【51Talk-英文介绍中国非遗文库】中国非物质文化遗产：书法

中国传统文化书法的英语介绍
中国传统文化之书法
书法，中国古老的艺术形式，以笔、墨、纸、砚为工具，通过汉字的书写展现无尽的韵律与美感。

每一笔、每一划，都蕴含着深厚的文化底蕴和历史沉淀。

它不仅是一种文字的表达，更是一种心灵的沟通，体现了中国人的审美追求和精神风貌。

Translation
Calligraphy in Traditional Chinese Culture
Calligraphy, an ancient art form in China, utilizes tools such as brush, ink, paper, and inkstone to exhibit rhythmic and aesthetic beauty through the writing of Chinese characters. Every stroke and line is imbued with profound cultural heritage and historical沉积. It's not just an expression of words, but a communication of the soul, reflecting the aesthetic pursuits and spiritual traits of the Chinese people.。

用英语介绍中国的传统文化书法作文Chinese calligraphy is an ancient and revered art form that has been practiced for thousands of years, deeply rooted in the country's rich cultural heritage. As a visual representation of the written language, calligraphy is not merely a means of communication, but an expression of the artist's inner emotions, philosophy, and personal style. It is a unique and captivating aspect of Chinese culture that has captivated the world and continues to inspire artists and enthusiasts alike.At the heart of Chinese calligraphy lies the brush, a tool that has been mastered by generations of artists. The brush, with its ability to create a wide range of strokes and textures, is the primary instrument used in calligraphy. The artist's skill in handling the brush, controlling the flow of ink, and manipulating the pressure and angle of the strokes, all contribute to the creation of a masterful work of art.The art of calligraphy is not just about the technical execution of the strokes, but also the underlying philosophy and emotionalexpression. Calligraphers often draw inspiration from the natural world, seeking to capture the essence of objects and phenomena in their brushwork. The flowing lines and dynamic movements of a calligraphic work can evoke the graceful movements of a bird in flight, the crashing waves of the ocean, or the serene stillness of a mountain landscape.Moreover, the choice of calligraphic style is a reflection of the artist's personality and artistic vision. Each of the major calligraphic styles, such as the regular script, the cursive script, and the seal script, has its own unique characteristics and expressive qualities. The regular script, for example, is known for its balanced and harmonious structure, while the cursive script is characterized by its fluid and expressive brushwork.One of the most fascinating aspects of Chinese calligraphy is its deep connection to the country's philosophical and literary traditions. Calligraphers often draw inspiration from the teachings of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, incorporating these philosophical principles into their works. The act of calligraphy is seen as a meditative practice, where the artist strives to achieve a state of mental and physical harmony with the brush and the ink.Furthermore, calligraphy has played a significant role in the development of Chinese literature and poetry. Many of China's mostrenowned poets and scholars were also accomplished calligraphers, using their brushwork to enhance the emotional and aesthetic qualities of their written works. The interplay between calligraphy and literature has resulted in a rich and vibrant artistic tradition that has captivated audiences both within and beyond China's borders.In recent years, Chinese calligraphy has gained increasing international recognition and appreciation. Collectors and art enthusiasts from around the world have developed a deep fascination with this ancient art form, recognizing its unique beauty and cultural significance. Calligraphic works have been exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums, drawing crowds of admirers who are mesmerized by the power and grace of the brushstrokes.Despite the challenges posed by the modern era, the art of Chinese calligraphy continues to thrive and evolve. Contemporary calligraphers are experimenting with new techniques and styles, incorporating elements of Western art and exploring the boundaries of the traditional form. This dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation has kept Chinese calligraphy relevant and captivating, ensuring that this timeless art form will continue to inspire and captivate audiences for generations to come.In conclusion, Chinese calligraphy is a profound and multifaceted art form that reflects the depth and richness of the country's culturalheritage. From the mastery of the brush to the philosophical and literary underpinnings of the art, calligraphy is a testament to the enduring creativity and artistic spirit of the Chinese people. As the world continues to marvel at the beauty and elegance of this ancient art, it is clear that Chinese calligraphy will remain a cherished and integral part of the global cultural landscape.。

