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《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch7

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch7

10/29 10/29
Democracy Crops CBS
49 51
51 49
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun Agency Bush Kerry
10/30
10/30
Fox/OpinDynamics
Types of Nonprobability Sampling

Reliance on available subjects: • Only justified if less risky sampling methods are not possible. • Researchers must exercise caution in generalizing from their data when this method is used.
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/29 Agency Fox/OpinDynamics TIPP CBS/NYT ARG ABC Fox/OpinDynamics Bush 50 53 52 50 51 49 Kerry 50 47 48 50 49 51



The theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. Study population - Aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected. Element - Unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch14

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch14

Constructing Bivariate Tables
Divide cases into groups according to the attributes of the independent variable. Describe each subgroup in terms of attributes of the dependent variable. Read the table by comparing independent variable subgroups in terms of an attribute of the dependent variable.
Percentaging a Table
G.
Conclusions While a majority of both men and women favored sexual equality, women were more likely than men to do so. Thus, gender appears to be one of the causes of attitudes toward sexual equality.
Measurement
Average Measure of central tendency. Mean Result of diving the sum of the values by the total number of cases.
Measurement
Mode The most frequently occurring attribute. Median Middle attribute in the ranked distribution of observed attributes.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch

Social Science Paradigms: Social Darwinism


Comte’s view that science would replace religion and metaphysics by basing knowledge on observations. Comte coined positivism, in contrast to what he regarded as negative elements in the Enlightenment.
Social Science Paradigms: Structural Functionalism



A social entity, such as an organization, can be viewed as an organism. A social system is made up of parts, each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole. This view looks for the “functions” served by the various components of society.
Chapter 2
Paradigms, Theory, And Research
Chapter Outline


Introduction Some Social Science Paradigms Elements of Social Theory Two Logical Systems Revisited Deductive Theory Construction Inductive Theory Construction The Links Between Theory and Research

社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语Ch

社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语Ch
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威

《社会研究方法》(课堂PPT)

《社会研究方法》(课堂PPT)

.
14
A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different
when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视 角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的 结果
.
9
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
.
6
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
Question
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality?

社会研究方法 全套PPT

社会研究方法 全套PPT

公式表示： P1(问题) TT(试验性理论)
EE(排除错误)
P2（新问题） ……
2020/7/9
库恩（T.Kuhn）的“范式”概念
其代表作《科学革命的结构》（1962）
范式是指研究、观察问题时的角度、视野和参照框架 。
科学发展动态模式为：前科学时期
常规科学
时期
反常和危机
科学革命
新的
常规科学时期……
2020/7/9
2. 社会研究方法是一种科学的研究社会的方法，它 的特殊价值就在于提供探究事物的合乎逻辑和有利于观察的 方法，帮助我们超越个人的偏见、超越个人的眼界来看世界。 通常我们不断地希望逃避现实的社会问题，而转向和自身 利益有关的事物。社会科学研究提供了一个机会，让我们面 对问题，并且体验如何改变世界。
（2）作用：广泛、一般状况 客观、精确地解释社会现象 较精确地研究人们的意见、态度
（3）局限性：不深入，信息不详细 无法了解具体的社会生活环境或行为过程 资料的准确性受到影响
2020/7/9
4、定性研究
（1）特点：只研究少数个案 深入、细致研究 无结构、非标准化、资料无法汇总统计 主观分析
（2）适用范围：解剖一两个有代表性的社会单位 了解社会现象发展变化的具体过程 了解人们行为、态度的具体表现以及行为动机 研究独特的事物和人物
2020/7/9
《SPSS FOR WINDOWS 高级应用教程》 阮桂元等 电子工业出版社 《SPSS FOR WINDOWS 统计分析教程》 洪楠等 电子工业出版社 《SPSS FOE WINDOWS 从入门到精通》 卢纹岱等 电子工业出版社
2020/7/9
序言
• 讲授社会研究方法的概念与特征、与传统研究 方法的比较、社会研究方法的一般过程以及社会研 究方法的知识体系，使学生对社会研究方法有总体 的了解。 • 方法论的讲解是本章的重点，定量和定性研究 的比较是本章的难点，反复强调。

