHERWISE•Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法:⏹跟unless引导的句子(让步状语从句)连用;⏹置放在连词or之后使用;⏹与than一起,通常用来否定句子的主语。
例1 OTHERWISE•In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) •在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。
例2 OTHERWISE• A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself.•根据第(1)款发出的通知书﹐除其中另有订定外﹐亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入﹐一如适用于该项财产本身。
例3 OTHERWISEAny person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence.•任何人籍恐吓﹑怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证﹐即属犯罪。
法律英语翻译:职工和工会组织9.1.1 法规条文1.合营企业职工的录用、辞退、报酬、福利、劳动保护、劳动保险等事项,应当依法通过订立合同加以规定。
1. Matters relating to the employment and dismissal of, and the remuneration, welfare benefits, labor protection and labor insurance for, staff and workers of a joint venture shall be provided for in contracts concluded according to law.2.合营企业应当加强对职工的业务、技术培训,建立严格的考核制度,使他们在生产、管理技能方面能够适应现代化企业的要求。
2. A joint venture shall make every effort to conduct professional and technical training of its staff and workers and establish a strict assessment system so as the enable them to meet the requirements of a modernized enterprise in respect of production and management skills.3.合营企业的工资、奖励制度必需符合按劳分配、多劳多得的原则。
3. The wage and incentive systems of a joint venture must be in conformity with the principle of distribution according to work and more pay for more work.4.正副总经理、正副总工程师、正副总会计师、审计师等高级管理人员的工资待遇,由董事会决定。
正式进某国企法律部两个月来,几乎什么事都没做,因为我看不懂合同,看不懂其中的法律术语(legalese),也看不懂行业术语(至今也没弄明白什么叫发动机喘振)。
于是被迫开始了人生中学英语学得最认真的两个月。
学都学了,贴一些常用的词汇和句型,供大家参考,也欢迎斧正。
一、关于合同(agreement/contract)的一些动、名词开始commence (commencement) 完成consummate (consummation)终止terminate (termination) 中止suspend (suspension)履行perform (performance), carry out, implement (implementation)拒绝履行repudiate (repudiation)取消cancel (cancellation)撤销rescind (rescission), revoke (revocation)补偿indemnify (indemnity)转让assign (assignment), grant保证warrant (warranty), guarantee (guarantee)Inaction 不作为action 作为其中indemnify是bug:我第一次看到的时候非常纯真地问:“领导领导,我有个愚蠢的问题,为什么不用compensate?”领导哈哈哈大笑三声:“你个土鳖!合同里没见过用compensate的。
”事实是我后来看过的合同里确实没见过compensate。
二、关于一些“人”当事人party, contractor(合同当事人;承包人)买方buyer, vendee(通常用于不动产)卖方seller, vendor(通常用于不动产)债权人creditor 债务人debtor 主债务人principle debtor保证人guarantor 被保证人guarantee出租人lessor 承租人lessee发包人主承包人general contractor 分包人subcontractor转让人grantor, assignor 受让人grantee, assignee许可人licensor 被许可人licensee继承人successor 被继承人deceased,decedent清算人liquidator 破产财产管理人receiver受益人beneficiary代理人、法律事务代理人attorney 事实代理人attorney in fact关联公司affiliate 子公司subsidiary托运人shipper consignor 承运人carrier公证人notary public 仲裁员arbitrator法官、审判员judge 证人testis, witness胜诉当事人prevailing, prevailing party这些“人”基本都是由动词变过来的,多以er/or和ee结尾,相对来说还是比较好记。
第八章法律英语词汇翻译方法(课堂讲练)本章教学目标:了解法律英语翻译中词类转换若干基本方法。
一、法律词汇英汉互译中的词类转换英汉词汇分类大致相当,但鉴于不同的表达习惯,在翻译时不能苛求词类相当,否则可能导致译文意义晦涩,不知所云。
例1、1)、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.译文:如果公司被解散,优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。
说明:“Preference Shareholders”,意为“shareholders having priority over Ordinary Shareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.”本句中的介词“in”如直译为“在—里”,显然拗口,这里就存在着词类转换,即把英语的介词转换为动词。
2)、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances.译文:合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形—说明:本句的“occurrence”本为名词,但在译成汉语时,转换成动词较译成“发生”更通达。
