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翻译转换法（亦称“转译”）转换法（conversion）所谓转换法（也称转译），是指翻译过程中由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类或词在句子中的作用，以使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
转换法是翻译中最为常用的一种变通手段，是突破原文词法、语法与句法格局，化阻滞为忠实、通顺的重要技巧。
它不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化，当然主要是词类的变化。
By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. We cannot translate English mechanically word for word into Chinese. A good translator should try by all means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another language, quite disregarding the parts of speech of individual words so used in his version. In practical translation work, words identical in meaning but different in part speech and the word order may also be changed.（一）词性转换一般说来，在翻译过程中词类转换是没有限制的，也就是说可以把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成名词、动词、副词和短语。
US-China Foreign Language, July 2023, Vol. 21, No. 7, 279-286doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2023.07.005 A Study on the Translation of Chinese Four-Character Phrases —Taking the Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the TenBamboo Studio as an ExampleBAO De-wang, XIANG Hua-liNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China The book named Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio is a collection of arch andwoodblock paintings of Ming Dynasty, which is translated by the authors of this paper. The translation of this bookis mainly about the notes and provenance of the paintings. The goal of this paper is to describe the translation activityof Chinese four-character phrases with the practical translation methods and techniques including paraphrase,omission, addition, and shift, which is the most difficult part during the translation process of this book. The authorin this paper hopes that the methods for the translation of Chinese four-character phrases will provide certain help forthe understanding and spread of Chinese classical stories from the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paperof the Ten Bamboo Studio.Keywords: Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio, four-character phrases, translationstrategiesIntroductionIn the process of translating the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , 118 cases were selected from the project, including 26 cases applying omission translation method accounting for 22.0% of the total, 45 cases applied shift translation method, accounting for 38.1%, two cases applied addition, accounting for 1.8% of the total, and 45 cases applied paraphrase, accounting for 38.1%. Methods of paraphrase and shift are most frequently used, and the sum of the two reaches 76.2% of the whole. In this paper, the authors will separately illustrate the use of the four translation methods mentioned above in the translation practice, and at the same time the authors also explain the reasons for using these translation methods. It is intended to provide practical suggestions and references for the future translation of the painting, and at the same time contribute to the spread of Chinese culture. Acknowledgements: Thanks to the committee of Jiangsu Social Science. This paper is funded by Jiangsu Social Science Fund: The Iconography of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , which number is 20YYB005. This paper is also funded by Teaching Reform Project for Postgraduate Education (Construction of High-Quality Teaching Resources): Translation Industry Training (No. 2023YJXGG-C25), which is organized by the Postgraduate College of NUAA.BAO De-wang, Ph.D., professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. XIANG Hua-li, associate professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.D A VID PUBLISHINGDA STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CHINESE FOUR-CHARACTER PHRASES280ParaphraseVia a large number of translation cases, the authors found that when the first two words and the last two words of a four-character phrases are parallel, but of different expressions, the translation method of paraphrase can be applied. In addition, in this translation practice, the method of paraphrase also applied to descriptive words which involve behaviors, condition, and allusions.Parallel PhrasesST: 诗句意为韩康不看重金钱名利，自己在云山之中逍遥畅快地采药卖药。
连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】第13章Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）13.1 复习笔记Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧，还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进⾏细致的分析。
