下载文档原格式
Unit 1搏弈论阿维纳什•迪克斯特&巴里•内尔巴夫搏弈是有关策略的科学。
它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。
搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。
但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。
也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。
在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。
更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。
搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰•冯•诺依曼。
在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。
也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。
搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。
要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。
当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。
而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。
与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。
搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。
这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。
就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。
就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。
对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。
第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是，而且现在仍然是，一个被大量滥用的词。
但是，人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容，正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。
如果不是下一个定义的话，我也许可以尝试作些解释，把自动化说成是一个概念。
运用这个概念，人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制，从而使其以最高的效率运转。
这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解，以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。
自动化按其确切的意义，只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分（“三C" )才能完全实现。
我认为，确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解，是很有必要的。
首先，我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。
在炼钢工业中，自动化已经开始成型。
到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况，成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后，再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂，这些工艺流程是相互链接的。
为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率，可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。
在此之前，计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。
就高炉来说，需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。
钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业，需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息，并迅速地做出判定选择，以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。
计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻，能够做出非常大量的中间判定，并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员，以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。
由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理，然后转送到下一个工序。
在这里，对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理，提出最佳和最终的判定，然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。
同时，当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时，每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段，而且，不断地做进一步的调整，结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。
✩Warm-up questions:1. What is the definition of a telephone? What about a mobile phone?2. Do you know how to express the followings in English?•投币电话•信用卡电话•磁卡电话•可视电话•同线电话•人工电话•自动电话•台式电话•墙上电话•按键式电话•拨盘式电话•免提电话机•个人通讯话机•无线电话•移动电话•coin call•credit card call •magnetic card telephone •video phone•party line•manual telephone •automatic telephone •desk phone•wall phone•touch phone•dial phone•handsfree telephone •PCS phone•cordless phone •mobile phones3. How does a mobile phone work?•Mobile telephones are two-way radios. When you receive a call on your mobile phone, the message travels through the telephone network until it reaches a base station close to your phone. The base station then sends out radio waves that are detected by a receiver in your telephone, where the signals are changed back into voice or data.4. What about the future of our mobile phone？Our phone will be faster.Our phone will also connect on faster networks.Our phone will be smarter.Our phone will store more.Our phone will play music we bought elsewhere, or music we bought through our phone.Video phones won't look like baseball bats.TV is coming.Text A Your Next ComputerText Organization (p.144)- Five PartsPart One Paras. 1-3 Part Two Paras. 4-5Part Three Paras. 6-9 Part Four Paras. 10-12Part Five Paras. 13-14✩Part One Paras. 1-3Now people spend cou ntless / many hours using their mobile phone‘s Internet connection to download, check or send messages .Obsolete (L. 3 –introduction) a. no longer in use or no longer useful 已废弃的,过时的Eg.公司计划淘汰这些设备，因为它们已经报废了。
