2014年专八改错

2014 英语专八改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language ac- quisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions (Q1) have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (Q2) ●Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (Q3) ●What is the explanation for the fact adults have (Q4)more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?●What motivates people to acquire additional languages？●What is the role of the language teaching in the (Q5)acquisition of an additional language?●What sociocultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (Q6) the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (Q7) so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (Q8) focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (Q9) or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (Q10)。

可可英语专八改错练习第一期About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1 pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking University. ____2The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Center s for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high risk categories. ____6 The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than two years apart.____10第二期'Home, sweet home" is a phrase that express an essential attitude in the United States. Whether the reality of life in the family house is sweet or no sweet, the cherished ideal of home _____1has great importance for many people.This ideal is a vital part of the American dream. This dream, dramatized in the history of nineteenth century European settlers of American West, was to find a piece of place, build a house _____2for one's family, and started a farm. These small households were _____3portraits of independence: the entire family- mother, father, children,even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to ___4support each other. Anyone understood the life-and-death importance _____5of family cooperation and hard work. Although most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership _____6is just as strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth. When U.S soldiers came home before World WarⅡ, for example, _____7they dreamed of buying houses and starting families. But there was _____8a tremendous boom in home building. The new houses, typically in the suburbs, were often small and more or less identical, but it satisfied _____9a deep need. Many regarded the single-family house the basis of their way of life._____10第三期We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say _____1that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people _____2with comparable education in Western Europe.There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers—how to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask _____3them to explain about the rinciples of physics that have gone into creating the _____4computer, you don’t have faintest idea. _____5The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human _____6creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and _____7tec hnology. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of _____8new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. _____9Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology,it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet earned to forecast the consequences of new technology, which can be enormous._____10第四期What is a black hole? Well, it is difficult to answer the question,as the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon __1are adequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is __2a region of space which matter has fallen and from which nothing can __3escape—not even light. But we can’t see a black hole. A black hole __4exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space—or thus we think. How can this happen? __5 The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they “collapse” and sometimes a supernova occurs.The collapse of a star may produce a “White Dwarf” of a “neutronstar”—a star which matter is so dense that if continually shrinks by the force of __6its own gravity. But if the star is very large, this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results in. Imagine the earth reduced to the __7size of a marble, but still having the same masses and a stronger __8gravitational pull, and you have some ideas of the force of a black hole. __9And no matter near the black hole is sucked in. __10第五期The great whales are among the most fascinating creatures which __1have ever lived on the earth, and one of them, the blue whale, is the largest. People in ancient times thought whales as fearsome __2monsters of the ocean depths. So to hunt a whale, when one occasionally swam toward shore, he was high adventure. People __3found the adventure was rewarding, too, for the oil and meat from one whale alone could heat and feed a village for a whole winter.Whales resemble huge fish. They were referred by the ancients as __4“great fish,” and any whale beaching along the c oasts of England was designated “the King’s fish” because it automatically belonged to the Crown.Ever since those early times, human have felt whales a sense of __5 wonder mixed with an intense desire to capture, slaughter, and exploit. Now the slaughter has reached alarming proportions. __6Even though some species are protected by the regulations of the International Whaling Commission and theoretically all whale hunting is regulated, but the earth's stock of whales is still being __7depleted. In fact, some scientists worry that 100 years since now __8there may be no whales left. If this happens, mankind will be blame for removing from the earth forever a remarkable and __9awe-inspiring creature that always fed man's imagination and made the world a more exciting place__10第六期We use language every day. We live in a world of words. Hardly any moment passes with someone talking, writing or reading. Indeed, __1languages is most essential to mankind. Our lives increasingly depend on fast and successful use of language. Strangely enough, we know __2more about things around us than on ourselves. For example, language __3is species specific, that is, it is language that differs human from __4animals. However, we do not know yet how exactly we inquire language __5and how it is possible for us to perceive through language; nor we __6understand precisely the combinations between language and thought, __7language and logic, or language and culture; still less, how and when language started. One reason for this inadequate knowledge of language is that we, like language users, take too many things for granted. __8 Language comes to every normal person so naturally that a few __9of us stop to question what language is, much less do we feel the necessity to study it. Language is far more complex than most people have probably imagined and the necessity to study it is far greater than some people may have assured. Linguistic is a branch of science which takes language as its object of investigation.__10第七期Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the __1 appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too short__2 ;their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable. __3There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created __4by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their __6style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down __7on the law and women around the world run to obey. The __8decrees of the designers are unpredictable anddictatorial.Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and __9waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out. __10 第八期Demographic indicators show that Americans in the post war period were more eager than ever to establish families. They quickly brought down the age at marriage for both men and women and brought the birth rate to a twentieth century height __1after more than a hundred years of a steady decline, producing the "baby boom." __2These young adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively large families that went for more than two decades and caused a major but temporary __3reversal of long-term demographic patterns. From the 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate and at a ounger age than their __4Europe counterparts. __5Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who formed__6families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the divorce rate after a __7postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did that of __8couples who married in earlier as well as later decades. Since the United States __9maintained its dubious distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world,the temporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in Europe. __10 Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.