⼀、Features of Long English Sentences（英语长句的特点）English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的：主⼲是五种句⼦结构，即主＋谓，主＋系＋表，主＋谓＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋补；枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。
Translatin of Word --Different aspects of a wordaoslix@Contents1 Meaning of word2 Weight of meaning3 Connotation4 Special usageJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Sep Oct Nov Declast week/last month/last year→白求恩同志是加拿大共产党员，五十多岁了，为了帮助中国的抗日战争，受加拿大共产党和美国共产党的派遣，不远万里，来到中国。
去年春天到延安（1938年1月，小米注），后来到五台山工作，不幸以身殉职...（毛泽东：《纪念白求恩》1939年12月21日）→白求恩同志是加拿大共产党员，…去年春天到延安，后来到五台山工作，不幸以身殉职...。
（毛泽东：《纪念白求恩》1939年12月21日）...He arrived in Yan’an last spring, went to work in the Wutai Mountains......He arrived in Yan’an in the spring of last year, …e.g. 1 He graduated from one local college last June. He graduated from one local college last June.(Suppose now is September)The sports meet was held last Friday.(Suppose now is Monday)The computer test finished last Monday.(suppose now is Thursday)(what about if now is Tuesday ?/ Wednesday?)“Your arrogance and conceit, your selfish disdain for the feelings of others made me realise you were the last man in the world I could ever marry.” (“Pride and Prejudice”, Lizzie to Darcy)从我第一次看见你, 你的骄傲自大,你自私的轻视别人的感受,让我发现就算男人都死光了,我也不可能想嫁给你。
Translation of English idiomsIdioms includes colloquialisms,slangs and proverbs习语包括俗语，谚语和俚语IdiomA group of words that has a special meaning that is different from the ordinary meaning of each separate word.SlangVery informal , sometimes offensive , language that is used especially by people who belong to a particular group.ProverbA shot well-known statement that gives advice or expresses something that is generally true.The ways for translationLiteral translation 直译法Corresponding translation 套译法Explanation translation 释义法Free translation 意译法在具体操作过程中，这几种方法是相互兼顾，相互补充的。
能直译就直译，能意译就意译，能套译就套译。
以不损害原作的“异国情调”为前提，以保持“原汁原味”为特色，便是译者应遵循的翻译原则。
1. Translation of English Idioms习语的翻译1.1直译法不违背译文语言规范，不引起错误联想，能保持英语习语的比喻、形象、民族特色、地方习惯的译法。
a die-hard死硬派think tank思想库time frame时间框架the hot line热线paper tiger纸老虎armed to the teeth武装到牙齿comfort woman慰安妇to burn one’s boats破釜沉舟to fan the flame(s)煽风点火to turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻to have a well-oiled tongue油腔滑调a gentleman’s agreement君子协定an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth以眼还眼，以牙还牙Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧Long absent, soon forgotten. 久别情疏Add fuel to the fire. 火上加油Run with the tail between the legs.夹着尾巴逃跑walls have ears 隔墙有耳Under one’s nose 在某人鼻子底下Packed like sardines 挤得像沙丁鱼罐头Sour grapes 酸葡萄The Trojan horse 特洛伊木马The heel of Achilles 阿基里斯的脚跟The sword of Damocles 悬在达摩克利斯头顶上的剑The cold / hot war 冷战/ 热战An olive branch 橄榄树枝The open-door policy 门户开放政策The most-favored-nation policy 最惠国条款Shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交A cat has nine lives 猫有九命Blood is thicker that water 血浓于水Barking dogs do not bite 吠狗不咬人A rolling stone gathers no moss 滚石不生苔1.2. Corresponding Translation 套译法用译文语言里的同义习语去套译原文中的习语的一种翻译方法套译法实际上也属于归化译法(domestication)，但这种套译的机会不是很多。
Translation of WordsProper words in their proper places(词适其所)make the true definition of style. (Johnathan Swift)The difference between the right word and the almost right word is really a large matter----this the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning. (Mark Twain)根据文章“积字为句、积句为段、积句为篇”的创作程序，汉英翻译过程可相应为三个部分：选词、构句、谋篇。
在翻译实践中，篇章是最终的考核质量的单位，句子是基本的操作单位，而大部分的难题都集中在词汇单位。
（Peter Newmark, 1981）（陈宏微2004：69）I．Lexical Comparison of Chinese and English1. Comparison of script(文字对比)：English（alphabetic script，拼音文字）：只有词Chinese( ideographic-oriented syllabic script表意文字)：有字又有词象形字（pctograph），指事字(indicative character)，会意字(associative character)，形声字(morpheme-phonetic character)2. Comparison of pronunciation(发音对比)：Chinese: tonal language声调语言（阴、阳、上、去，如：优、游、友、幼）English: intonation language语调语言3. Comparison of word formation(构词法很大不同)：汉语和英语都能用合成法（compounding）、缀合法（affixation）、音变法(sound-changing)、缩略法(abbreviation)构词，也都通过翻译从外语中借进新词。
不同的是，汉语还使用重叠法(reduplication)，英语还用转换法(conversion)、逆构词法(back-formation)、截短法(clipping)构词。
4. Difference of morphology（词法不同）：English: 有屈折变化（inflections）: 性、数、格、时、体、态、语气、人称、比较级等；Chinese：没有屈折变化，但有量词、语气词、形态助词；Specifically speaking:①冠词：a cup of teaan English bookHe is a student in our class. 他是我们班的学生。
②名词1)单复数形式：custom 习惯customs 关税economy 节约；经济economics 经济学2)格St. Peter‟s: 圣彼得教堂the barber‟s：理发店3)阳性&阴性词缀：演员：actor & actress 王子&公主：price & pricess③形容词和副词：This book is better/ the best one. (更好/最好)英语的形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，而汉语没有。
