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九年级化学英语知识点Chemistry Knowledge Points for 9th Grade1. Elements and the Periodic TableChemical elements are substances that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of these elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.2. Atomic StructureAtoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They consist of a positively charged nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.3. Chemical BondsChemical bonds are forces of attraction that hold atoms together in molecules or compounds. The three main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.4. States of MatterMatter can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. These states depend on the arrangement and movement of particles. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, liquids have a defined volume but take the shape of their container, and gases have neither a fixed shape nor volume.5. Acids, Bases, and SaltsAcids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, while bases release hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids taste sour, turn litmus paper red, and react with metals to produce hydrogen gas. Bases taste bitter, turn litmus paper blue, and feel slippery. Salts are formed when acids and bases react together.6. Chemical ReactionsChemical reactions involve the breaking of bonds in reactant molecules and the formation of new bonds to create product molecules. This process follows the law of conservation of mass, which states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.7. Energy Changes in ReactionsChemical reactions can release or absorb energy. Exothermic reactions release heat energy to the surroundings, while endothermic reactions absorb heat energy from the surroundings.8. Solutions and SolubilitySolutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances, with the solute being the substance that is dissolved and the solvent being the substance in which the solute is dissolved. Solubility refers to the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.9. Acids and Bases in Everyday LifeAcids and bases are commonly found in daily life. Examples include household cleaning products (acids or bases), antacid tablets (to neutralize excess stomach acid), and citrus fruits (containing citric acid). Understanding their properties is important for safety and everyday applications.10. Chemical Bonding and Molecular StructureChemical bonding determines the shape, size, and properties of molecules. Types of bonding include ionic, covalent, and metallicbonding. Molecular shape is determined by the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, which can be linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, etc.11. Organic ChemistryOrganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon compounds. These compounds play a vital role in life processes and form the basis for many substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.12. Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental chemistry focuses on the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment, including air, water, soil, and living organisms. It explores topics such as pollution, greenhouse gases, and the impact of human activities on the environment.In conclusion, understanding these key knowledge points in chemistry is crucial for 9th-grade students. From the elements and atomic structure to chemical reactions and organic chemistry, these concepts provide a foundation for further study in the field. Acquiring a solid understanding of these topics will enable students to apply their knowledge to real-life situations and appreciate the importance of chemistry in our world.。
AP化学
目录Contents
第一部分物质结构Structure of matter
第一章原子结构Stucture of the atom
第二章元素周期表The period table
第三章核化学Nuclear Chemistry
第二部分化学键Chemical bonding
第四章离子化合物、分子式和反应Ionic Compounds，Formulas，and reaction
第五章共价化合物、分子式和结构Covalent Compounds，Formulas，and structure 第六章化学计量学Stoichiometry
第三部分物质的状态states of matter
第七章气体gases
第八章液体和固体liquids and solids
第九章溶液solutions
第四部分物理化学Physical Chemistry
第十章化学平衡Chemical Equilibrium
第十一章化学动力学Kinetics
第十二章化学热力学Thermodynamics
第五部分化学反应Chemical reaction
第十三章氧化还原反应和电化学Redox Reaction and electrochemisty
第十四章酸和碱Acids and Bases
第十五章有机化学Organic Chemistry。
初二化学现象英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Combustion is a chemical process that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light. There are three essential conditions for combustion to take place. First, there must be a fuel. Fuels can be solids, liquids, or gases. For example, wood, gasoline, and natural gas are common fuels. Second, there must be oxygen. Oxygen is necessary for the chemical reaction to occur. Third, there must be a source of ignition, such as a spark or flame.Different substances burn with different characteristics. Some substances burn rapidly and produce a lot of heat and light. For example, gasoline burns very quickly and can cause explosions if not handled properly. Other substances burn more slowly and produce less heat and light. For example, wood burns more slowly than gasoline but can still provide heat for cooking and heating.Combustion has many applications in our daily lives. For example, we use combustion to cook food, heat our homes, and power our vehicles. However, combustion can also cause problems. For example, uncontrolled fires can damage property and endanger lives.1. The three essential conditions for combustion are fuel, oxygen and___.A. waterB. heatC. a source of ignitionD. carbon dioxide答案：C。