第九期When you start talking about good and bad manners you immediately startmeeting difficulties. Many people just cannot agree what they mean. We asked alady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the __1way they occupied the space around them—for example, when such a personwalks down a street he or she is constantly unaware of others. Such people never __2bump into other people.However, a second person thought that this was more a question ofcivilized behavior as good manners. Instead, this other person told us a story, __3it he said was quite well-known, about an American who had been invited __4 to an Arab meal at one of the countries of the Middle East. The American __5hasn't been told very much about the kind of food he might expect. If he had __6known about American food, he might have behaved better. __7Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked, tohim, very much as a napkin. Picking it up, he put it into his collar, so that __8it falls across his shirt. His Arab host, who had been watching, __9said of nothing, but immediately copied the action of his guest. __10And that, said this second person, was a fine example of good manners.第十期A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found new one. And any large or rich city is __1going to attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of __2prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were on the edge of __3seventeenth-century London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is __4the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there, are very __5 dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today—the poor can still be numbered __6in millions.The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity, but behind it lies __7two myths; the myth of the city as a promised land, that attracts immigrants __8from rural poverty and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the __9country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late, sends them flood __10-ing out again to the suburbs.第十一期Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect__1while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially, this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10by amiable attacks.第十二期Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid calledice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned thatwater consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, andthe solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist asgases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as asolid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothingvery permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only becausewater is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8us in one state, because the temperatures requiring to turn them __9into gases are very high, or the temperatures necessary to turn theminto solids are so low. Water is an exception in this respect, whichis another reason why its three states have given three different names. __10第十三期Classic Intention MovementIn social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an ppointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10body had frozen at the get-ready moment.第十四期The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed thatone-half emphasize gathering plants foods,one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from __3plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4 calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. __10第十五期There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronun-ciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5begin the "natural" learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.This is "natural", therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a community and to give a sense of "belonging". We learn quite early to recognize a __9 "stranger", someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps only a few miles far. __10 第十六期Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7attackers.Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10essential for survival.第十七期In addition to learn how to cope with daily__1work, I've also know to handle study sessions for__2big tests. My all-night study sessions in high school are experiment in self-torture. Around __32:00A.M., My mind, as a soaked sponge, simply__4 stopped absorb things. Now, I space out exam__5study sessions over several days. That way, the night before can be devoted to a overall review__6rather than raw memorizing. Most important,though, I've changed my attitude toward tests. In high school, I thought tests were mysterious things with completely predictable questions. Now, I ask __7teachers the kinds of questions that will be on the __8 exam, and I try to "psych out" which areas or facts teachers are like to ask about. These practices really__9work, and for me they've taken many of the __10fear and mystery out of tests第十八期For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__ words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__ knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has been a __3__popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__ philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications Commission, this phrase escaped from him under questioning: “One man’s mediocrity __10__is another man’s good program”.第二十期The grammatical words which play so large a part in English grammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which may seem the most obvious is that grammatical __1__words have “less meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them __2__“empty”words as opposed in the “full”words of vocabulary. But this is a rather __3__misled way of expressing the distinction. Although a word like the is not the name __4__of something as man is, it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a __5__sharp difference in meaning between “man is vile”and “the man is vile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. Moreover, grammatical words __6__differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they have even in __7__the lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been “little words.”But size is by no mean a good criterion for distinguishing the grammatical words.”__8__of English, when we consider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. __9__Apart from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what some people say:we certainly do create a great number of obscurity when we omit them. This is __10__illustrated not only in the poetry of Robert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.第二十一期More people die of tuberculosis than of any other disease caused by a single agent. This has probably been the case in quite a while. During the __1__early stages of the industrial revolution, perhaps one in every seventh __2__deaths in Europe’s crowded cities were caused by the disease. From __3__now on, though, western eyes, missing the global picture, saw the trouble __4__going into decline. With occasional breaks for war, the rates of death and infection in the Europe and America dropped steadily through the 19th and __5__20th centuries. In the 1950s, the introduction of antibiotics strengthened the trend in rich countries, and the antibiotics were allowed to be imported to __6__ poor countries. Medical researchers declared victory and withdrew.They are wrong. In the mid1980s the frequency of infections and deaths __7__started to pick up again around the world. Where tuberculosis vanished, it came __8__back; in many places where it had never been away, it grew better. The World __9__Health Organization estimates that 1.7 billion people (a third of the earth’s population)suffer from tuberculosis. Even when the infection rate was falling,population growth kept the number of clinical cases more or less constantly at 8 __10__million a year. Around 3 million of those people died, nearly all of them in poor countries.tuberculosis n.肺结核antibiotics n.