Unit1 Text A 石油1油，和煤一样，存在于沉积岩中，而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。
含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋，所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物，而不是树木。
2 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成，因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。
生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
其脂肪不是分解腐烂，而是逐渐积聚，并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来，进而经过细微的原子重组，最终形成石油。
4 油比水轻，呈液态，会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透，在地球上有些地区到达表层，古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。
在古代和中世纪，这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。
5 当然，表层的油苗数量很少。
而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。
石油向上渗透抵达该岩石，然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。
若在上方的岩石上钻个孔，石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。
有时压力过大，石油会向高空喷出。
1859年在宾夕法尼亚州，由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。
6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点（勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构），那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料，这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。
而且一旦获得石油，可以通过地上管道运输，而不必像煤一样，由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。
7 石油便于抽取，易于运输，促进了石油的应用。
石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分，每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成，分子越小，该馏分就越容易蒸发。
8 到19世纪下半叶，最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油，它不易蒸发，被用于照明。
9 然而，到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。
内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合，产生爆炸来提供动力的。
最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分，由小分子构成，容易蒸发。
第一张机器人走进千家万户(1)比尔﹒盖茨设想一下:在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目睹见证了这一切! 这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置, 以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。
但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的、尚不成规模的产业。
项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。
事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间- 或究竟是否有可能-它能取得关键性的规模发展。
但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。
当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。
当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重、昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。
知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。
当时因特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,安他利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏Pong 。
而在一些自发组成的计算机俱乐部里,热忠于此的人们急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。
但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。
想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。
这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。
电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、或是狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。
与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。
Unit 1 Electronics:Analog and Digital1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in thecircuit the lower the Q and, accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance.对于串联谐振，电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低，相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。
2.A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighsexactly the same as it does when it is not carrying a current.一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。
3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulserepetition rate, or directly enter a new value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged.在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率，或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值，而保持脉冲宽度不变。
4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage ofcharged particles in a gas, in a vacuum, or in a semiconductor.Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics.电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。