介绍中国传统技艺的英语作文书法English Response:Chinese calligraphy is a revered traditional art form that has been practiced in China for thousands of years. It is a unique and highly respected means of artistic expression, combining the beauty of the written word with the fluidity of brush strokes. Calligraphy is not merely the act of writing, but a profound exploration of the relationship between the mind, the hand, and the medium.The history of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the earliest written records of the Chinese civilization. The development of various calligraphic styles, such as the seal script, the clerical script, the regular script, and the cursive script, has been influenced by the evolution of writing materials, the shifting political and cultural landscapes, and the personal interpretations of individual artists.Mastering the art of calligraphy requires a deep understanding of the principles of composition, balance, and rhythm. Calligraphers must possess a keen eye for theaesthetic qualities of each stroke, as well as the ability to control the flow of the brush and the distribution of ink on the paper. The process of creating a calligraphic work is often described as a meditative practice, where the artist must find harmony between the physical and the spiritual realms.One of the most significant aspects of Chinese calligraphy is its close connection with the philosophical and cultural traditions of China. Calligraphy is not merely a decorative art form, but a means of expressing theartist's inner thoughts, emotions, and understanding of the world. The choice of subject matter, the style of writing, and the overall composition of a calligraphic work can all be imbued with deeper symbolic meanings.In recent years, Chinese calligraphy has gained increasing international recognition and appreciation. Many museums and galleries around the world have showcased the works of renowned calligraphers, introducing this ancient art form to a global audience. The enduring popularity of Chinese calligraphy is a testament to its timeless beauty,its cultural significance, and its ability to transcend the boundaries of language and geography.中文回答:中国书法是一种历史悠久、备受尊崇的传统艺术形式。

中国的非物质文化遗产介绍英文段落一：Chinese Calligraphy (中国书法)Chinese Calligraphy, known as "Shufa" in Chinese, is an art form that transcends mere writing. It embodies the harmony between strokes, ink, and paper, reflecting the calligrapher's personality, emotions, and philosophical insights. Each character is a microcosm of balance, rhythm, and vitality, making calligraphy not only a means of communication but also a profound aesthetic experience. As a spiritual pursuit, it has been deeply ingrained in Chinese society for over 3,000 years, fostering virtues such as patience, concentration, and self-cultivation.Chinese Calligraphy (中国书法)Chinese Calligraphy, or “Shufa”in Chinese, transcends mere writing as an art form. It harmoniously unites strokes, ink, and paper, mirroring the calligrapher’s personality, emotions, and philosophical insights. Each character embodies balance, rhythm, and vitality, rendering calligraphy not only a mode of communication but also a profound aesthetic experience. For over 3,000 years,it has been deeply rooted in Chinese society as a spiritual pursuit, nurturing virtues like patience, concentration, and self-cultivation.段落二：Peking Opera (京剧)Peking Opera, or "Jingju" in Chinese, is a theatrical spectacle combining singing, recitation, acting, martial arts, and acrobatics. Its distinctive makeup, costumes, and gestures convey complex characters and narratives, often drawn from historical events, myths, and legends. With a history spanning more than 200 years, Peking Opera has evolved into a national symbol, representing the pinnacle of Chinese operatic art. It continues to captivate audiences worldwide with its vivid storytelling, exquisite music, and profound cultural significance.Peking Opera (京剧)Peking Opera, known as “Jingju” in Chinese, is a theatrical extravaganza integrating singing, recitation, acting, martial arts, and acrobatics. Distinctive makeup, costumes, and gestures convey intricate characters and narratives, often derived from historical events, myths, and legends. Over 200 years old, Peking Opera has becomea national emblem, embodying the apex of Chinese operatic art. It enthralls global audiences with its vivid storytelling, sublime music, and profound cultural import.段落三：Dragon Boat Festival (端午节)The Dragon Boat Festival, or "Duanwu Jie" in Chinese, is a time-honored celebration held annually on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It commemorates the ancient poet Qu Yuan and his unwavering loyalty to his country. The festival is marked by vibrant dragon boat races, where teams paddle furiously to the beat of drums, symbolizing attempts to rescue Qu Yuan from the river. Additionally, Zongzi –glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves –are enjoyed as a traditional delicacy. This festive occasion encapsulates China's respect for history, reverence for ancestors, and commitment to preserving cultural heritage.Dragon Boat Festival (端午节)The Dragon Boat Festival, or “Duanwu Jie” in Chinese, is an age-old celebration observed annually on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It honors the ancient poet Qu Yuan and his steadfast devotion to his homeland.Characterized by energetic dragon boat races, where teams paddle in sync with drumbeats, symbolizing efforts to save Qu Yuan from the river, the festival also features Zongzi —glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves—as a traditional treat. This jubilant event exemplifies China’s respect for history, veneration of ancestors, and dedication to cultural preservation.段落四：Paper-cutting (剪纸)Paper-cutting, or "Jianzhi" in Chinese, is a delicate folk art that dates back to the 6th century. Artists use scissors or knives to intricately cut patterns and images on red paper, symbolizing good fortune and happiness. These vibrant creations, often depicting auspicious symbols, flora, fauna, or scenes from daily life, adorn windows, doors, and walls during festivals or special occasions. Paper-cutting reflects the Chinese people's appreciation for beauty, symmetry, and symbolism, as well as their ability to transform simple materials into extraordinary expressions of cultural identity.Paper-cutting (剪纸)Paper-cutting, or “Jianzhi” in Chinese, is a refinedfolk art with roots dating back to the 6th century. Using scissors or knives, artists skillfully cut intricate patterns and images onto red paper, signifying good luck and joy. Vibrant designs, frequently portraying auspicious symbols, plants, animals, or everyday scenes, embellish windows, doors, and walls during festivals or special events. This artform mirrors the Chinese populace’s admiration for beauty, symmetry, and symbolism, as well as their talent for transforming humble materials into extraordinary manifestations of cultural identity.In conclusion, China's intangible cultural heritage is a treasure trove of artistic expression, historical narrative, and communal spirit. From the graceful lines of calligraphy to the dramatic spectacle of Peking Opera, from the festive traditions of the Dragon Boat Festival to the intricate charm of paper-cutting, each element contributes to the rich tapestry of Chinese culture. These living legacies continue to thrive, evolve, and inspire, serving as vital links to the past while enriching the present and future of Chinese society and humanity at large.总结China's intangible cultural heritage is a wealth ofartistic expression, historical narrative, and communal spirit. Spanning from the elegant strokes of calligraphy to the theatrical grandeur of Peking Opera, from the festive customs of the Dragon Boat Festival to the delicate allure of paper-cutting, each facet adds to the diverse fabric of Chinese culture. These dynamic traditions persist, adapt, and motivate, functioning as crucial connections to the past while enhancing the present and future of both Chinese society and humanity writ large.。