抗生素, 抗生学第二十二期One of America’s most important export is her modern music. __1__American popular music is playing all over the world. It is enjoyed __2__by people of all ages in all countries. Because the lyrics are English, __3__nevertheless people not speaking English enjoy it. The reasons for its popularity are its fast pace and rhythmic beat.The music has many origins in the United States. Country music,coming from the suburban areas in the southern United States, is one __4__source. Country music features simple themes and melodies describing day-to-day situations and the feelings of country people. Many people appreciate this music because the emotions expressed by country __5__ music songs. A second origin of American popular music is the blues. It depicted __6__mostly sad feelings reflecting the difficult lives of American blacks. It is usually played and sung by black musicians, but it is not popular with __7__all Americans.Rock music is a newer form of music. This music style, featuring fast and repetitious rhythms, was influenced by the blues and country music. It is first known as rock-and- roll in the 1950’s. Since then there __8__ have been many forms of rock music, hard rock, soft rock, punk rock,disco music and others. Many performers of popular rock music are young musicians.American popular music is marketed to a demanding audience.Now popular songs are heard on the radio several times a day. Some songs become popular all over the world. People hear these songs sing __9__in their original English or sometimes translated into other languages.The words may coincide but the enjoyment of the music is universal. __10__第二十三期Cities can be frightened places. The majority of __1__the population live in noisy massive tower blocks. The sense of belonging to a community tends to appear __2__ when you live thirty floors up in a skyscraper. Strange __3__enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks even say hello to each __4__other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally keep the inhabitants of a small village together. __5__People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. So __6__ country life has disadvantages too. For example, shopping becomes a major problem and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go for an expe- dition__7__to the nearest large town. The country has the advantage of peaceful and quiet, but suffers from the __8__isadvantages of being cut off. The city has noise and population which do harm to human health. But one of their main advantages is that you are at the centre of __9__things and that life doesn’t come to an end even at ten at night. Some people have found a compromise be-tween the two: they expressed their preference for the quiet life by leaving for the city and moving to the __10__ country within commuting distance of the large city.第二十四期Planning is a very important activity in our lives. It can give pleasure, even excitement, and it can cause quite severe headaches. __1The most significant the task ahead, the more careful the planning __2required. Getting to school or to work on time is a task requiring few __3or no planning, it is almost routine. A month’s touring holiday abroad,or better still, getting married, is a different matter altogether. If the matter involve a church wedding, a reception, a honeymoon in Venice, __4and returning a new home, this requires even more planning to make __5sure that it is successful. Planning is our way of trying to ensure success and of avoiding costly failures we can not suffer. It is equally essential __6to individual nations and families; the scale may be vary, but the degree __7of importance does not. In the essence, a nation planning its resources __8and needs do not differ from the familiar weekly shopping or monthly __9household budget. Both are designed to ensure an adequate supply of essentials, and if improperly carried out, will avoid shortages, wastage __10and over-expenditure.第二十五期Tracing missing persons can take much patient detective work. But a special kind of "private eye" can trace the missing ancestors of whole peoples by studying the clues。

2014年3月22日英语专八考试真题参考答案完整版听力Mini-lecture1. physical2. a demand3. blood pressure4. Category5. a job6. signals7. body or mind8. advantage9. accept 10. reasonable speed听力Interview1. To work out a plan …2. was much worried …3. To take prompt …4. Refugees returning to normal …5. talk to different …听力NEWS BROADCAST6. Cancellation of flights …7. Three human fossils8. It supported..9. some international …10. Surprised阅读理解答案阅读理解答案11.A have 12.C to offer 13.B to provide 14.D decide 15.A cultuer 16.B perfered 17.D similar 18.D easy 19.B unapproachalbe 20.D sociable21.B say 22.B sociabel 23.A young 24.D 25C26.D role 27.C effects 28.B offer29.D exercise 30.A features人文知识答案人文知识答案31．Montreal32．Maoris33. Anglicanism34．177635．Ernest Hemingway36．George Bernard Shaw 37．Geoffrey Chaucer38．bare39．Mary40．Lion改错答案改错答案 1.把of 去掉。

英语专业八级的改错练习及参考答案英语专业八级的改错练习及参考答案We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which we ive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as __1__ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular __2__ message: the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a __3__ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his __4__ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English __5__ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activetly and that which he recognises, increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience. __6__ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another __7__ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete transmission form. We take it for granted two most __8__ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are __9__ among most striking of human achievements. __10__答案：1. agreeing --------agreed2. ∧words----------these/those words3. in the disposal --------at the disposal4. enables--------enable5. “the” before “other English speakers”6. old------ older7. seen ------ perceived, understood, comprehended8. “it” before “for granted”9. And ----- Yet; However10. ∧most ------ the most striking。

1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes humanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1.________ distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.________ what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, th e more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______ towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________ communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6.________ communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.________ communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._______ programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______ 2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._________ character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._________ social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5.__________ communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________ Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social commun ication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________ another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._________ transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the 1. ________rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________ vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ________ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ________ started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren’t they? Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________ expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ________new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should haveasked for plush, and this is particularly true in the 8.________ aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9________ speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _________2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________ have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: 2.__________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________ more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________ so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________ 2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involv ed in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned 1.__________with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.__________ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. 3.__________ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of 5._________the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannotremember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._________ influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language; 7._________if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if weare visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 8._________who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about theprocesses evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.__________ given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also 10.