Unit 1 Computer and NetworkText ATalking with Your ComputerSentence structure analysis1.The first generation of speech-based interfaces is beginning to emerge, includinghigh-performance systems that can recognize tens of thousands of words. (Para. 2)第一代以语言为基础的接口装置很快就要面世, 包括能认识数万字的高性能系统。
本句中the first generation of speech-based interfaces作主语，is beginning to emerge 作谓语，including…thousands of words作定语修饰interfaces，其中又含有一个定语从句that can recognize tens of thousands of words。
2.I believe the next generation of speech-based interfaces will enable people tocommunicate with computers in much the same way that they communicate with other people. (Para. 3) 我相信第二代以语言为基础的接口装置将能使人机交流达到像人与人交流一样。
这是一个主从复合句。
I作主语，believe作谓语，引导一个省略了that的宾语从句，宾语从句中又包含in much the same way引导的一个方式状语从句。
3.The traditional technology of speech recognition—which converts audible signals todigital symbols—must be augmented by language-understanding software so that the computer can grasp the meaning of spoken words. (Para. 3) 传统的语音识别技术(把声信号转换成数字信号)必须得到“语言理解”软件的补充、支持。
Unit 1大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。
以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。
因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。
这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。
四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。
联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。
在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。
”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。
”对社会经济的影响该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。
这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。
总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。
”目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。
Book One Unit One1. He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2. His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3. The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy.4. When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.5. People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.6. Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.7. He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad.8. We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday.9. Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past.10. At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.Unit Two1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away.2.At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burstinto loud cheers to show their appreciation.3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about whatshe eats or drinks.4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease.5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution tomankind.6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years.7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived.8.Since the punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make greatefforts to cultivate this good habit.9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter.10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.Unit Three1.I scrambled up the cliff for a better look at the sea.2.He lunged at the burglar and wrestled with him for the weapon.3.I figure that our national economy will continue to develop rapidly.4.The chairman made effort to reassure the shareholders that the company’s bad results wouldnot be repeated.5.Stop acting like a baby! Pull yourself together!6.Being very much a private man, he does not confide in anyone.7.We all hate the terrorists’ indiscriminate violence against ordinary people.8.Many people in this country are alarmed by the dramatic increase in violent crime.9.We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river. That was why we destroyed thebridge.10.I am indebted to all the people who worked so hard to make the party a great success.Unit Four1. A thief pushed the door open, slipped into the house, slid the drawer open, and took all themoney away.2.She always gets sick whenever she rides on a bus, so she has to go to school by bike.3.Scientists believe that many wonders that don’t exist today will come true in the future.4.Someday in the future, when you ride a submarine to the bottom of a sea, you