用英语介绍中国文化书法Chinese calligraphy, also known as "Shufa" in Chinese,is a traditional art form that has been practiced for thousands of years in China. It is considered one of the highest forms of Chinese visual art and is admired for its beauty, elegance, and cultural significance.The history of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to ancient China, where it was used as a means of communication and expression. Over the centuries,calligraphy has evolved into a highly respected art form, with its own set of techniques, styles, and principles.One of the most distinctive features of Chinese calligraphy is the use of brush and ink to create characters. Calligraphers use a variety of brushes,typically made from animal hair, and black ink to write on paper or silk. The strokes of the brush are carefully controlled to create a harmonious balance of form, rhythm, and space.Chinese calligraphy is not just about writing characters, but also about expressing the calligrapher's emotions andpersonality. Each stroke is infused with the calligrapher's energy and spirit, making each piece of calligraphy aunique work of art.There are several major styles of Chinese calligraphy, each with its own unique characteristics and history. These styles include Seal Script, Clerical Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script. Each style has its own rules and conventions, and calligraphers often spend years mastering a particular style.In addition to its artistic value, Chinese calligraphy also holds significant cultural and philosophical meanings. It is often associated with concepts such as harmony, balance, and discipline, reflecting the core principles of traditional Chinese culture.Chinese calligraphy has also had a profound influence on other forms of art and culture, such as painting, poetry, and even martial arts. Many famous Chinese artists, scholars, and poets have also been skilled calligraphers, and their works have greatly enriched the cultural heritage of China.In modern times, Chinese calligraphy continues to thrive as a cherished art form, with many enthusiasts and practitioners around the world. It is often practiced as a form of meditation and mindfulness, offering a way to cultivate inner peace and self-expression.Overall, Chinese calligraphy is a rich and profound art form that embodies the essence of Chinese culture. It is a testament to the creativity, wisdom, and spiritual depth of the Chinese people, and it continues to inspire andinfluence artists and admirers around the world.中国书法，又称“书法”，是中国传统艺术形式之一，已有数千年的历史。

CalligraphyCalligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in equalimportance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to itsdevelopment by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary worksand by organizing competitions among youngsters and people fromvarious walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often makes afeature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regularscript (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writing afterthe oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great inconveniencebecause they lacked uniformity and many characters were written invariant forms. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, tookplace during the reign of King Xuan (827-782 B. C.) of the Western ZhouDynasty, when his taishi (grand historian) Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of15 chapters, standardizing Chinese writing under script called zhuan. It isalso known as zhouwen after the name of the author. This script, oftenused in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the"curly script" after the shape of its strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under onesystem. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin(265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke of the first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set about writing until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting ormeandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is the Inscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, inkstick and ink stone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasures ofthe Study". To learn calligraphy, it is necessary to learn about thesetools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenly against the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is notdry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

