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⾼三英语阅读理解专题三---议论⽂带答案⾼三英语阅读理解专题三------议论⽂1⽂体特点：写法⼀：正⽅（甲⽅），反⽅（⼄⽅），我认为……写法⼆：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题写法三：论点，理由（证据），重申论点。
这是⾼考中常考的体裁，内容涵盖⽂化、历史、⽂学、科学和教育等各个⽅⾯。
在这类体裁的⽂章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。
此类体裁的⽂章中有关主旨⼤意和推理判断的题⽬会较多，这也是得分⽐较难的题型。
在阅读这类⽂章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之⾳，从⽽更好地依据⽂章的事实做出合理的推断。
解题⽅法：1.把握⽂章的论点、论据和论证。
此外，还要把握⽂章的结构和语⾔。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举⼀些具体的例⼦来⽀持观点；或在⼀些例⼦之后，总要抒发⼀些议论。
考⽣在理解议论时，可以借助⽂中所给的实例，从⽽在形象的例⼦中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例⼦的深刻含义，相互推断。
3. 推理法：推理的结论⼀定是原⽂有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。
推理要根据⽂章的字⾯意思，通过语篇、段落和句⼦之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗⽰和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对⽂章进⾏推理判断。
考⽣要由⽂字的表层信息挖掘出⽂章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
主旨⼤意题解题⽅法：⼀、题型解读及思维导向：主旨⼤意题是⾼考阅读理解中常考的题型之⼀，主要考查考⽣把握全⽂主题和理解中⼼思想的能⼒。
通常以概括⽂章或段落⼤意以及选择标题等形式出现。
主旨⼤意题是阅读理解题中的⾼难度题，能够拉开考⽣的分数差距，所以此类题⽬在⾼考试题中具有很好的选拔作⽤，属于能⼒型题⽬。
主旨⼤意题⼀般分为三类，即标题归纳类、⽂章⼤意类和段落⼤意类。
⼆、命题区间及读⽂关注点1．⽂⾸、段⾸、段尾句：⼀般来说，阅读⽂章中第⼀段⾸句往往是强开弱收型⽂章中⼼思想的表达处；第⼆段⾸句或第⼀段尾句往往是转开弱收型⽂章的主题句所在；⽽有时每段的段⾸句、段尾句是该段的段落主题句。
巧解阅读理解中关于作者意图、观点、态度的问题作者观点态度题就是指针对作者的写作意图、观点态度和对事件的评价设问的阅读理解题目。
作者在文章中不仅客观地进行叙述和说明，往往还持有某种态度，如对某一观点或赞同或反对，或肯定或批评。
因此这类题主要考查学生对作者的观点、感情、态度、写作目的和意图的理解能力。
作者的观点和态度除了直接表达外，还经常在文章中间接表达出来。
考生可以通过全文的叙述，从文章的主要内容去理解作者的观点；有时作者也会在文章中用特殊的词汇表达自己的思想感情。
同学们要从文章中的用词、语气或对某个细节的陈述来推断作者的态度、观点等。
观点态度题的题干形式：作者态度观点题考查目标比较明确，题干一般都含有according to the writer, attitude, opinion, believe, consider, regard 等词或短语。
这类题目除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度和写作意图外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。
作者观点态厦题的题干主要有以下几种形式：1) What is the purpose of the text?／The purpose of the passage is to .2) What is the opinion of the writer in this passage?3) What’s the author’s attitude towards…?4) Who are the intended readers of the passage?5) What does the author mean by saying “…”?6) From the…paragraph, what do you think the author wants to tell us?作者观点态度题的解题方法：作者的态度和立场一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。
专题限时集训(六)推理判断之写作意图/目的AI decided to ski to the North Pole. It was after I saw an advertisement in a newspaper looking for people to join a team to ski 350 miles to the North Pole. Back in 1996，there had never been a woman from the UK who had accomplished this challenge.I wondered what it would be like to survive in temperatures cold enough to freeze your flesh in seconds，so I sent off for the application form.The application form full of pictures of male explorers arrived. The words“Are you man enough for the ultimate(极限的) challenge？”made me angry and even more determined to get on the team.Over 500 individuals applied for a place in the team，and the selection process included physical and psychological tests designed to pick the best group. In one test，there was a huge rope ladder we had to climb，and I froze at the top because I have a fear of heights. I thought my hopes were fading as most other applicants sailed past，leaving me behind. But two others helped me over，and later I found out that the organizers were not looking for amazing individuals，but great team players，and this moment had shown them who would take care of others in the team.I had revealed(显示) my weakness，and in a place like the Arctic，you have to be yourself，as there is nowhere to hide. There personalities of asking for help and showing weakness are necessary for women to master.I realized that by being myself，I could succeed. I was selected for the team. I realized that I could achieve more than I ever imagined—more importantly，by sharing my story with others，I could inspire them to take a step into the new world and reveal more of their abilities.【语篇解读】本文主要讲述了作者申请加入去北极的滑雪队，并成功加入的故事。
专题 4 阅读理解专题之----写作目的题【设问形式】写作目的题常见设问形式：推断写作目的题的设问题干中常有purpose, 或后面接表示目的的动词不定式，如: to, in order to, meant to 等。
可以提问对整篇文章的目的，对文章某一段落或某一部分的目的，或者对某处细节的写作意图推断。
比如：1）What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage?2）What is the purpose of the ...part of the text?3）What is the purpose of the passage?4）What is the main purpose of ...?5）...are mentioned in the ...paragraph to .........【考查方式】高考阅读理解推断写作目的或意图题要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。
作者一般不会直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章中提供的一些事实或表述来使读者信服某种观点或看法。
此类题型主要考查学生对文章内容准确理解，分析和归纳总结作者阐述的问题及写作手法的能力。