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL AND SUPPLIER:Product Name: Printing Ink.Distributor: XXXAddress: XXXEmergency Phone: XXXIssue Date: June 17, 20202. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION:Hazard Classification: Non-hazardous substance. Non-dangerous goods.Hazard Category: None; allocated as non hazardous.Risk Phrases: None; allocated as non hazardous.Safety Phrases: None; allocated as non hazardous.Warning Statement: No particular hazards associated with this product.3. INGREDIENTS INFORMATION:SUBSTANCE NAME CAS NUMBER Water based Acrylic Co-polymer emulsion Proprietary Pigments Various Surfactants, Dispersants, etc Various Ammonia, 1336-21-6Water4. FIRST AID MEASURES:Primary routes of entry are dermal and inhalation.FOR SWALLOWING: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth thoroughly with water. Drink two glasses of water to dilute.Consult physician or poison control center immediately. Treat symptomatically.Be prepared to provide the attending physician a copy of this document.FOR SKIN CONTACT: Remove contaminated clothing. Wash thoroughly with mild soap and warm water. Consult a physician if there is persisting irritation.1FOR INHALATION: Remove victim to a well-ventilated area.Give oxygen or artificial respiration as required. Treat symptomatically andconsult physician.FOR EYE CONTACT: Contact with eyes can cause irritation.Flush with copious amounts of water for at least fifteen minutes.Consult physician for medical treatment, if necessary.SPECIAL NOTES TO ATTENDING PHYSICIAN: There is no specific antidote. Treatment of overexposure should be directed at control of symptomsand the clinical condition.5. FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES:EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Carbon dioxide, powder and water spray/mist.Exposure to decomposition products may be a health hazard. Appropriate selfcontained breathing apparatus may be required. Cool closed containers exposed tofire with water spray. Dispose of run-off from fire fighting in accordance withfederal, state and local waste disposal ordinances.UNUSUAL FIRE/EXPLOSION HAZARDS: NoneFLAMMABILITY: This material is not flammable.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES:Use non-sparking tools. Avoid dusting. Refer to protective measures in section 7 and section 8.WASTE DISPOSALThis material must be disposed within accordance with federal, state, and localordinances. Collect and contain spillages and place in a suitable container fordisposal in accordance with waste regulations (see section 13). Clean preferablywith a detergent and water.27. HANDLING AND STORAGE:HANDLING: Keep containers tightly closed. Handle in well-ventilated areas.Avoid eye and skin contact. Avoid inhalation of dust. Smoking, eating and drinking should be prohibited in areas of storage and use. Always keep in containers made of same material as the supply container. Good housekeeping standards are essential to avoid the exposure of all personnel and unreacted materials.The manual handling operation regulations may apply to the handling of containers of this product.STORAGE: Store in a dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat, ignition and direct sunlight. No smoking. Store separately from strong oxidizing agents,strong acids, and bases.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION:Skin and eye contacts are the principal hazard. Persons with a history of skin sensitization problems should be careful and follow precautionary procedures when working in an area where this material is used or stored. See section 3.VENTILATION/RESPIRATION REQUIREMENTS:Local exhaust recommended when appropriate to control exposure to dusts. NIOSH approved full faced respirator with APF of at least 10 when local exhaust (e.g. labhood) is not available or in use.PROTECTIVE GLOVESRubber or neoprene.EYE PROTECTIONSafety goggles.ADDITIONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENTImpermeable aprons and boots. Safety shower and eye bath should be available.HYGIENIC SAFETY PRACTICESWash hands after handling compounds and before eating, using tobacco products or using the washroom and at the end of the day. Tobacco and food should beconsumed in designated areas only.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:PHYSICAL STATE: PastePH: 8.5 - 9BOILING RANGE: N/A3DENSITY: 1.01VOC CONTENT OF MATERIAL: NegligibleVAPOR DENSITY: NAEVAPORATION RATE: NAFLASH POINT: NAEXPLOSIVE LIMITS: UnknownEXTINGUISHING MEDIA: CO2, dry chemical, water, fog.10. EXPOSURE CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION:STABILITY AND REACTIVITY: This product is stable under the recommended storage and handling conditions (see section 7).In a fire, hazardous decomposition products such as smoke, carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen may be produced.CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Avoid contact with strong acids, bases, and strong oxidizers. Dust generation.HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Unknown.HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Will not occur.11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION:CHRONIC EFFECTS: Toxicological studies of this compound have notbeen done.Chronic effects are unknown.CARCINOGEN: The components in this compound are not considered acarcinogenby OSHA, NTP, or IARC12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION:Toxicity: Not known.Mobility: Not known.Persistence / Degradability: Not known.Avoid contaminating waterways.413. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS:Wastes, including empty containers should be disposed of in accordance with regulations made under the control of pollution act and the EPA. Using information provided in this data sheet, advice should be obtained from the waste regulation authority whether the special waste regulations apply. Dispose of in accordance with your federal, state, and local authorities.14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION:Transportation, storage and handling: avoid conditions listed in section 7. Protectagainst the inhalation of dust or particles.Road and Rail Transport (ADG): Not classified as a Dangerous Good according to the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Roadand Rail (ADG Code) for transport by road and rail.Marine Transport (IMO/IMDG): Not classified as a Dangerous Good according to the International Maritime Organization Rules (Maritime DangerousGoods Code - IMDG Code) for transport by sea.Air Transport (ICAO-IATA): Not classified as a Dangerous Good according to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and International AirTransport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations for transport by air.Note: May vary from country to country.DOT Classification: Not regulatedUN Number: N/ADOT Label: N/AClass: N/APacking Group: N/AIATA Classification: Not regulatedUN Number: N/ADOT Label: N/AClass: N/A515. REGULATORY INFORMATION:This product is not regulated. This material is not hazardous in its purchased form. However, under RCRA, it is the product user’s responsibility to determine at the time of disposal if any material containing this product or derived from the product is ahazardous waste.TSCA: ListedUse Restrictions: None16. OTHER INFORMATION:HMIS® RATINGHEALTH 0FLAMMABILITY 0REACTIVITY 0Date of Preparation: June 17, 2020Issue date: June 17, 20206。