will witness awonderful world.5.In the future you might be able to enter space by riding a huge liner and visit the Moon, Mars,and Venus.6.Scientists believe that much of the future food will be skillfully prepared by food chemistsand will be delicious and healthful.7.Scientists of the future will certainly find effective ways to make life last longer and discovercures for almost all diseases.8.In the future it will be impossible for cars to smash together because the automatic controlsfixed in them will make speeding cars miss each other.9.While a boy was crossing the highway in a hurry, the driver of a speeding car promptlystepped the brakes, thus averting a bad accident.10.The most wonderful surprise in the future will consist in the strict weather control. It will rainonly when the weatherman thinks that it is essential to freshen the air inside the city.Unit 51.It is a systematic attempt to strengthen our competitive ability.2.The police in this district know where the thieves hang out.3.The agreements signed will break down all the barriers to free trade.4.It was a very difficult situation, but he handled it quite successfully.5.He is my best friend. I just can’t turn back on him now that he needs my help.6.So long as you work hard, you are bound to succeed and realize your ambition sooner or later.7.Although he hates the job, yet he is determined to stick it out because he needs the money tosupport his family.8.That cancer patient kept an optimistic attitude towards his disease, persisted in combating it,and conquered it in the end.9.This university has a staff of more than 2000, including about 150 professors and over 500associate professors.10.The concert was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the composer’s death.Unit 61. Quite a lot of teachers tend to hold stereotyped opinions about naughty pupils.2. Being gentle, thoughtful, friendly, and generous is characteristic of her.3. It is wrong to impose one’s own opinions on others.4. He gave up (refrained or abstained from) drinking and smoking, on the grounds that they would do harm to health.5. This collection of new books has only recently been made accessible to the public.6. The baby will claw at you with his little hands if you interfere with what he wants.7. That scientist has scored a new achievement of international stature through many years of hard work.8. My friend and I frequently communicate ideas, feelings and information to each other throughmobile phones.9. Coeducation is the most desirable form of education, because boys and girls (male and female students) are given the opportunity to know each other, to learn from each other and to compete with each other.10. There is a wide spectrum of opinions on the question of translation criteria.Unit 71.Yesterday a government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in SouthAfrica and began a three-day friendly visit to the country.2.It is awfully funny and splits your sides with laughter to observe these caricatures whichsatirize social ills.puters are one of the most useful teaching aids, for all your lessons as well as all thequestions asked and all the answers provided can be shown on a screen.4.As soon as his mother fell ill suddenly the day before yesterday, Xiao Zhang sent for a doctor,who came and diagnosed and treated his mother.5.He failed in the college entrance examination last year, but he did not feel disappointed.Instead, he continued to study hard, passed the examination successfully and became a student in a famous university this year.6.There are many English words that this middle student cannot pronounce correctly. Therefore,he has to make great effort to learn the phonetic symbols well and acquire standard English pronunciation.7.In this new era marked by knowledge explosion and information explosion, we have to pursueconstant study and take particular care to renew our knowledge. Only thus, can we become adjusted to the requirements of our specialized work.8.With his shirt tucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag tucked under his arm, theboy looked just like a boss.9.Although she is only eight years old, the little girl is already very