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[ɜ: ] [ ə] [ ʌ][ s ][θ][ fʃ] 1. s z双唇微张，舌尖平近上齿，气流缓出舌齿间，2. 双唇微张，舌尖平抵上齿龈冲舌成音3.圆唇微突出，舌尖微上卷近上齿龈，送气成音4.上齿轻咬下唇，气出唇齿，摩擦成音. [ tr] [ tʃ][ ts][m] [n] [ŋ]双唇紧闭，舌尖平悬，气出鼻腔振动双唇微开，舌尖抵上齿龈，气出鼻腔，振动双唇张开，舌尖抵下齿龈，舌后自然升顶，气出鼻ʃ[ ɪ[ ʊ][ ə[æ]英语国际音标音源练习一.单元音：vowels（12个）1.[ i:] A: Tea or coffee?B: Tea for Lee and coffee for me, please. e: me be she he we evening seeee: sweet bee sweep sheep sleep three green ea: meat read leaf sea pea teach eat cleanie, ei, eo: piece, ceiling, people2.[ ɪ][ i ]His little sister is sitting in themiddle.i: is English pig fish in fifteen six ship thin e: begin behind jacket basketbally: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windyrainyey: monkey moneyay: Sunday Saturday Friday比较：1.it--eat 2. live—leave 3. fill—feel4. seat—sit5. tree—trip6.bit—bee7. sheep—ship 8. deed—did 9. live—leave10. feed—fit 11. pea—pit 12. rid—read13. street—strict 14. sleep—slip3.[ e ]Good, better, best. Never let it rest.Till good is better. And better best.e: egg bell desk leg red pet then ten penea: bread head breakfastai: again4.[ æ ] Cat, cat! Catch that black rat!a: dad hat cap bag cat can bad apple bag flag hand rabbit ant black fat has stand rat map Compare:1. bet--bat2. pat—pet3. bag—beg4. sat—set5. neck--lack6. sad—said7.bad—bed 8.dad—dead d—led10. fad—fed5. [:][ə:]The early bird catches the worm first.er: her serve termir:bird girl skirt first d irty skirt shirt ur:nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain ear:early learnor: word work world6. [ə]The farmer’s sister is a doctor.er:teacher clever brother dinner father sister rulerar: sugaror:doctora:panda about above camera sofa Chinae: openure: picture7. [ ʌ]Come to the front on the double.o: son come colour love moneyu: sun nut jump gum us bus brushsupper duckou: touch cousin country8.[ u:]How do you do? You look really cool. o: do who whoseoo: food moon too soonui: fruit juiceu: ruler rudeou:soupoe:shoe9.[ ʊ][u]Look at the cookbook. It’s really good. o:woman wolfoo:look good book foot wood classroomu:bull bullet10.[ ɔ:]My daughter who’s forty-four is a lawyer.a: wateraw:draw strawberryal:ball wall callor:horse morning corn fork or shortoor:floor doorau: autumnar: warm11. [ɒ][ ɔ] The little pot is so hot.o: fox coffee dog shop dogdoctor long sorrya: watch what12.[ a:]It’s far to the farm from the park.a: grass glass class plant dancefast father last halfar: car star arm park March hard gardendark scarfau: laugh aunt ear: heart二.双元音（8个）：13. [eɪ] [ ei ] Rain, rain go away.Little Johnny wants to play.a: cake make name game snake gatelazyai: rain train waitay:day May play taday wayea: great14.[ ɔɪ][ ɔi] Soybean oil is my choice.oi: oil boil coin pointoy: boy toy15.[ a ɪ][ ai ] Out of sight, out of mind.i: kite bike nice tiger write idea knifefivey: by cry fly my sky try why goodbyeie: tie pieuy: buy16. [ əʊ][əu]Go and open the window, Joe,and show me the photo.o: nose rose poem old over hellooa: boat coat soap goatow: show window snow bowl17. [ aʊ] [au] I found a mouse in the house.ou: house mouse mouth trousers about round ow: flower cow how now down town 18. [ ɪə][ iə ] We are near the end of the year.ear: ear hear tear yeareer: deer beerea: really19.