④动词：时态&形式It rains everyday recently.It rained yesterday.It is raining hard outside.go/ went / gone英文有多种时态变化，而汉语没有。
I want to go out for a walk.Being a teacher, he should love his students.Given more money and time, he would succeed.英语有不定式、动名词、分词等多种非谓语动词形式。
而汉语没有。
II．Semantic comparison of Chinese and English1.Lexical Equivalence(词义对等)A.Semantic Correspondence: Absolute Equivalents东方时空Oriental Time and Space From beginning to end 从头到尾德国Germany Family property 家产等腰三角形Isosceles triangle Helicopter 直升飞机断层山Fault mountain The Atlantic Ocean 大西洋计算机Computer Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁助教Assistant teacher Lose face 丢脸场磁铁Field magnet Failure is the mother ofsuccess 失败是成功之母地盾Shield A near neighbor is betterthan a far-dwelling kinsman远亲不如近邻书架Book shelf Bull market 牛市新生儿Newborn baby Trump card 王牌B.Semantic Non-correspondence:a.One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning;e.g. wife =妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，媳妇，内人，堂客，老伴，拙荆；potato = 马铃薯，洋芋，土豆，山药蛋；b.One Word with Several Equivalents of the Different Meanings;Cousin: 堂兄，堂弟，堂姐妹，表兄妹；President: 总统，总裁，主席，董事，校长；Carry: 搬，运，送，提，挑，拎，抬，搂，抱，端，举，捧；走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, tropes, shamble, prance, clump, tiptoe;机：machine, engine, plane, aircraft;羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb;c.Equivalents Interwoven with One Another.In this case, a certain word may be treated differently according to various circumstances or collocations.e.g.say 说speak讲talk谈tell说讲说说讲谈谈讲谈诉诉诉诉Tell a story; tell me the truth; tell liesSpeak/talk in class; speak the language/English/ChineseTalk about the news; talk to sb. / talk with sb.Say something; say that…(clause)C.Semantic zeroTeenagers( a fuzzy word,模糊词)：13-19岁的青少年Prey：被捕食的动物Clock watcher：老是看钟等下班的人Couch potato：整天窝在沙发里看电视的人“气虚”：Qi deficiency文房四宝：The our treasures of the study( writing brush, ink-stick, ink-stone and paper) 干妈：Nominally adopted mother; godmother缘分：Fate or chance that brings people together2.The Diversity of Word Meaning（词义的多样性）The meaning of a word is not uniform but diversified and multidimensional. A case in point is the word “seat”in the sentence “The District of Columbia is the seat of the national government.”The usual sense of the word offers us no satisfactory solution. It is now obvious that the key to translating the sentence lies in a proper understanding of this single word.Consultation of dictionaries tells us that “seat”, apart from its usual sense of “a place for sitting” can also mean “center or a place where a particular activity happens.” Therefore, the sentence can be rendered into 哥伦比亚是国家政府的所在地。
Such examples abounds in the Chinese and English languages. For instance, 红茶is translated into “black tea”instead of “red tea”; “fresh milk”is translated into 鲜奶，but “get fresh with a woman” can only be 调戏妇女。
The same is true of “cat（猫）” when it is used as a single word and in the sentence “she is a cat.(她是一个邪恶的女人)”. All these examples show the diversity of word meaning and the barrier it causes to the translator who, unfortunately, has got to wrestle with each of the words in a text. A good knowledge of different types of word meaning now seems apparent.Types of MeaningDenotative Meaning 字面意义：that part of meaning of a word or phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world. For example, the denotation of the English word “bird” is a two-legged, winged, egg-laying, warm-blooded creature witha beak(鸟嘴). In a meaning system, denotative meaning may be regarded as the “central”meaning or “core”meaning of a lexical item. It is often equated with referential meaning and with cognitive（认知的）meaning and conceptual meaning.Connotative Meaning 内含意义：the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning. These meanings show people‟s emotions and attitudes towards what the word or phrase refers to. For example, child could be defined as a young human being but there are many other characteristics which different people associate with child, e.g. affectionate（温柔亲切的）, amusing,（有趣的）lovable, sweet, mischievous（淘气的）, noisy, irritating（气人的）, grubby(肮脏的.e.g. 政治家：1）“statesman”政治家-“a political or government leader, esp. one who is respected as being wise, honorable, and fair-minded（公正的，公平的）” (LDCE), and is often used appreciatively.2) “politician”政客- “someone who is skilled at dealing with people in a way that is advantageous to himself or herself or at using a system to his or her advantage”(LDCE) and is often used pejoratively(轻蔑的，贬损的).III．Distinguish the Meaning总体说来，在英汉翻译中要真正准确地理解英语词语的意义，往往要从以下四个方面入手。