__________ need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whether totranslate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 1.__________ the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, manywriters favored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the 2.__________ letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3.__________ not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.___________ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 5.___________ 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6.__________ entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.__________ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must 8.__________ be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9._________ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. 10. _________ 2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._____________ of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._____________ true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._____________ and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________ before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._____________ made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________ very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________ of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________ felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________ my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________ volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended —writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1____________the things their speakers want to say. 2____________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________people s or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4____________fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6____________in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7___________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9___________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguishbetween a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig,a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes fromone school child to the next and illustrates the further difference 1.__________between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt inearly childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener 2.__________has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild 3.___________The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it maybe something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.__________ therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is 5._________ learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, 6.___________or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age betweenplaymates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhymecan be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just 7.___________for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very 8.___________ possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred younghearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________ handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10.___________ 2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1.__________ part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.__________ a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.__________ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States 4.__________ split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________ different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6.__________ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7.__________ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8.__________knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. 9.__________ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10.__________ that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.2007年改错真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1.__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2.__________ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3._________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4.__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5.__________ than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6.___________ too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7.___________ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8.___________between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9.____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 10.___________ 2006年改错真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1.________ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6._________ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9.___________ among most striking of human achievements. 10.___________ 2005年改错真题The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuitionincreases for next year—much steeper than the current, very low rate ofinflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value ofuniversity endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______ A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of 2._________ universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3._________ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic 4._________ uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost ofbeing in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a 5._________ factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to 6.__________ reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions 8.____________ have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just asbusiness firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.___________ universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athleteswhom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salariesearlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by theantitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competitionfor the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basisof merit rather than purely of need—just like businessfirms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10 ___________2004年改错真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees —either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.___________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.___________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.___________and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.____________ There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6.___________ most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.___________ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8.___________to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. 10.__________ 2003年改错真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1.________ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young 2.________ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________but tem porary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.__________ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. 5.__________Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._________ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 7._________ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well 8.__________as late r decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 9.__________ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 10._________ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role ofbreadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002年改错真题There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt“naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1.____________ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 2.____________ our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 3.____________ comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________ It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwritingis something which we almost always know. We begin the “natural” 5.___________ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 7.__________ English spelling. This is “natural” therefore, that our speech-sounds 8.__________ should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and 9.