good at calculating fractions.No wonder her parents feel very proud of her.10.All the neighbourhood have heard about the news, but you haven’t. Don’t you think it is verystrange?Unit 81.He possesses some fine traits: he has refined and gentle manners; he is kind and generous toothers; he is always modest and prudent; and he constantly perfects his work.2.So long as you keep on studying hard, you will acquire a good grasp of specialized skills andbecome an expert in some special field of knowledge.3.It is beyond peradventure that the 2010 World Exposition will bring Shanghai many goodopportunities, which will stimulate Shanghai’s economy to greater development.4.One of the inevitable traits of the educated man is his possession of refined and gentlemanners.5. A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done.6.Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education.7.As long as you study hard and make progress constantly, your chances to succeed willmultiply.8.Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and,moreover, he pays particular attention to methods.9.Reciting excellent pieces of prose can not only enhance our language competence, but alsodiscipline our memory and render it much stronger.10.The President of the Board of Trustee of the university is in possession of both professionalcompetence and excellent leadership; he is very popular among the teachers and other staff members.Book Two Unit One1.A nimal conservationists strongly disapprove of experimenting on animals.2.S helie walked into the museum under the stern gaze of the curator.3.A fter a spell in the advertising business, Jim began to work for a large insurance firm.4.I t was estimated that 50,000 people flooded into London over the weekend for the opening of the Commonwealth Games.5.H e rushed into busy street and mingled with the crowd, hoping in that way the police would not spot him.6.H e tiptoed quietly out of the room so as not to wake her up.7.H e bought the painting as a status symbol, not because he was particularly interested in art.8.J im was always disappointed that his son never followed in his footsteps and took over the farm.Unit Two1.He admitted that his failure was caused by his lack of confidence.2.Visitors are required to sign his names on arrival.3.We’ve invited them to the party, but we’ll have to put it off because the baby’s sick.4.We must take steps to help the families of those who were hurt.5.The teacher took great pains to make sure that we all understood the text.6.Today we’re going to focus on the issue of the homeless people.7.We wondered whether you would be so kind as to attend our end-of-the-year party.8.He assured his mother that everything was all right. Unit Three1.Most people in the Middle East believe in Islam.2.As the fire was destroying the building, we just stood and stared at all this.3.He relied more on intuition than logic in solving the case.4.The country is going through a very difficult period, after the earthquake.st week the board of directors authorized the installation of a new computer system.6.This area has been the greatest beneficiary of a large restoration program.7.The government finances higher education with tax money.8.He insisted that what he said was true, even though the police refused to believe him.Unit Five1.S hanghai ranks as one of the most prosperous cities in the world.2.I f you are walking in the mountains, strong boots and waterproof clothing are essential.3.S ome teachers devote too much time to helping their students’ study but neglect their sports activities.4.S ome personal characters play a vital role in the development of one’s intelligence.5.T he President’s refusal to meet the press reveals just how serious the crisis is.6.I t’s perfectly natural that parents feel protective towards their children, even when they have grown up.7.H e wanted desperately to confide in someone about his feelings of failure.8.A s some experts point out, suicide rates are much higher in some occupations than in others.Unit 71.They were all staring at me—honestly, I had never felt so embarrassed in my whole life.2.Before you can make the right choice, you need a lot more