上海高中英语语法 集 市重点内部资料
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情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。
情态动词没有人和数的变化，后面加动词原形，没有不定式，分词或动名词的形式。
英语中主要的情态动词有：can,may,must,shall,will,dare,need等。
情态动词的用法和要点：can和could的用法can和could都表示能力或客观可能性，还可表示请求或允许。
Can you work out this math problem on your own?（能力）Water can be changed into ice.（客观可能性）Can I go now?(Could I go now?这里could用在疑问句中，表示语气委婉，并不表示过去式，回答应用Yes,you can.)(表示请求)can表示能力时，可以用be able to代替，但当我们要表示“某事已成功”时，应用was(were) able to(相当于manage to do或succeed in doing)而不能用could。
此外，be able to 可以用于各种时态。
He can/is able to enter for the English contest..(能力)They will be able to tell you the news soon.（将来时态）He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.=He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.情态动词can,could用在否定、疑问句中表示推测，怀疑或惊讶。
He couldn’t be a wealthy man.(推测)You can’t be hungry so soon,Tom.You have just had lunch.（怀疑）How can that be!（惊讶）may和might的用法may和might都表示允许或请求。
在语气上might比may委婉。
此时may的否定式是mustn’t，表示“不可以，禁止”。
can也可以表示允许，多用于口语，语气比较随便。
在句型May/Might…?中，表示征求对方许可，在文体上比较正式，在语气上较为客气。
在日常生活中常用Can I…?征求对方意见更为常见。
You may(can)ring us up any time during office hours.Can/May(Might)I have your name?—Of course,you may/can.May I take the magazine out of the reading-room?—No,you mustn’t.Could I leave for a while?表示可能、推测（一般不用于疑问句中）。
此时may的否定式是may not（可能不），can’t表示不可能。
might表示推测时，如指现在的情况，只是表示可能性比may 小，并不表示过去。
may放在句首，表示祝愿。
Don’t disturb him.He may(might)get angry.She may not go to the concert tonight.Our teacher said that he might test us on grammar the next day.May God bless you!must和have to的用法两词都是“必须”的意思，must表示说话人主观上的看法，have to表示客观的需要。
must的否定式，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”。
mustn’t(禁止，不许)是may的否定式。
My brother was very ill,so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.（客观上需要做这件事）He said that they must work hard.（主观上要做这件事）Must we hand in our exercise books today?—Yes,you must.(No,you needn’t./No,you don’t have to.)You mustn’t waste our time.must只有一种形式——现在式，而have to有人称、数、时态的变化，但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
Everyone must obey the traffic rules when driving in the city.They have to empty the house because a couple will soon move in.I am afraid you will have to wait a while.He told us we must all be ready by nine.must表示推测。
must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，比may肯定得多，意为“一定”或“准是”。
must表示对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，后面通常用动词的进行式。
否定式则用can’t来表示。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.Grandpa Liu must be over eighty years old.You ate a big cake half an hour ago.You can’t be hungry now.He must be working in his office.She can’t be waiting for us at the bus stop because I saw her in the room just now.will和would的用法用于各种人称，表示“意志”、“意愿”和“决心”。
Who will take the difficult job?I will.(愿意)They would walk home though it was raining heavily.（意志）I have advised her not to give up the plan,but she will.（决心）用于第二人称疑问句中，Will you…?或Would you like…?句型中，表示征求对方意见或请求、建议。
would较will语气婉转。
Will you be so kind as to open the door for me?Would you like to have a drink with me?—Yes,of course.Would you mind showing me the way to the hospital?表示一种习惯性动作或状态，will表示“总是”，would表示“过去总是”。
Water will boil at100degree Centigrade.We would play jokes on each other when we were in the countryside.He would come to see us during his stay in Beijing.shall和should的用法shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示征求对方意见或对方请示。
Shall I put the table near the door?—Please don’t.Shall he fetch the magazine for you?—No,thanks.What shall they do this evening?shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允许或威胁。
Please tell him that he shall have the book as soon as I have finished it.(允诺) You shall do the job,whether you like it or not.（命令）You shall get into trouble if you don’t follow my advice.（警告）He shall be punished if he keeps on stealing like that.（威胁）should作为情态动词，并不一定表示过去时态。
它通常表示“劝告；建议”，常译作“应该”，同义词组时ought to，但其语气不如should强。
We should listen to the teachers’advice and study hard.You shouldn’t leave so early this morning.命题热点：情态动词的基本用法辨析，情态动词表示态度的用法辨析，情态动词表示推测的用法辨析，情态动词在虚拟语气中的运用。
考查形式：主要体现在听力理解、单项填空和完形填空中。
倒装句倒装：将某些句子成分移至句首而引起主语和谓语词序的颠倒，称为倒装（Inversion）。
倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装两种。
完全倒装结构：提前成分+谓语动词+主语部分倒装结构：提前成分+情态动词/助动词+主语+（主要动词）完全倒装1.Here,there放在句首，谓语动词一般为，be，come,goe.g.There goes the bell.Here comes the bus.但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。
e.g.Here we are.2.表示位置转移的副词如up,down,in,out,away,ahead在句首。
e.g.Up went the rocket.Away went the boy.但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。
e.g.Away they went.3.句首状语为表示地点的介词词组。
e.g.In the centre of the square stands a high monument.On the mountain lies a temple.4.分词结构位于句首。
e.g.Seated on the grass are a group of students.Lying about on the floor are books and magazines.部分倒装1.句首有含有否定意义的副词如:never,little,seldom,rarely,not,hardly.e.g.Little does he care for dress.Hardly any sound could we hear.Not a single mistake did he make in the test.Not until then did he know the truth.2.在so…that的结果状语从句中，so位于句首。