所以,为使翻译的译文更加通顺,符合其本身的表达习惯,必要时,就应进行词类转换,在英汉互译过程当中,最常见的就是名词与动词的转换,具体而言,在英译汉时,名词转译为动词最常见,这与汉语语句习惯叠加动词,以致同一句中谓语动词“群雄并立“,而英语句子中只有主要谓语动词”一枝独秀“,其余动词只能转为动名词的不同表达习惯紧密相关。
第八章法律英语词汇翻译方法(课堂讲练)本章教学目标:了解法律英语翻译中词类转换若干基本方法。
一、法律词汇英汉互译中的词类转换英汉词汇分类大致相当,但鉴于不同的表达习惯,在翻译时不能苛求词类相当,否则可能导致译文意义晦涩,不知所云。
例1、1)、Preference shareholders are entitled to a priority in the assets if the company is wound up.译文:如果公司被解散,优先股东有优先分得公司资产的权利。
说明:“Preference Shareholders”,意为“shareholders having priority over Ordinary Shareholders for the dividend (the part of the money which is divided among shareholders) and assets allocation.”本句中的介词“in”如直译为“在—里”,显然拗口,这里就存在着词类转换,即把英语的介词转换为动词。
2)、The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances.译文:合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形—说明:本句的“occurrence”本为名词,但在译成汉语时,转换成动词较译成“发生”更通达。
所以,为使翻译的译文更加通顺,符合其本身的表达习惯,必要时,就应进行词类转换,在英汉互译过程当中,最常见的就是名词与动词的转换,具体而言,在英译汉时,名词转译为动词最常见,这与汉语语句习惯叠加动词,以致同一句中谓语动词“群雄并立“,而英语句子中只有主要谓语动词”一枝独秀“,其余动词只能转为动名词的不同表达习惯紧密相关。
法律英语基础句子60句1.A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法。
2.Arms and laws do not flourish together.武力与法律不能同时兴盛。
3.Consent makes law.合意产生法律。
4.Custom has the force of law.民俗具有法律效力。
5.Customs, religious and philosophies tend to form the basis for a nation's laws.风俗宗教和哲学常是一个国家法律构成之基础。
6.Equity is a correction of common legal rules in their defective parts. 衡平法是对普通法律规则中瑕疵部分的矫正。
7.Except as otherwise provided by law.法律另有规定的除外。
8.Every law has a loop hole.凡是法律皆有漏洞。
9.Every law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.若无公众舆论支持,法律是没有丝毫力量的。
10.In civilized life, law floats in a sea of ethics.在文明社会,法律依靠道德所支撑。
11.It can hardly be taken to be a guarantee that every law shall treat every person the same.不能保证每一部法律都能平等地对待每一个人。
w can never be enforced unless fear supports it.没有威慑力的法律绝对不会具有效力。
第10卷第6期2008年11月湖南医科大学学报(社会科学版)Journa l of Soc i a l Sc i ence of Hunan M ed i ca l Un i versityVol110 No16Nov.2008法律英语中典型句型的翻译朱敏冠,唐新萍(湖南第一师范学院外语系,湖南长沙,410205)[摘要] 撷取了法律英语中的一些典型句型,并就其在普通英语和法律英语中的用法进行了比较,探讨了其在法律英语中的翻译方法,力图保持目的语与原语在专业术语和句型结构方面的一致性。
[关键词] 法律英语;典型句型;翻译[中图分类号] H315.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-8229(2008)06-0179-04 法律与语言的关系密切,语言既是法律的载体又是法律的实质。
与其他类型的翻译相比,法律翻译有其独特的风格和技巧。
过去,中国大量借鉴和吸收外国法学的精粹,为中国法学注入了活力,造就了中国法学的日益繁盛,而这离不开法律英语的翻译。
如今,经济全球化的进程日益加快,在英语作为世界语言的大背景下,中国各行各业都会不同程度地参与国际交往。
如中国积极地参与W T O决策,解决相关的贸易争端,启动或应对外国的反倾销、反补贴调查等等。
而离开了法律英语翻译,或者不能高效准确地进行法律英语翻译,中方代表就难以及时恰当地表达自己的主张并实现自己的权利。
所以,法律英语的良好翻译,一方面能实现中华法系和英美普通法系之间的融合与互补,另一方面也是适应经济全球化的趋势,能更好地促进我国对外贸易的交流与合作。
法律英语作为一种具有规约性的语言分支,有其独特的语言风格,如文本意思艰深晦涩、用词准确严谨、句型结构复杂冗长等等,这使得法律翻译的难度大大高于其他类型的翻译。
然而,法律英语中一些句型重复使用的频率非常高,且法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持目的语与原语在专业术语和句型结构方面的一致性和同一性。
所以,我们如果能总结法律英语中一些典型句型的特点,并找出翻译这些句型的技巧,则可以大大提高翻译工作的效率。
汉译英常用结构和句型一、主语(一)主语的确定:汉语中长主语,短谓语的句子翻译,即戏称“头大身子小”的句型。
【“尾重”原则(end weight)】1.我国政府愿意在平等互利、相互开放、长期合作、共同发展的基础上,进一步加强同亚洲各国的经济合作和贸易交流。
The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic cooperation and trade ties with other Asia nations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common development.2.未来老百姓的生活会更好。
× The life of the people in the future will be better.√ The people will lead/ live a better life in the future.3.中国加入世贸组织后,外商参与中国西部开发的机会将越来越多。