information.3.The party failed to convince the majority of the voters that it was capable of governing the country.4.To keep slim, she denied herself ice-creams.5.Recently he has taken up with two bad boys,which makes his parents really angry.6.Have you read these newspaper reports? They totally contradict each other.7.In a number of professions it is possible to continue working beyond the retirement age.8.When he was in the mood, he would sing his favorite song.Unit 81.He is inclined to lose his temper when he is playing with his younger brother.2.Since the accident he’s only been able to walk with the aid of a stick.3.I think that’s true to a degree, but the situation is not quite so simple.4.My father said that if we believed that something was true, we should hold on to it.5.He’s very disillusioned at the government’s handling of the economy.6.We were all set to go on vacation when we heard the news.7.The sun’s rays can penetrate the sea to adepth of 20 metres.8.His flattering words led up to a request for money.Unit 91.He scooped up the little boy and ran fromthe fire.2.The boss assigned me to check the qualityof all the goods leaving the factory.3.We have taken all the precautions we canagainst the painting being stolen.4.The company is selling off some of itsbuildings in an effort to accumulate capital.5.When you are learning to drive, having agood teacher makes a big difference.6.Rumor has it that he was killed in a raid inthe local area.7.Adam’s refusal to work overtime enragedhis boss.8.I was pleasantly surprised to see an oldfriend who appeared at the party out of the blue.Unit 111.He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination.2.As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.3.No matter what a long day he may have, he makes a point of checking his email box before going to bed.4.Unemployment is found in all countries in the world, but the governments vary in their way to handle the problem.5.Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.6.The football fans were very disappointed at the performance of the players of both teams.7.Never take what he says at face value. Think it over yourself.8.The doctor’s words removed his fears about the operation.。
学习必备欢迎下载Unit Five Wireless Communication✩Warm-up questions:1. What is the definition of a telephone? What about a mobile phone?2. Do you know how to express the followings in English?•投币电话•信用卡电话•磁卡电话•可视电话•同线电话•人工电话•自动电话•台式电话•墙上电话•按键式电话•拨盘式电话•免提电话机•个人通讯话机•无线电话•移动电话•coin call•credit card call •magnetic card telephone •video phone•party line•manual telephone •automatic telephone •desk phone•wall phone•touch phone•dial phone•handsfree telephone •PCS phone•cordless phone •mobile phones3. How does a mobile phone work?•Mobile telephones are two-way radios. When you receive a call on your mobile phone, the message travels through the telephone network until it reaches a base station close to your phone. The base station then sends out radio waves that are detected by a receiver in your telephone, where the signals are changed back into voice or data.4. What about the future of our mobile phone？Our phone will be faster.Our phone will also connect on faster networks.Our phone will be smarter.Our phone will store more.Our phone will play music we bought elsewhere, or music we bought through our phone.Video phones won't look like baseball bats.TV is coming.✩Text A Your Next ComputerText Organization (p.144)- Five PartsPart One Paras. 1-3 Part Two Paras. 4-5Part Three Paras. 6-9 Part Four Paras. 10-12Part Five Paras. 13-14✩Part One Paras. 1-3Now people spend countless / many hours using their mobile phone’s Internet connection to download, check or send messages .Obsolete (L. 3 –introduction) a. no longer in use or no longer useful 已废弃的,过时的Eg.公司计划淘汰这些设备，因为它们已经报废了。
Unit 1搏弈论阿维纳什•迪克斯特&巴里•内尔巴夫搏弈是有关策略的科学。
它试图以数学和逻辑的方法来帮助搏弈者作出决策，在一系列纷繁复杂的搏弈中应采取何种策略来保证自己获得最大利益。
搏弈论研究的搏弈的范围包括了从下棋到抚育儿童，从网球竞技到公司转手。
但是所有的博弈都具有一个共同的特征：相互作用。
也就是说,每一个博弈者的博弈结果取决于所有博弈参与者的策略选择。
在零和搏弈中，搏弈者的利益之间是完全冲突的，因此一方的得利必然导致另一方的损失。
更多具有代表性的例子还有会导致共同得利(正和)搏弈和共同损失(负和)搏弈，同样的情况还会发生在另外一些冲突中。
搏弈论研究的先驱者是普林斯顿数学家约翰•冯•诺依曼。
在早先的一段时间里，研究的重点被放在了完全冲突(零和)搏弈(非合作搏弈)上，其他的搏弈当时被认为是以合作形式出现。