有关中国书法介绍的高中英语作文Chinese calligraphy, also known as "shufa" in Chinese, is an ancient art form that has been practiced for thousands of years. It is considered one of the highest forms of Chinese art and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and history. Chinese calligraphy is not just about writing characters, but it is also a way of expressing one's emotions, thoughts, and personality.One of the most distinctive features of Chinese calligraphy is the use of brush and ink. The brush strokes are fluid and expressive, creating a sense of movement and rhythm on the paper. Each stroke is carefully planned and executed, reflecting the calligrapher's skill and creativity. Chinese calligraphy is often compared to painting, as both art forms require a deep understanding of composition, balance, and harmony.There are several different styles of Chinese calligraphy, each with its own unique characteristics and techniques. The most well-known styles include seal script, clerical script, regular script, running script, and cursive script. Each style has its own rules and conventions, but all of them share the same principles of beauty, balance, and elegance.Chinese calligraphy is not just a visual art form, but it is also a spiritual practice. Calligraphers often meditate before they begin writing, focusing their minds and calming their emotions. This meditative state allows them to connect with the energy of the universe and channel it through their brush strokes. In this way, Chinese calligraphy is seen as a form of self-cultivation and a way to achieve inner peace and harmony.In Chinese culture, calligraphy is highly revered and respected. It is often used in important ceremonies and events, such as weddings, funerals, and official documents. Calligraphy is also a popular hobby among Chinese people of all ages, as it is a way to relax, unwind, and express oneself creatively.Overall, Chinese calligraphy is a beautiful and profound art form that reflects the rich cultural heritage of China. It is a way to connect with the past, present, and future, and to appreciate the beauty and power of the written word. Whether you are a beginner or anexpert, Chinese calligraphy offers a lifetime of learning and exploration, and a deep appreciation for the artistry and craftsmanship of this ancient tradition.。

书法介绍英文版C a l l i g r a p h y I n t r o d uc t i o nHEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】CalligraphyCalligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing a good hand with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As such it is peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese culture.In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held inequal importance to painting. Great attention is also paid today toits development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporaryworks and by organizing competitions among youngsters and people fromvarious walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field oftenmakes a feature in Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the heritage of national culture.ClassificationChinese scripts are generally divided into five categories:The seal character (zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), theregular script (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand(cao).1) The zhuan script or seal character was the earliest form of writingafter the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused greatinconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters werewritten in variant forms. The first effort for the unification ofwriting, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan (827-782B. C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian)Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinesewriting under script called zhuan. It is also known as zhouwen afterthe name of the author. This script, often used in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape of its strokes.Shi Zhou's lexicon (which some thought was written by a later author of the state of Qin) had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.When, in 221 B. C., Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of China under one centralgovernment, he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto prevalent in different parts of the country in a great effort to unify the written language under one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan (small seal) script.Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the Temple to the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters left on it.2) The lishu (official script) came in the wake of the xiaozhuan in the same short-lived Qin Dynasty (221 - 207 B. C.). This was because the xiaozhuan, though a simplified form of script, was still too complicated for the scribes in the various government offices who had to copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison warden, made a further simplification of the xiaozhuan, changing the curly strokes into straight and angular ones and thus makingwriting much easier. A further step away from the pictographs, it was named lishu because li in classical Chinese meant "clerk" or "scribe". Another version says that Cheng Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and slave himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", so the script was named lishu or the "script of a slave".3) The lishu was already very close to, and led to the adoption of, kaishu, regular script. The oldest existing example of this dates from the Wei (220-265), and the script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight kinds-the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the left-falling (short and long) and the right-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.4) On the basis of lishu also evolved caoshu (grass writing or cursive hand), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhangcao and jincao.The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. C. The characters, though written rapidly, still stand separate one from another and the dots are not linked up with other strokes.Jincao or the modern cursive hand is said to have been developed by Zhang Zhi (?