× The opportunities for foreign businesses to participate in China’s development of thewestern region will increase.√ Foreign businesses will have more and more opportunities to participate in China’sdevelopment of the western region.4.浙江大学建校100年来,办学取得了巨大成功。
×Zhejiang University has been established for more than 100 years, and made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running.√ Zhejiang University has made great achievements/ made a huge success in its school running since its establishment 100 years ago.5.该产品的主要特点是工艺精湛,经久耐用。
英文合同常用词、短语和句型1.订立、变更合同动词Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant名词the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenantThis agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B.2.合同的终止、解除、撤销terminate a contract通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行,可双方同意而作出,也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。
美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。
cancel a contact因另一方违约而解除合同,其效力基本等同于terminate,不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。
discharge a contract合同当事人的合同关系已终止。
rescind a contract免除当事人之间的合同义务,将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。
revoke a contract即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。
出于行为人的意愿,即主动发出的行为。
<div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center">合同中常用词及句型</div>1.常用虚词shall, notwithstanding, as, foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above mentioned, according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant, under or in accordance with the agreement, as provided herein, as provided in hereof, include but not limited to, with prejudice, whereas, hereof, hereto, herein, hereby, hereinafter, hereunder, thereof, forthwith, the following, as follows, as of the date of, hereunder.应该,必须。
英语合同中的重要词句一.hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.参考译文:本合同双方,公司(以下称甲方)与公司(以下称乙方),在平等互利基础上,通过友好协商,于年月日在中国(地点),特签订本合同。
二.hereof英文释义: of this中文译词:关于此点;在本文件中the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定三.hereto英文释义: to this中文译词:至此,在此上the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Contract本合同双方either Party hereto:本协议各方Appendix 2 hereto:本协议附件2 hereto:to this Agreement四 herein英文释义:in this中文译词:此中,于此unless otherwise expressly provided for herein:除非另有明确表示 herein:in this Agreementpursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein:按照本合同规定的条件herein:in this Contractthe contents herein:本协议内容 herein:in this Agreement五 hereinafter英文释义:later in the same Contract中文译词:以下,在下文hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies:以下简称外资财务公司hereinafter referred to as the Company Law:以下简称《公司法》hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”:以下简称外国企业hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities:以下简称审批机关六 therein英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respect中文译词:在那里;在那点上,在那方面the attachments specified therein:附录4规定的附件 therein:in Appendix 4 at the rates provided for therein:按税法规定的税率 therein:in the Tax Law any losses occurred therein :因此所遭受的损失therein:in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障七. thereof英文释义: of that, of it中文译词:由此,其in lieu thereof:代替拒绝证书 thereof:of the protestthe details thereof:the details of the specification规格的细节八. thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder1) thereafter: after that此后;之后2)thereto: to that 随附;附之3)therewith: with that 与此;与之4)therefor: for that 因之;为此5)thereunder: under that 