也就是说，搏弈要求参与者共同地选择和实施他们的行为.最近的研究则把重点放在了那些既不属于零和搏弈也不属于绝对合作搏弈的情况上，在这些搏弈中，搏弈者自主地选择搏弈行为，但他们之间的相互关系中充满了合作与竞争。
搏弈行为与我们在中性环境中所作的各种决定有着根本性的不同。
要说明这一点，我们可以思考一下伐木工人和军队将军所作决定之间的不同。
当伐木工人决定要如何砍树时，他不会考虑树木本身会有什么反抗，他所处的环境为中性。
而当将军决定要消灭敌军时，他必须提前预料到并消除敌军的反抗。
与这一例子中的将军相类似，一个搏弈者必须认识到他与其他机智且怀有争胜之心的竞争者之间的相互作用，他自己所作的决定也必须能够同时应对可能出现的合作或冲突。
搏弈的实质是搏弈者采取策略之间的相互依赖性。
这种策略性的相互依赖表现为两个不同的类别：连续策略之间的相互作用以及联立策略之间的相互作用。
就前者而言，搏弈者依次采取行动，每个人都会注意其他搏弈者先前的行为。
就后者而言，搏弈者同时采取行动，每个人都会忽略其他搏弈者当前的行为。
对连续策略博弈中的某一博弈这来说，一个普遍的原则就是放眼前方，及时反思和总结。
每个博弈者应该弄清楚其他博弈者会对他当前的策略行为做出怎样的回应，他自己将如何应对等情况。
博弈者要预料到他的最初决定会最终导致何种结果，并且运用对形势的判断来计划好当前的最佳策略。
在考虑其他博弈者会如何应对时，博弈者必须能设身处地地换位思考，而不能把自己的主观判断强加与人。
从理论上说，采取固定次序行动的任何连续博弈都可以圆满地完成。
我们可以通过预测每个可能的结果来决定各个博弈者的最佳策略。
例如像井字棋(tic-tac-toe)这样的简单游戏由于可以以这样的方式完成，因而并不具有挑战性。
但诸如象象棋等的其他博弈，即使是借助电脑的帮助，由于其本身的计算过程过于复杂而难以在实践中去实施。
因此，博弈者往往会会依据经验提前对形势作出判断并尽可能的评估最终的局面。
与连续策略博弈的线形思维不同的是，采取共发性策略的博弈要求逻辑思维。
在忽略其他参与者当前策略的情况下，尽管博弈者们同时采取行动，每一个参与者必须清楚的意识同时还会有其他的参与者在依次关注整个博弈过程。
这时的思维模式可描述为：我想他认为我会这样考虑…。
因此，博弈者必须从全体博弈者的立场出发并努力判断出最终的博弈结果。
每个参与者的个人最佳行为都是全局谋划中不可或缺的一部分。
运用普林斯顿数学家约翰•纳什提出的均衡概念，可以推导出这种逻辑思维的结论。
我们寻求一系列的策略组合，每个博弈者都会有自己的选择，当所有的对手们在实施他们决定的最佳策略时，我们所做的选择应该对自己是最有利的。
换句话说，每个博弈者都会对其他人的策略作出最优化的应对。
有时, 无论其他博弈者如何行动，博弈的一方的最佳策略组合始终如一，这被称作这一博弈者的优策略。
在其他情况下，如果博弈者的策略始终于己不利，则被称作劣策略，其含义是指无论其他博弈者如何行动，对手的策略总是优于自己。
因此，谋求策略均衡应该从寻找优策略和消除劣策略开始。
当我们把博弈的结果表述为一种均衡的时候，并不是基于以下的假设：即博弈的每个参与者的个人最佳策略将会带来共同的最优化结果。
确实也存在着一些糟糕的例子，比如囚徒困境(见下文)，由于囚徒们都追求个人私利的最大化而导致了全体参与者的困境。
纳什的关于均衡的定义还不能完全解决联立策略博弈中逻辑推理思考的问题，有些博弈包含多种此类的均衡，而有些博弈却并不包含这样的均衡。
纳什均衡也还没有清楚地说明关于导致均衡的动态过程。
尽管有这样的一些缺陷，纳什均衡的定义已被证明在分析策略性互动时具有重要作用。
以下策略性互动的实例可以说明博弈论的一些基本理论框架:囚徒困境。
两个嫌疑犯分别被审问，每个人都可以招供或保持沉默。
如果嫌犯A保持沉默，嫌犯B可以通过招供而获得较轻的发落。
如果嫌犯A招供，嫌犯B最好选择招供以免被从重处理。
这时招供就是嫌犯B的优策略。
同样的情况也适用于A。
因此，在均衡的情况下双方都选择招供。
如果双方均缄口不言也都可相安无事。
由于合作分裂所导致的长远性损失远比招供而获得的暂时性得利严重，所以这样的合作行为会在博弈中反复进行下去。
在这种情况下，一般推荐采取针锋相对的策略。
混合性策略。
在一些冲突中，任何规律性的行为都会被对手发觉并利用。
因而，通过采取混合性策略来迷惑对手就显的非常重要。
我们可以从体育运动中找到一些典型的例子，比如足球运动中的特定情况下选择跑位还是传球，网球比赛中选择击打近网球还是底线球，博弈论都为提高洞察力和掌握混合性策略恰当的火候提供了参考。
战略性行动。
博弈者可以通过运用威吓和许诺来改变其他对手对其行动的预测，从而诱使他们采取对其有利的行为或改变他们对己不利的行为。
为了取得成功，威吓和许诺必须是可信的。
这往往会导致出现一些问题，原因就在于当需要采取以上策略时，通常实施威吓和许诺而获益往往会付出较大的代价。
博弈论研究几种提高可信度的方法，一个基本的原则就是威吓和许诺要在符合博弈者利益的前提下减少自身未来行动的自由度。
通过这样的方式，博弈者可以避免自己违背承诺，或者避免产生对对手冒犯的纵容。
例如，当柯台斯到墨西哥后，烧掉了战船，故意没有给自己留下撤军的退路。
由于没有返城的船只，柯台斯面对的只有战胜并征服对手或被对手消灭掉两种可能。
尽管他的士兵在数量上处于绝对劣势，但这种血战至死的威胁使得对手的士气变的低落，印第安军队面对这样意志坚定的对手时，他们选择了退却。
宝丽来公司在拒绝共享即时成像市场时也采取了类似的策略，当时它决定与任何挤占该市场的对手拼个你死我活。
当柯达公司试图染指即时成像业时，宝丽来调动了所有的资源进行反击。
14年后, 宝丽来公司在与柯达公司的诉讼中获胜，重新赢得了在即时成像市场的垄断地位。
使威吓变得可信的另一个方法是运用冒险性的边缘化策略，这一策略的风险在于: 如果其他博弈者未能按照威吓的要求去做的话，结果对大家将是一损俱损。
托马斯•谢林在他的《冲突策略》一书中介绍说，边缘化策略就是故意使局势变的无法控制的策略，正是由于局势的无法收拾可能令其他对手难以接受，从而迫使对手作出妥协。
讨价还价。
两个博弈者一起来分蛋糕，每个人都想要一个大块，双方都倾向于尽快达成一致。
当两个人依次开始提议分配时，放眼前方和反思总结的博弈原则决定了均衡的份额，双方这时可以立即达成一致，但时间的延误决定了双方的份额，竞争中缺乏耐心的一方只能分得较小的蛋糕。
隐瞒和公开信息。
当博弈的一方掌握其他各方不了解的信息时，他会急于隐瞒这一信息(例如纸牌游戏中抽到的牌)，其他情况下他也可能想把信息令人信服的公布出来。
这两种情况下，一个基本的原则就是行胜于言。
要隐瞒信息，就要采取混合性策略，比如纸牌游戏中的作弊手法千变万化。
我们还可以回忆起温斯顿•丘吉尔关于把真相置于谎言保卫下的名言。
要公布信息，就要采用传递可信信息的策略，而且如果形势发生变化时策略也必须相应进行改变，例如，提供长期的质量保证是企业生产高质量产品信心的显示，对消费者来说也是一个可以信赖的信号。
最近博弈论研究的最新进展已经成功地解释和规范了在各种冲突和合作情况下应采取的恰当策略，然而博弈论研究仍有待进一步完善，从多角度设计成功策略也有待进一步去研究。
Unit 2Translation PracticeII. Words and Phrases TranslationA. Translate the following expressions into Chinese:1. magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像2. hydrogen proton氢质子3. magnetic property磁性4. nanocrystal纳米晶体5. contrast agent造影剂，对比剂6. quantum dot量子点7. cadmium selenide硒化镉8. carbon nanotube纳米碳管9. epithelial cell上皮细胞10. near-infrared laser 近红外线激光B. Translate the following expressions into English:1. 死亡率death rate/mortality2. 氧化铁iron oxide3. 细胞膜membrane4. 机械效应mechanical effect5. 副作用side effect6. 抗体antibody7. 放射疗法radiation therapy8. 细胞系a cell line9. 晚期肿瘤advanced tumor10. 生物制剂biological agentIII. Sentence TranslationA. Translate the following English sentences into Chinese: (Pay attention to the underlined part)1. 这种纳米装置可以设计用来靶向并进入肿瘤细胞。
一旦进入，它们就可以携带提高癌症检测的制剂及癌症治疗的药物或基因等许多有效载荷。
2. 调整颗粒的大小就形成了探针，当光束照射探针时，它就会放射出大量清晰可见的能量，或者是不同颜色的光。
3. 研究人员接着将靶向药物树枝状聚合物通过静脉注射到移植了人类上皮细胞的小鼠身上。
4. 由于肌肉在这个波长内具有透光性，将纳米管靶向癌细胞并用近红外线激光照射，就能将纳米管变成用高温杀死癌细胞的武器。
5. 正常情况下，如果一个健康的细胞发生了许多突变而不能继续正常生长，p53基因就会诱发细胞自杀。
然而，假如这个基因停止作用，细胞就会持续生长，最终可能变为恶性肿瘤细胞。
Translation of Text A (for reference only)Text A更上一层楼——纳米技术用于癌症治疗1 在2004年9月，美国国家癌症研究所宣布了一个重大举措，给这场古老而顽强的战斗注入了新的活力。