-c. 192 A. D.) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in the Jin and Tang dynasties and is still widely popular today.It is the essence of the caoshu, especially jincao, that the characters are executed swiftly with the strokes running together. The characters are often joined up, with the last stroke ofthe first merging into the initial stroke of the next. They also vary in size in the same piece of writing, all seemingly dictated by the whims of the writer.A great master at caoshu was Zhang Xu (early 8th century) of the Tang Dynasty, noted for the complete abandon with which he applied the brush. It is said that he would not set aboutwriting until he had got drunk. This he did, allowing the brush to "gallop" across the paper, curling, twisting or meandering in one unbroken stroke, thus creating an original style. Today one may still see fragments of a stele carved with characters in his handwriting, kept in the Provincial Museum of Shaanxi.The best example and model for xingshu, all Chinese calligraphers will agree, is theInscription on Lanting Pavilion in the hand of Wang Xizhi (321-379) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. To learn to write a nice hand in Chinese calligraphy, assiduous and persevering practice is necessary. This has been borne out by the many great masters China has produced. Wang Xizhi, the great artist just mentioned, who has exerted a profound influence on, and has been held in high esteem by, calligraphers and scholars throughout history, is said to have blackened in his childhood all the water of a pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it after his daily exercises. Another master, Monk Zhiyong of the Sui Dynasty (581-618) was so industrious in learning calligraphy that he filled many jars with worn-out writing brushes, which he buried in a "tomb of brushes".Renewed interest in brush-writing has been kindled today among the pupils in China, some of whom already show promises as worthy successors to the ancient masters.Four Treasures of the StudyTo produce Chinese characters one will need a brush, paper, inkstick and ink stone, commonly referred to as the "Four Treasuresof the Study". To learn calligraphy, it is necessary to learnabout these tools.While brushes are varied, white-goat-hair, black-rabbit-hair and yellow-weasel-hair brushes are the main ones. On the basis of function, brushes are classified into three groups: hard, soft and both. Brush handles are usually made of bamboo, wood, lacquer or porcelain; ivory or jade handles are rare and precious.The ink stick is a unique pigment used for Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy. The most famous ink stick ishui mo(Anhui ink stick), made of pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Clean water is needed to grind the ink stick, which must be balanced in the hand during the grinding or rubbing process. Press hard and rub lightly, slowly and evenlyagainst the ink slab until a thick, liquid-ink forms.Paper was invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). While paper comes in many varieties, Xuan paper, produced in the Jing Prefecture of Xuanzhou (today's Anhui Province), is considered the best for Chinese calligraphy. The paper is soft and fine textured, suitable for conveying the artistic expression of both Chinese calligraphy and painting. With a good tensile strength and mothproof quality, the paper can be preserved for a long time.Ink stones or ink slabs have been classified into three categories:Duan,SheandTao. Features common to all three ink slabs are the stone's hardness and fineness. Although the stone is hard and fine, it is not dry or slippery. Using a hard, smooth stone, liquid ink can be produced easily by rubbing the ink stick against the stone.By controlling the flexibility of the brush, the concentration of the ink and the absorbency of the paper, the artist can produce an infinite variety of calligraphic styles and forms.Calligraphy: Leader of All Art FormsFew nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development.Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life. Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.Calligraphy is also a practical fine art. Exotic calligraphic inscriptions written on paper, wooden plaques or stone tablets serve as decorations of a deep artistic value.Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts. Closely associated with paintings -- the two leaders of Chinese art forms -- calligraphy takes precedence over painting since it greatly inspired the art of painting. Moreover, calligraphy has influenced other typically Chinese art forms like classical poetry, seal-cutting, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts.Calligraphy is a mental exercise that coordinates the mind and body. It is a most relaxing yet highly disciplined exercise for physical and spiritual well-being. Historically, many calligraphic artists lived to a ripe, old age.An Art of the OrientChinese calligraphy is an Oriental art. Like chopsticks, calligraphy was once entirely Chinese, but as Chinese culture spread to Korea, Japan, and Singapore, calligraphy became a unique feature of the Oriental art.Calligraphy is even wildly accepted by the West; as once Picasso said, "Had I been born Chinese, I would have been a calligrapher, not a painter." Many calligraphic elements are being adopted by modern western art.。