__________ giving a sense of “belonging”. We learn quite early to recognize a“stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different Community—perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________ 2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the verylifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________ The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing thewestern crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________ markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheatsoon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________ just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________ producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________ become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________ to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___________ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________ 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 10.___________ 2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less 1.___________ meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___________ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.__________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4.__________ Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.__________ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this diff erence in meaning. 6.___________ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.___________ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8.___________ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___________ from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.__________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.1999年改错真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.____________ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___________ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.__________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___________ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___________ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average 8.__________ American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to 9.___________an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habitsas a model for healthier diet.1998年改错真题。

2010年至14年专八改错2010年So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1______ the things their speakers want to say. 2______ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3______ People or cultures,but that is another matter.certainly ,not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice .Whereas this is not the 4______ fault of their language. The Eskimos can speak about snowwith a great deal further precision and subtlety than we can in 5______ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6_____ in English,a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in 7_____ similar environments. The English language will be just as rich in 8____ term for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environment in whichEnglish was habitually used made such distinction as important. 9____ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____2011年From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knew 1______ that when I grew I should be a writer .Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2______ soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3______I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4______ on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. Forthis and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5______ schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_____ the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7_____ being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8______ a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9_____ in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious i.e. seriously 10_____ intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2012年The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first 1_____ century B.C. up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writers favored certain kind of ―free‖ translation: the spirit, not the letter; 2____ _The sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3_____ not the manner.This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4_____ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th 5_____ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was entirely 6____ the product of culture, the view translation was impossible gained 7_____ some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as 8_____ literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9_____ extreme ” literalists ”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical :the purpose of the translation ,thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem 10______ remains.2013年Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processesinvolved in language. Psycho-linguists study understanding, production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, 1____ reading, speaking, writing, andmemory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2______ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. 3______ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this 4______ page, you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of the 5______ complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6______ influenced their language ; if we observe a child acquire language 7_____ if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone elsewho is. As we shall see , all these examples of what might be 8______ calle d “language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great dealabout the processes evolved in speaking,listening, writing and 9______ reading. But given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful experiments to get 10_____ at what is happening.2014年There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s to early 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1______have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area : 2_____ Is it possible to acquire an additional language in the same senseone acquires a first language? 3______ What is theexplanation for the fact adults have more difficulty 4______ in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages? What isthe role of the language teaching in the acquisition of an 5______ additional language? What socio-cultural factors, if any, arerelevant in studying the learning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all the 6______ approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far have one thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiring ofan additional languages that of an individual attempts to do so. 7_____ Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additional language, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8______ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9____ or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in the classroom oracquired through social touch with native speaker. 10____ _。

历年专八短文改错试题2014年英语专八改错真题答案There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions ( a 前面加also)have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (possessed 改为captured)Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (one前面加as )What is the explanation for the fact adults have (fact后面加that)more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the (language前面去掉the) acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (去掉the)the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (attempts改为attempting)so. W hether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (or 改为and)focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (involving改为involved) or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (touch改为contact) 2013英语专八改错真题答案Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processesinvolved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) ______Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptionalcircumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) ______involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) ______their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) ______we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; orif we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) ______of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) ______listening, writing and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) ______experiments to get at what is happening.1. production改成producing2. 去掉the3. 去掉accurately前面的so4. looking改为look5. we前面加that6. 去掉colleague后面的has7. their改成his8. anyone改成pure老师someone9. evolved改成involved10. were改成are2012年专八真题改错部分The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. Theargument has been going since at least the first (1) ______century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _____参考答案：1.going后加on2. certain改为a certain3. rather改为not4. is 改为was5. in 改为at6. 去掉第二个the7. view后面加that8. 去掉was9. culminated后面加in10. and 改为but2011年专八真题改错部分From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1__________seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2___________soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3___________I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4__________on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. Forthis and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5_____________schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_________the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7________being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8________a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9________in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious — i.e. seriously 10________intended — writing which I produced all through my childhood andboyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.1.在grow后加up, 考固定短语2. 改consience为consciousness 考词语区别，consience翻译为“良心，道德心”, consiousness翻译为“意识”3.改soon为sooner，sooner or later是固定短语4. 在child前加middle, 考上下文理解。

Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for __1__ death, for example, may sometimes oppress you.Even when this is successfully overcome, there is still somethi ng for you to deal with-loneliness. Lonelinesscan speed your demise no matter conscientiously __2__ you ca re for your body. “We go through life surrounded by protective co nvoys of others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the Universit y of Michiganwho studied the health effects of companionship. “People __3_ _ who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.”One study of elderly heart-attack patients found that those with two or more close associations __4__ enjoyed twice the one-year survival rate of those who were completely alone.Companionship aside, healthy oldsters seem to share a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes __5__ measurably to h eart disease, cancer and accidents.Researchers have also been kinked successful aging __6__ to mental stimulation.An idle brain will deteriorate just as sure as an unused leg, notes Dr. Gene Cohen, __7__ Head of the gerontology center at George Washington University.But just as exercise can prevent muscle __8__ atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve both the mind and the immune syste m.But what most impresses researchers who study the oldest old is his simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 __9__ ar e not quitters,” says Adler of the National Centenarian Awareness Project.“They share a remarkable ability to renegotiate life in every t urn, to accept the inevitable losses __10__ And move on.”参考答案及解析:1.把for改为of与fear搭配的介词通常是of，表示对…的恐惧。

历年专八短文改错试题2014年英语专八改错真题答案There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions ( a 前面加also)have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: (possessed 改为captured)Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? (one前面加as )What is the explanation for the fact adults have (fact后面加that)more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?What motivates people to acquire additional languages?What is the role of the language teaching in the (language前面去掉the) acquisition of an additional language?What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all (去掉the)the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do (attempts改为attempting)so. W hether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under (or 改为and)focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning (involving改为involved) or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. (touch改为contact) 2013英语专八改错真题答案Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processesinvolved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually (2) ______happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. (3) ______Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, (4) ______you normally cannot help but understand it. It is only in exceptionalcircumstances we might become aware of the complexity (5) ______involved: if we are searching for a word but cannot remember it;if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) ______their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) ______we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; orif we are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we shall see, all these examples (8) ______of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstances”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) ______listening, writing and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) ______experiments to get at what is happening.1. production改成producing2. 去掉the3. 去掉accurately前面的so4. looking改为look5. we前面加that6. 去掉colleague后面的has7. their改成his8. anyone改成pure老师someone9. evolved改成involved10. were改成are2012年专八真题改错部分The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. Theargument has been going since at least the first (1) ______century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _______ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _______literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _____参考答案：1.going后加on2. certain改为a certain3. rather改为not4. is 改为was5. in 改为at6. 去掉第二个the7. view后面加that8. 去掉was9. culminated后面加in10. and 改为but2011年专八真题改错部分From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about 1__________seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did sowith the conscience that I was outraging my true nature and that 2___________soon or later I should have to settle down and write books. 3___________I was the child of three, but there was a gap of five years 4__________on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. Forthis and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my 5_____________schooldays. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from 6_________the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of 7________being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with wordsand a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created 8________a sort of private world which I could get my own back for my failure 9________in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious — i.e. seriously 10________intended — writing which I produced all through my childhood andboyhood would not amount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my firstpoem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.1.在grow后加up, 考固定短语2. 改consience为consciousness 考词语区别，consience翻译为“良心，道德心”, consiousness翻译为“意识”3.改soon为sooner，sooner or later是固定短语4. 在child前加middle, 考上下文理解。

专业八级改错专项试题、一（共Proofreading and Error Correction小题,50共分）50.0第1题 In last two years the world has seen an intensification (1) ______. in the search for sustainable development and social (2) ______. responsible business. A series of events, from demonstrationsat the WTO meetings in Seattle expressing dissatisfactionfor the effects of economic globalization, the terrorist attacks (3) ______.on the WTO in New York on "9·11", corporate financialscandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Ahold, the collapse (4) ______. of He Argentinean economy and the Internet bubble, haveextended this search from wastern social and environmentalcircles to mainstream economic and business circles acrossthe globe. According to Hazel Henderson, a leading thinkeron economics and development, the traditional economic (5) ______. profession is in a state of crisis. We witness such impoverishing (6) ______.of millions in Thailand, Indonesia and the other "tiger economies" during the Asian meltdown, as well as in Russia, Mexico, Brazil,and Argentina. Too often, luring people from their traditionalways and communities into monetarized urban areas hasproved unsustainably and led to such human tragedies. (7) ______. This criticism is recognized by an increasing number of mainstream economists, who are "defecting" their orthodoxies. They are helping expand the horizons of the economics profession toward a more modest, inclusive and inter-disciplinary stance. Leading universities and institutes like the World Bank are stepping up research (8) ______. on alternate development indicators, accounting for "softer" (9) ______. values such as environment, social values and general well beingof the society with a long term time horizon. These efforts reflect much of that the notion of Gross National Happiness is all about. (10) _____.In response to the scandals in corporate governance and the increased call for truly responsible business leadership, the western business community is also exploring alternatives.【正确答案】：Last前面加上定冠词the。