社会研究方法 艾尔巴比课件 实验法


（四）实验法的基本原理

实验研究是为了建立变量间因果关系，通常研究者预先提出一种因果 关系的尝试性假设，明确被引入的自变量和测量的因变量是什么，然 后通过实验操作来进行检验。 实验法的逻辑依据是差异法。假设变量间具有因果关系是实验法的逻 辑起点。实验过程中必须保证自变量是实验过程的唯一干预因子。 一般来说，如果我们无法对一个研究课题中的自变量进行干预，那么， 此课题就不适于运用实验法来研究。
注意：1、实验者自觉或不自觉地只注意那些与假设一致的现象，研究结论不全面或不真实； 2、自觉或不自觉地诱导或暗示实验对象，使实验结果产生偏向； 3、实验对象可能因为自己市实验对象自觉不自觉的改变行为； 4、实验对象在知道实验目的和内容后，心理生理发生微妙变化偏离实际情况； 例如：在某项教学教法的应用实验，有的学生无意了解主持实验者是有名望学者。还了解到实验目的意图。 可能有意按实验者意愿做出反应，影响准确性和客观性。
3 因此实验法适用于假设检验
15
举例：
Eg：
放映有关黑人对社会发展做贡献的纪录片 （变量操作）
测出实验对 象对黑人偏 见的程度
Text in here
Text in here
再测实验对 象的偏见程 度
实验研究的一般过程：问题→假设→变量操纵→比 较→揭示因果关系
二、古典实验（实验的主要组成部分）
准 备 阶 段
实 施 阶 段
（六）实验的三项基本工作内容
在上述的各步骤中，有三项内容与其它方法差别较大。也可以说它们是具体实施 一次实验的三项基本工作内容。
1
2
3
变量的选择 和分类
变量的控制
变量的测量
挑选有关研究 课题之因素
分析因素之 关系

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比


How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Chapter Outline
Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
might be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch5


Answer: E
Gender, religious affiliation, political party affiliation and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
Kaplan’s Classes
Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based observed.
Question
Which of the following are examples of nominal measures? A. gender B. religious affiliation C. political party affiliation D. birthplace E. all of these choices
If several different indicators all represent the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed. If women are more compassionate, we should be able to observe that using a reasonable measure of compassion. If women are more compassionate only on some indicators, we should see if the indicators represent different dimensions of compassion.

社会研究方法艾尔巴比英文pptCh4


How to Design a Research Project
5. Decide whom or what to study. 6. Collect empirical data. 7. Process the data. 8. Analyze the data. 9. Report your findings.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
▪ Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding.
▪ Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study.
▪ This contrasts with the idiographic model, in which we seek a complete, in-depth understanding of a single case.
Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1. A statistical correlation between the two variables.
How to Design a Research Project
1. Define the purpose of your project. 2. Specify exact meanings for the concepts
you want to study. 3. Choose a research method. 4. Decide how to measure the results.
2. The cause takes place before the effect. 3. There is no third variable that can
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Answer: C

Informed consent is a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved.

Interviews to discover any problems generated by the research experience so they can be corrected.
Ethical Issues in Social Research

Institutional Review Boards • Review research proposals involving humans so they can guarantee the rights and interests are protected.
Answer: E

The controversy surrounding Laud Humphreys’ study of homosexuals suggests he most violated the ethical principle of harm to subjects and anonymity.
Chapter 3
The Ethics and Politics of Social Research
Chapter Outline


Introduction Ethical Issues in Social Research Two Ethical Controversies The Politics of Social Research
Answer: B

The major justification the social scientist has for requesting participation in a study is that: it may help all humanity.
3. The controversy ounding Laud Humphreys’ study of homosexuals suggests he most violated which of the following ethical principles? A. anonymity and confidentiality B. harm to subjects and data reporting without identification C. concealed identity of researcher and anonymity D. value-free inquiry and concealed identity of researcher E. harm to subjects and anonymity
3.
4.
Awareness of ideologies enriches the study and practice of social research methods. While researchers should not let their values interfere with their research, this does not mean that researchers should not express both their scientific expertise and personal values.
Ethical Controversy: Stanley Milgram


Study of human obedience. Subjects had role of "teacher" and administered a shock to "pupils". Pupils were actually part of the experiment.
Question

______________ is a norm in which subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on a full understanding of the possible risks involved. A. research participation B. the Hawthorne effect C. informed consent D. the code of ethics E. none of these choices
Question

Both ethics and politics hinge on: A. idiographic research B. power and resources C. manifest research D. ideological points of view
Answer: D
Anonymity

The researcher cannot identify a given response with a given respondent.
Confidentiality

Researcher can identify a given person's responses but promises not to do so publicly.
Ethics and Politics of Social Research


Ethics deals mostly with methods used in research. Politics deals with the substance and use of research. There are no formal codes of accepted political conduct.
4. Deception must be justified by compelling scientific concerns. 5. Researchers must be honest about their findings and research.
Question

Which constraints must be placed on social research for it to be considered realistic? A. scientific constraints B. administrative constraints C. ethical constraints D. all of these choices
Ethical Controversy: Laud Humphreys


Study of homosexual behavior in public restrooms. Lied to participants by telling them he was a voyeur-participant. Traced participants to their home and interviewed them under false pretenses.
Ethical Issues in Social Research

Professional Codes of Ethics • Most professional associations have formal codes of conduct that describe acceptable and unacceptable professional behavior.
Ethical Issues in Social Research
1.
2. 3.
Voluntary participation No harm to participants Anonymity and confidentiality
Ethical Issues in Social Research
Answer: E

Ethics enter in all of these fields: natural sciences, psychology, medical and sociology.
2. The major justification the social scientist has for requesting participation in a study is that A. it may help the respondent. B. it may help all humanity. C. it may help the social scientist. D. it may help government officials make policy decisions. E. it may help improve the educational system.
Question

Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often: A. justifiably violated B. not received C. impossible to follow D. all of these choices
Answer: D

Though the norm of voluntary participation is important, it is often justifiably violated, not received, and impossible to follow.