书法文化遗产英语作文Chinese calligraphy, known as 书法(shūfǎ) in Mandarin, is a traditional art form that has been passed down through generations in China. It is not only a means of communication but also a way of expressing one's emotions and thoughts through the strokes and movements of the brush. 中国书法，即国画的一种，是中国传统艺术的重要组成部分。

它不仅是一种传达信息的方式，也是通过毛笔的笔墨与动作表达情感和思想的方式。

The history of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to ancient times and has been greatly influenced by the philosophical and cultural developments in the country. From the Seal Script, Clerical Script, and Regular Script to the running script and cursive script, each style represents a different era and reflects the artistic preferences of that period. 中国书法的历史可以追溯到古代，并且受到了中国哲学和文化发展的深远影响。

从篆书、隶书、楷书到行草和草书，每一种风格都代表着不同的时代，反映了该时期的艺术偏好。

The beauty of Chinese calligraphy lies in the balance and harmony of the strokes, the rhythm of the characters, and the overallcomposition of the piece. It requires years of practice and dedication to master this art form, as it involves not only technical skills but also a deep understanding of the cultural and historical significance behind each stroke. 中国书法之美在于笔画的平衡与谐和、字体的节奏以及整体作品的构图。

介绍非遗中书法的英语作文**The Essence of Calligraphy in Chinese Heritage**Calligraphy, a unique form of artistic expression in China, is not just about writing but an embodiment of cultural heritage, history, and aesthetics. It is an ancient art that dates back thousands of years, evolving over time to become a highly respected and revered practice. The beauty of calligraphy lies in its ability to convey emotions and messages through strokes and brushstrokes, each with its unique character and meaning.The art of calligraphy requires immense patience, precision, and practice. It is not just about writing characters but creating art with them. Each stroke, whether it's a simple line or a complex curve, must be executed with great care and attention to detail. The brushes used are often made of hair from animals like rabbits or goats, and the ink is applied with precision, creating deep and rich hues.There are several styles of calligraphy, each with its unique characteristics and appeal. Some of the most popular styles include regular script, running script, and cursive script. Regular script is known for its clarity and precision, while running script and cursive script are more free-flowing and dynamic.Calligraphy is not just a form of art; it's also a way of life. It is often used in religious practices, ceremonies, and festivals to offer prayers and seek blessings. It is also a powerful tool for communication, as it can be used to express thoughts, emotions, and ideas.In today's digital world, where everything is fast-paced and technology-driven, the art of calligraphy serves as a reminder of our cultural roots and heritage. It reminds us of the beauty and power of handwritten words and the importance of taking the time to appreciate and understand them.**书法：非遗中的精髓**书法，作为中国独特的艺术形式，不仅仅是关于书写，更是文化遗产、历史和美学的体现。

介绍中国书法的英语作文100字English: China has a rich tradition of calligraphy, which is considered one of the highest forms of art in Chinese culture. Dating back thousands of years, Chinese calligraphy is not just writing, but an art form that combines the written word with the visual beauty of brush strokes. Each stroke is carefully planned and executed, with the emphasis on rhythm, balance, and harmony. There are five main styles of Chinese calligraphy: seal script, clerical script, regular script, running script, and cursive script. Each style has its own unique characteristics and requires different skills and techniques. Calligraphy plays a significant role in Chinese culture, as it is not only a means of communication but also a way to cultivate one's character and connect with the spiritual world.Translated content: 中国有悠久的书法传统，被认为是中国文化中最高形式的艺术之一。

中国文化有关活动英语作文书法Chinese culture is a rich and diverse tapestry, woven with centuries of tradition, philosophy, and artistic expression. Among the many facets of this vibrant heritage, the art of calligraphy stands out as a truly captivating and revered practice. Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting, is not merely a means of communication but a profound reflection of the artist's inner world, a visual symphony of elegance and emotion.At the heart of Chinese calligraphy lies a deep reverence for the written word, a belief that the stroke of a brush can convey the essence of the human experience. The characters, each a unique and intricate design, are imbued with a life of their own, transcending the boundaries of mere language and becoming a canvas for the artist's creative expression.The origins of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the dawn of Chinese civilization, where the earliest forms of written language emerged. As the scripts evolved, so too did the art of calligraphy, with each dynasty and era leaving its indelible mark on the style andtechnique. From the bold and commanding strokes of the Seal script to the fluid and graceful movements of the Running script, each form of calligraphy reflects the cultural and aesthetic sensibilities of its time.Mastering the art of calligraphy is no easy feat, requiring years of dedicated practice and a deep understanding of the underlying principles. The calligrapher must not only possess technical proficiency but also a keen eye for balance, rhythm, and emotional resonance. The choice of materials, from the delicate rice paper to the perfectly crafted brush, is of utmost importance, as each element contributes to the final work of art.One of the most captivating aspects of Chinese calligraphy is its ability to evoke a sense of tranquility and contemplation. As the calligrapher's brush glides across the paper, the rhythmic movements and the gentle flow of ink create a meditative experience, inviting the viewer to pause and reflect on the deeper meanings conveyed through the art.Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Chinese calligraphy also serves as a window into the philosophical and spiritual beliefs of the culture. The principles of yin and yang, the harmonious balance of opposites, are often reflected in the interplay of light and dark, positive and negative space within a calligraphic work. The Taoist concept of "qi,"the vital life force that flows through all things, is believed to be manifested in the energy and vitality of the calligraphic strokes.The practice of calligraphy is not merely a solitary pursuit but a means of fostering community and cultural exchange. Calligraphy workshops and exhibitions provide opportunities for artists to share their skills and inspire others, while also preserving the rich traditions of the art form. These gatherings often become spaces for intellectual discourse, where scholars and enthusiasts delve into the deeper meanings and historical significance of calligraphy.Moreover, the influence of Chinese calligraphy extends far beyond the borders of China, captivating audiences around the world. As cultural exchange and globalization have increased, the art of calligraphy has found a growing international following, with artists and enthusiasts from diverse backgrounds exploring the nuances and techniques of this ancient practice.In recent years, the integration of calligraphy with other art forms, such as painting, sculpture, and even digital media, has further expanded the creative possibilities of this timeless art. Contemporary calligraphers are pushing the boundaries of traditional forms, experimenting with new materials and techniques to create innovative and thought-provoking works that resonate with modern audiences.Despite the challenges posed by the ever-evolving digital landscape, the art of Chinese calligraphy remains a vital and enduring aspect of the cultural heritage. As the world continues to embrace technological advancements, the practice of calligraphy serves as a reminder of the enduring power of the human touch, the beauty of thoughtful expression, and the profound connection between the written word and the human experience.In conclusion, the art of Chinese calligraphy is a testament to the enduring spirit of a culture that values the beauty of language, the power of artistic expression, and the timeless pursuit of aesthetic perfection. As we explore the intricate strokes and the rhythmic flow of the calligraphic art, we are not merely admiring a visual masterpiece but also delving into the rich tapestry of Chinese civilization, where the written word becomes a canvas for the human soul.。