推断作者写这篇文章的目的，要综合考虑文章的主旨和文章的文体：1）写作目的与文章主旨密切相关，因此，可以用略读法，重点关注文章的首尾段和各段的首尾句，找到主题句，抓出文章的主旨，然后通过主旨来推断作者的写作目的。
通常议论文、新闻报道、说明文等，主题句多在开头，可以快速推断出作者的写作目的。
2）作者的写作目的还和文章的文体密切相关，所以我们可以通过分析文章的文体来做出推断。
①议论文的目的通常是说服读者接受或赞同作者的某一观点或倡导某种做法。
②说明文的目的通常是使读者获得某种知识、提出某种建议、劝告或呼吁对某种现象或某个问题给予重视。
③记叙文的目的一般是分享一段有趣的经历，告诉读者一个有趣的故事，读者从中得到乐趣；如果是夹叙夹议的文章，目的一般是表达作者感悟或给读者某种启示。
英语阅读理解高频考点——写作意图题巧突破作者的意图、观点和态度题考生具有较高层次的阅读技能，包括在复杂的语境条件下把握作者的思路，在较高深的措辞中探索作者隐藏的思想及真正的写作意图。
常见的意图、观点和态度题考查考生对文章的写作意图和作者及文中人物的主观态度的把握以及分析作者描述某些细节的意图的能力。
此类题属于得分率较低的高难度题。
近三年写作意图题/观点态度题考查频次一览表时间从上表可以看出，近年来全国卷中此类题的考查频次有所增加。
预计2019年高考仍然会有1—2道考查写作意图或观点态度的题，考生备考时要重视起来。
考点1写作意图题此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。
作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的客观事实使读者信服某种想法或观点。
这类题型要求考生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
整篇文章的写作意图的常见设问方式有：For what purpose did the author write the passage?The writer writes this passage in order to .The purpose of the text is to .某处细节的写作目的的常见设问方式有：What is the purpose of the last part of the text?The writer uses...in the first paragraph to .The writer uses the example of...to .【典例1】（2019·北京卷·C篇）Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti\|vaccine movement and misinformation that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA,compared with 189 for all of last year.The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called "herd immunity", which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn t work.But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.That s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17\|year\|old caused an outbreak last year.The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life\|saving benefits vaccines provide, but they ll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.66.What is the purpose of the passage?A. To introduce the idea of exemption.B. To discuss methods to cure measles.C. To stress the importance of vaccination.D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.【解析】这是一篇说明文。
专题限时集训(六) 阅读理解推理判断之写作意图/目的AI've been a volunteer in the Macmillan@ Glasgow Libraries programme for just over a year. I got involved because I was looking for something to volunteer for after I retired from work. I thought being a Macmillan Cancer Information and Support Volunteer might be a good way to do that by using some of the skills I learned at work.At one time，I felt I made a real difference when a lady came into use the service. She was very upset，but she was not the person with cancer.It was her partner.She had lots of things on her mind.We，together with a counselor，had a chat about her to help deal with all the emotions(情感) she felt.We knew we could arrange something，so we discussed with her what could be done for her family.She was relieved that we could get something arranged for her and liked the fact that we managed to get the ball rolling during her visit.The good thing about having the services in the library is that the environment is non-clinical and therefore more relaxing than the hospital or doctor's surgery.The team in the library are not medically trained.That means we do not use big words or medical terms very often.It's great that the people who volunteer all work well together，helping each other to get a resolution(解决) for people who come in.It's good to have to team at the other end of the phone whenever we get something unusual.It is a pleasure to be able to help as a volunteer.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。
专题 4 阅读理解专题之----写作目的题【设问形式】写作目的题常见设问形式：推断写作目的题的设问题干中常有purpose, 或后面接表示目的的动词不定式，如: to, in order to, meant to 等。
可以提问对整篇文章的目的，对文章某一段落或某一部分的目的，或者对某处细节的写作意图推断。
比如：1）What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage?2）What is the purpose of the ...part of the text?3）What is the purpose of the passage?4）What is the main purpose of ...?5）...are mentioned in the ...paragraph to .........【考查方式】高考阅读理解推断写作目的或意图题要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。
作者一般不会直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章中提供的一些事实或表述来使读者信服某种观点或看法。
此类题型主要考查学生对文章内容准确理解，分析和归纳总结作者阐述的问题及写作手法的能力。
推断作者写这篇文章的目的，要综合考虑文章的主旨和文章的文体：1）写作目的与文章主旨密切相关，因此，可以用略读法，重点关注文章的首尾段和各段的首尾句，找到主题句，抓出文章的主旨，然后通过主旨来推断作者的写作目的。
通常议论文、新闻报道、说明文等，主题句多在开头，可以快速推断出作者的写作目的。
2）作者的写作目的还和文章的文体密切相关，所以我们可以通过分析文章的文体来做出推断。
①议论文的目的通常是说服读者接受或赞同作者的某一观点或倡导某种做法。
②说明文的目的通常是使读者获得某种知识、提出某种建议、劝告或呼吁对某种现象或某个问题给予重视。
③记叙文的目的一般是分享一段有趣的经历，告诉读者一个有趣的故事，读者从中得到乐趣；如果是夹叙夹议的文章，目的一般是表达作者感悟或给读者某种启示。