在其下;依照any modification thereof or addition thereto:对规范的任何修改或增补thereof:of the Specifications;thereto:to the Specificationsfrom the date in the third month thereafter:从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter:after the Termination Datefail to pay any amount payable thereunder:未能支付根据该协议规定应付的款项thereunder:under the Contract九. whereas释义: considering that, 鉴于,就……而论(法律用语)Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China (hereinafter referred to as “Joint Venture”). The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.参考译文:鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则,经过友好协商,决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司(以下称“合资企业”),为此达成如下合同。
法律英语常用短句集中英对照(doc 7页)1.Divine’s punishments, though slow, are always sure.天网恢恢,疏而不漏。
2.An act is not a crime unless the law says it is one.法无明文规定者不为罪。
3.This contract is made of one original此法暂缓执行。
7. This law has become a dead letter.此法已成为一纸空文。
8. This law will go into effect on the day of its promulgation.本法自公布之日起施行。
9 The court dismissed the action.法院驳回诉讼。
10. The court ordered the case to be retried.法院命令重审此案。
.11.Giving the killer what he deserves.予杀人者以应得之罪。
12. Hate the sin but not the sinner.可恨的是罪行而非罪人。
13.Everyone has the right to freedomof expression.每个人都享有言论自由。
14. Everyone is equal before the law.法律面前人人平等。
15. First in time, first in right.先在权利优先。
16. No rights can rest on one person without a corresponding duty resting on some other person or persons.没有无义务的权利。
17. In most civil contexts it does not matter whether negligence is “gross”or “slight”.在多数民事事项环境中,过失行为是否“严重”或“轻微”并不关紧要。
法律英语句式特点及翻译策略2019-07-24【摘要】随着全球化的不断发展和中国国际地位的不断提⾼,我国在政治、经济、⽂化等各个领域的国际交往也越来越频繁。
在许多情况下,国际交往的顺利进⾏都需要法律的保驾护航。
当拥有不同语⾔和不同法律制度的国家之间⾯对共同的法律问题时,就需要通过翻译进⾏沟通,达成共识。
因此,对法律翻译的需求也⽇益迫切。
【关键词】法律英语句式翻译⼀、法律英语的句式特点法律英语(Legal English),在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of the Law,即法律语⾔,在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或⾮诉讼法律事务时所⽤的语种或某⼀语种的部分⽤语。
从此概念可以看出,法律英语所使⽤的语⾔不仅是英语,还包括其他语种,如法语、拉丁语等。
要成功地做好法律英语的翻译,⾸先必须了解法律英语的语⾔特点。
作为专门⽤途英语的⼀种,法律语⾔具有与⾮法律语⾔明显不同的句式特点。
(⼀)⼤量使⽤结构复杂的长句与科技英语、商务英语相⽐较⽽⾔,法律英语中的句⼦结构就其长度和使⽤从句的连续性⽽⾔要复杂得多。
法律英语中的长句主要指多重复合句,除主谓结构外,还有许多修饰成分,如从句、短语等,其主从关系有各种连接词贯通以表⽰逻辑关系,句⼦结构严谨。
例如:The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which , in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution,when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.这个句⼦共有135个单词,其中包含了定语从句、状语从句,⽽且从句之间相互嵌套,构成了错综复杂的句式结构。
法律英语经典表达英文中有大量使用频率极高的句型和短语。
这些句型和短语在结构上表现各异,在语言交流中承担不同的功用。
不同句型和短语的使用能够反映出作者的语言风格,职业习惯和教育背景。
在长期的翻译实践中,英文的译者就这些常用的句型和短语形成了共识,使得它们在汉语中都有相对固定的结构和对应的汉语译法。
如英文中的To kill two birds with one stone一句,“一箭双雕”的译法已经广为接受,虽然“一石二鸟”的译法国人也能大略领会到其意思蕴,但仍然不如“一箭双雕”这个已经在汉语中有着广泛“群众基础”的译法易于为人们领会,接受。
英文合同英语中的一些句式、短语在其他文类、尤其是日常英语中使用频率很低,这也是法律英语神秘化的主要原因之一。
这甚至是一个相互作用的过程—使用频率低导致人们对之更感陌生,愈感陌生,法律英语则愈加神秘。
其实,在合同英语中,此类句型或短语的数量并不多,只是目前国内对之进行系统化归纳的著作和文章仍然少见而已,鉴于此,作者将在本章中尝试进行归纳与梳理。
1. in accordance with/pursuant t o—根据/依照/按照…的规定合同是当事双方的“法律”。
合同的目的在于尽最大可能使得合同项下的交易行为依照法律规定或约定来开展,从而双方的交易变得具有可预见性。
因此,合同中会经常出现“根据…规定(约定)来采取…行动”的表达。
其中的“根据…”在长期合同实践中形成了法律人写作的固有取向,那就是使用in accordance with 或者pursuant to。
EX1:The arbitration is to be administered by the American Arbitration Association and is to be conducted in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association.仲裁将由美国仲裁协会主持并将根据该会的商事仲裁规则进行。