The Elegance of Chinese Calligraphy: AReflection of Deep-Rooted TraditionalCultureDeep within the heart of China's vast cultural landscape, calligraphy stands as a pillar, a timeless expression of the nation's spirit and wisdom. It is not merely a form of writing but an art that encapsulates the essence of Chinese civilization, its history, philosophy, and aesthetics.Calligraphy, in its essence, is the harmonious dance of ink and brush on paper. It is a practice that requires meticulous precision and years of dedication. The artist, guided by their inner vision, manipulates the brush with exquisite control, creating flowing lines and intricate characters that come to life on the page.The beauty of calligraphy lies in its ability to convey emotion and meaning through the sublime interplay of form and content. Each stroke, each character, is a microcosm of the universe, reflecting the harmonious coexistence of yin and yang, the dualities that underlie all existence. Inthis way, calligraphy becomes a window into the soul ofChina, revealing the country's profound philosophical outlook and aesthetic sensibilities.Moreover, calligraphy is closely tied to China's rich history and literature. It has been used to record stories, poems, and historical events, serving as a vehicle for the transmission of knowledge and wisdom across generations.The classic works of ancient scholars and poets are often rendered in calligraphic scripts, making them not onlywords but also visual masterpieces.Today, calligraphy remains a vibrant and relevant partof Chinese culture. It is studied and practiced by millions, not only as an art form but also as a means of cultivating one's character and fostering inner peace. Calligraphy exhibitions and competitions are held regularly, attracting crowds of enthusiasts who come to admire the masterful brushwork and appreciate the deep cultural significance of this ancient art.In conclusion, Chinese calligraphy is a unique and enduring expression of the country's rich cultural heritage. It is a testament to the creativity and wisdom of theChinese people, and a powerful reminder of the enduring value of traditional culture in the modern world.**中国书法的优雅：深厚传统文化的体现**在中国博大精深的文化景观中，书法无疑是一根支柱，它是国家精神和智慧的永恒体现。

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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Chinese calligraphy is really amazing. It's like a magical art form that can express so much with just a few strokes of the brush.The beauty of Chinese calligraphy lies in its variety. There are different styles, each with its own unique charm.You know, learning Chinese calligraphy can be quite a challenge, but it's also very rewarding. It helps you develop patience and focus.And the works of famous calligraphers are just breathtaking. They show such skill and creativity.。

The Art of Calligraphy: A Non-Material Cultural HeritageCalligraphy, a beautiful expression of the Chinese language, is an ancient art form that has been practiced for thousands of years. It is not just about writing; it's about creating art with words. Each stroke, each curve, and each dot has a deep cultural and historical significance, making it a non-material cultural heritage that deserves recognition and preservation.Origins and EvolutionThe origins of calligraphy can be traced back to the ancient oracle scripts of the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC). Over the centuries, it evolved through various styles and scripts, including bronze inscriptions, bamboo slips, and paper scripts. Each era brought its unique innovations and aesthetics, resulting in a rich tapestry of calligraphic traditions.Styles and ScriptsCalligraphy is divided into several styles and scripts, each with its unique characteristics and beauty. The five main scripts are: seal script, clerical script,regular script, running script, and cursive script. Each script has its own unique look and feel, making it suitable for different purposes and occasions.Artistic ExpressionCalligraphy is not just about legibility; it's about artistic expression. It requires a deep understanding of the language, as well as skills and practice. A calligrapher uses a brush, ink, and paper to create beautiful works of art. Each stroke must be precise and balanced, reflecting the calligrapher's inner world and emotional state.Cultural SignificanceCalligraphy is deeply rooted in Chinese culture and history. It is often seen as a reflection of the calligrapher's moral character and spiritual state. It has been used to decorate temples, palaces, and private homes, making it a visible reminder of Chinese cultural values and traditions.Modern RelevanceIn today's digital world, calligraphy might seem like a dying art form. However, it remains relevant and popular, especially among those interested in传统文化and art. It is often taught as a subject in schools and universities, and there are many clubs and communities dedicated to its promotion and preservation.Preserving the HeritageAs a non-material cultural heritage, calligraphy deserves special attention and preservation. Many organizations and individuals are working hard to promote calligraphy, organize exhibitions, and provide training and workshops for the younger generation. This ensures that the art of calligraphy continues to thrive and is passed down from generation to generation.ConclusionCalligraphy is not just about writing; it's an art form that represents the essence of Chinese culture and history. It embodies the beauty, elegance, and depth of the Chinese language, making it a valuable non-material cultural heritage. By understanding and appreciating calligraphy, we can gain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture and the rich history it has to offer.。