[ e ə][εə]Where there is a will, there is a way.air: hair chair pairear: pear bear wearere: thereeir: theirare :careful20. [ ʊə][ uə]It’s sure to be good for the tourists.oor: poorour: tour February ure: sure pure三.辅音Consonants (28个)[ p ] Practice makes perfect.[ b ] Barry found a big bug on her bed.[ t ] Thisis a ha t, that’s a cap.[ d ] The doorman told David to go down.[ k ] Don’t kit the kitten.[ g ] A good beginning makes a good ending. [ f ] If you buy fish, make sure it’s fresh.[ v ] Victor is very clever.[ s ] Sandy has a new swimming suit.[ z ] What size of shoes does Daisy wear?[ θ ] Thank you for your table cloth.[ ð ] Those are far and these are near.[ ⎰ ] Wash the fish, please.[ ʒ] pleasure, television[ t⎰ ] He teaches children how to play chess.[dʒ] John likes to tell jokes.[ tr]There’re lots of trucks in the street.[dr] He likes strong drinks.[ ts] The students are wearing white shirts. [dz] Take away your dirty hands鼻音[m]May I have some milk, mum?[ n]Nora knows the new comer.[ ŋ]Lingling is listening to the song. Compare: n [ n ] ng /nk [ ŋ]in—ink sin-sing thin---thingthan—thank son---song摩擦音[ h] have hot who whole hate houseHelen holds her hands.[ r ]read write wrong舌边音[ l ] land world little middle castle puzzle What a beautiful bicycle!半元音[ w ] wall what answer[ j ] yes yellow year your skirt is wet.The homework every week is very hard.。
国际音标手写体和印刷体对照好嘞，今天咱们聊聊国际音标的手写体和印刷体。
这可是一个有趣的话题，尤其对于那些想学英语的小伙伴们来说，音标简直是打开新世界的大门。
哎，你知道吗，国际音标就像是一个神秘的密码，能帮你轻松发出各种奇怪的声音。
要是你学会了，就算是在咖啡店点个饮料都不怕被听错，嘿嘿。
你看，印刷体的音标就像是精致的菜单，上面每个字都清晰可见，简洁明了。
可手写体嘛，那就有点像是你和好朋友之间的留言，虽然字迹可能潦草，但却充满了个性和温暖。
两者各有千秋，嘿，别小看这些音标，能让你在发音上飞得更高，真是个大杀器。
学音标就像学会了一种新语言，能让你在说话的时候更加自信。
记得我刚开始学的时候，那个音标看得我头大，心想这是什么东东啊，像是一堆奇怪的符号在跟我捉迷藏。
结果在老师的引导下，我才慢慢体会到，哇，原来这些符号背后藏着的每一个音都能帮我更好地表达自己。
就像是一把钥匙，能打开一个个英语的宝藏。
学音标的时候，得多花点心思，像小孩子玩拼图，拼到哎呀，原来每个部分都是那么的重要。
手写的音标，往往会让你感到温暖，就像是收到了一封来自老朋友的信，虽然有点凌乱，但每一个字都是心血的结晶。
而印刷体的音标，像是外面的世界，标准而规范，绝对不容错过。
学会两种形式，就像是掌握了两种武器，随时都能应对不同的场合，绝对让你在英语学习的路上游刃有余。
有人说，学习音标就像是在打怪升级。
你得先了解这些符号的“技能”，然后在发音的战场上运用自如。
哎，你可别小看这个过程，虽然一开始可能会搞得你一头雾水，但坚持下来，收获的喜悦绝对让你觉得一切都值得。
就像是练习瑜伽，刚开始的时候可能摔得东倒西歪，但等你掌握了那些动作，哇，感觉整个人都轻松了不少。
说到这里，我得提提音标的实用性，真是好用得不得了。
无论是在阅读、写作，还是口语表达中，音标都能帮助你避免很多发音上的误区。
比如说，常见的单词“cat”，如果不看音标，可能你就会说成“cut”，嘿，这可就笑话了。
英语国际音标表英语音标一共有48个，其中元音有20个，辅音有28个。
元音（20个）长元音/ɑ://ɔ://ɜ://i://U:/短元音/ ʌ//ɒ//ə//ɪ//ʊ//e/ /æ/双元音/eɪ/ /əʊ/ /aɪ/ /aʊ/ /ɒɪ//ɪə//eə//ʊə/辅音（28个）清辅音/p// t// k//f//θ//s/ /ʃ// h//ts//tʃ//tr/浊辅音/b//d/ /g//v//ð/ /z/ /ʒ//dʒ//dz/ /dr/ / r/鼻音/m//n/ /ŋ/半元音/ j// w/边音/ ǀ/英语音标及字母组合对照一、元音1) [i:] 发音字母:ee ea e ie eithree tree green sheep meet beef seeeat tea meat leave teacher team mean speak clean please he she me piece receive2) [ɪ] 发音字母: i y esit picture it is list six pig big build missmany twenty happy dictionarydecide delicious3) [ æ ] 发音字母: abag hand and ant happy hat map black back glad flag man 4) [e] 发音字母: ea e ahead bread sweater breakfast heavy pleasureelephant remember sell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any5) [ɜ:] 发音字母:ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle purple Thursdaylearn early earth heardterm herwork worker word world6) [ə] 发音字母: er or o a e ur ureteacher under remember player father mother farmer after doctor actor forgettogether tomorrow today lesson welcome policemanaround about ago elephant away banana Chinastudent children open differentSaturday picture7) [ɑ:] 发音字母: ar acar farm card arm garden askfast class last glass aunt8) [ ʌ ] 发音字母: u o ou ooup supper lunch fun run hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above troubleblood flood9) [ɔ: ] 发音字母: al ar au or our oorall small wall talk tall ball call walkwarm quarterdaughter autumnshort horse for forty sport door floor store four yourdoor floor10) [ɒ] ([ɔ]) 发音字母: o aorange hot lost lot fox box hop lot not want what wash watch11) [u:] 发音字母: oo o utoo zoo food school room goose toothwho do two to shoe whosetrue truth blue full ruler12) [ʊ] 发音字母: oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould could wouldput full pull pushwoman wolf13) [eɪ] 发音字母: a ay ai ey eaname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may way day awayrain paint eight eighteen eightythey greygreat break14) [əʊ] 发音字母: o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghostknow yellow below throw blow show rowboat coat goat15) [aɪ] 发音字母: i y ighbike fine find hi nine five rice write likemy try fly bylight night high16) [aʊ] 发音字母: ou owhouse out about ground count sound blouse around mouse flower down now cow how town brown17) [ɒɪ ] 发音字母:oy oiboy toytoilet oil noise18) [ɪə] 发音字母: eer ear erebeer deerear near dearhere19) [ ɛə ] ([eə]) 发音字母:ear air ere eirpear bearchair airthere wheretheir theirs20) [ʊə] 发音字母:ure sure二、辅音[p]pea peach pig pink purple map[t]two too to boat ten twelve[k](k、c、ck)come cap cat bike cake black duck [f]fish frog foot face farm[θ]three mouth[s]snake sing face[ʃ]ship sheep shop she[h]hen house horse hand hair[ts]skirts students shirts[t∫]Chinses China peach beach chicken[tr]tree train trousersbee big bye black bed bear book banana [d]bed dad do need duck head[g]bag pig dog egg girl[v]vest very live leave[ð]with[z]zoo zebra[ʒ]measure pleasure[dʒ]orange juice[dz]words hands heads friends[dr]drink dress drive[r]rabbit red ricemonkey milk some come game [n]nose son sun run chicken pen [ŋ]king sing English[j]yes yellow you[w]water watermelon white[l]lion lemon blue leg lamp。
[ɜ: ] [ ə] [ ʌ] [m] [n] [ŋ英语国际音标新旧对照表[ ɪ][ ʊ][ ə]æ]英语国际音标音源练习一.单元音：vowels（12个）1.[ i:] A: Tea or coffee?B: Tea for Lee and coffee for me, please.e: me be she he we evening seeee: sweet bee sweep sheep sleep three greenea: meat read leaf sea pea teach eat cleanie, ei, eo: piece, ceiling, people2.[ ɪ ][ i ] His little sister is sitting in the middle.i: is English pig fish in fifteen six ship thine: begin behind jacket basketbally: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy ey: monkey moneyay: Sunday Saturday Friday比较：1.it--eat 2. live—leave 3. fill—feel4. seat—sit5. tree—trip6.bit—bee7. sheep—ship 8. deed—did 9. live—leave 10. feed—fit 11. pea—pit 12. rid—read13. street—strict 14. sleep—slip3.[ e ]Good, better, best. Never let it rest.Till good is better. And better best.e: egg bell desk leg red pet then ten penea: bread head breakfastai: again4.