非遗书法英语作文Like tangible cultural heritages such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City, intangible cultural heritages like Peking Opera and Confucius-commemorating rituals are equally crucial. We should make our utmost efforts to preserve intangible heritages because, without their physical form of existence, they are in greater risk of extinction.According to UNESCOs Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage , all forms of social customs and habits, folklore, performing arts, rituals, oral traditions, festivals, traditional crafts and various knowledge and practices about nature and universe can be classified as intangible cultural heritages. As a country consisting of a great diversity of ethnic groups and with time-honored history and civilization, China abounds in intangible cultural heritages. Cultural heritages connect modern people with the historical past, allowing them to acquire a cultural and historical identity. Without cultural heritages, we would be rendered absolutely rootless and we would find it hard to cope with challenges at present and in the future.However, the modernization process poses mounting threats to intangible heritages. Many people have a blind faith in the latest electronic devices. It is also pathetic to see elderly people in possession of such legacies pass away without transmitting them to the younger generation. Faced with those challenges, we should both preserve andrenovate our ancestral heritages so that we can help contribute to the cultural diversity of the world and return to our spiritual homeland in this age of impersonal science and technology.。

非遗书法英语作文Title: The Cultural Heritage of Chinese Calligraphy。

In the realm of cultural heritage, few art forms carry as much historical weight and artistic significance as Chinese calligraphy. Often referred to as "the art of writing," Chinese calligraphy has a rich history spanning thousands of years, deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of China. As a form of expression, it not only serves as a means of communication but also embodies the essence of Chinese philosophy, aesthetics, and spirituality.Historical Roots。

Chinese calligraphy finds its origins in the ancient civilizations of China, dating back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). Initially, it served as a practical toolfor recording information on oracle bones and bronze vessels. Over time, calligraphy evolved into a revered art form, cultivated by scholars, poets, and emperors alike.The emergence of various script styles, such as seal script, clerical script, regular script, cursive script, andrunning script, further enriched its artistic diversity.Philosophical Underpinnings。

Good afternoon everyone,Today, our team’s topic is Chinese calligraphy and painting.First of all, let me introduce the first half of the Chinese calligraphy.开篇视频翻译：Calligraphy is traditionally been regarded in China as the highest form of visual art.书法，传统上被视为视觉艺术的最高形式。

The four treasures……文房四宝，笔墨纸砚pine soot（松烟）Calligraphy in social dimension……self-cultivation emulation of moral exemplars书法在社会层面上，孔子：自我修养，效仿道德模范老子：内心自我认识的表达直到今天，中国书法依然在中国人生活中保持着强大力量。

Chinese calligraphy, the four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called qin, chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to Chinese calligraphy. (中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法)Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, running script, and cursive script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. （它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、楷、行、草等各体汉字的艺术）The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. （中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等）Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. （它艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间）Chinese calligraphy exhibits（iɡˈzibits）its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness（jʊ'niknɪs）of the official script ―silkworm head and swallow tail(隶书的蚕头燕尾),the regular script requirement to ―stick to the norm and rules(楷书的中规中矩),the characteristic of cursive script ―flying dragon and dancing phoenixes(草书的龙飞凤舞),and the distinctive ―natural grace of the running script(行书的潇洒飘逸). 可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence('retɪsns).(中国书法体现了中华民族的豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点)Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures use to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme(raɪm) at the same time.(汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意、韵的独特文字)The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began withinscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. (现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形)Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. (此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段)Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicularsky and a rectangular Earth. (汉字结构“内圆外方”，源于古人“天圆地方”的观念)The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are 一(the horizontal stroke), 丨(the vertical stroke), 丿(the left-falling stroke), 捺(the right-falling stroke), and 乙(the turning stroke). (汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折)The four treasures of the study.文房四宝The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite（'rekwɪzɪt）treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the ―Four Treasures of the Study. （笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”）The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.（用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前）In the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC), people already used feathers（'fɛðɚ）of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.（秦朝时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔）During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. （汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨）After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. （有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用）The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. （砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展）After the Song Dynasty(960AD-1279AD), the ―Four Treasures of the Study，particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the instick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the ―Four Treasures of the Study have written the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.“文房四宝”到宋朝（960-1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）。