[ æ ] Cat, cat! Catch that black rat!a: dad hat cap bag cat can bad apple bag flag hand rabbit ant black fat has stand rat map Compare:1. bet--bat2. pat—pet3. bag—beg4. sat—set5. neck--lack6. sad—said7.bad—bed8.dad—deadd—led10. fad—fed5. [ :][ə:] The early bird catches the worm first.er: her serve termir:bird girl skirt first d irty skirt shirtur:nurse Thursday turtle purple curtainear:early learnor: word work world6. [ə]The farmer’s sister is a doctor.er:teacher clever brother dinner father sister rulerar: sugaror:doctora:panda about above camera sofa Chinae: openure: picture7. [ ʌ ]Come to the front on the double.o: son come colour love moneyu: sun nut jump gum us bus brushsupper duckou: touch cousin country8.[ u:]How do you do? You look really cool.o: do who whoseoo: food moon too soonui: fruit juiceu: ruler rudeou:soupoe:shoe9.[ ʊ][u]Look at the cookbook. It’s really good.o:woman wolfoo:look good book foot wood classroomu:bull bullet10.[ ɔ:]My daughter who’s forty-four is a lawyer.a: wateraw:draw strawberryal:ball wall callor:horse morning corn fork or shortoor:floor doorau: autumnar: warm11. [ɒ][ ɔ ] The little pot is so hot.o: fox coffee dog shop dogdoctor long sorrya: watch what12.[ a:]It’s far to the farm from the park.a: grass glass class plant dancefast father last halfar: car star arm park March hard gardendark scarfau: laugh aunt ear: heart二.双元音（8个）：13. [eɪ] [ ei ] Rain, rain go away.Little Johnny wants to play.a: cake make name game snake gate lazy ai: rain train waitay:day May play taday wayea: great14.[ ɔɪ][ ɔi ] Soybean oil is my choice.oi: oil boil coin pointoy: boy toy15.[ aɪ ][ ai ] Out of sight, out of mind.i: kite bike nice tiger write idea knife five y: by cry fly my sky try why goodbyeie: tie pieuy: buy16. [ əʊ][əu]Go and open the window, Joe,and show me the photo.o: nose rose poem old over hellooa: boat coat soap goatow: show window snow bowl17. [ aʊ] [au] I found a mouse in the house.ou: house mouse mouth trousers about round ow: flower cow how now down town 18. [ ɪə][ iə ] We are near the end of the year.ear: ear hear tear yeareer: deer beerea: really19.[ eə ][εə] Where there is a will, there is a way.air: hair chair pairear: pear bear wearere: thereeir: theirare :careful20. [ ʊə ][ uə]It’s sure to be good for the tourists.oor: poorour: tour February ure: sure pure三.辅音Consonants (28个)[ p ] Practice makes perfect.[ b ] Barry found a big bug on her bed.[ t ] Thisis a hat, that’s a cap.[ d ] The doorman told David to go down.[ k ] Don’t kit the kitten.[ g ] A good beginning makes a good ending.[ f ] If you buy fish, make sure it’s fresh.[ v ] Victor is very clever.[ s ] Sandy has a new swimming suit.[ z ] What size of shoes does Daisy wear?[ θ ] Thank you for your table cloth.[ ð ] Those are far and these are near.[ ⎰ ] Wash the fish, please.[ ʒ] pleasure, television[ t⎰ ] He teaches children how to play chess.[dʒ] John likes to tell jokes.[ tr]There’re lots of trucks in the street. [dr] He likes strong drinks.[ ts] The students are wearing white shirts. [dz] Take away your dirty hands鼻音[m]May I have some milk, mum?[ n]Nora knows the new comer.[ ŋ]Lingling is listening to the song. Compare: n [ n ] ng /nk [ ŋ]in—ink sin-sing thin---thingthan—thank son---song摩擦音[ h] have hot who whole hate houseHelen holds her hands.[ r ]read write wrong舌边音[ l ] land world little middle castle puzzle What a beautiful bicycle!半元音[ w ] wall what answerThe homework every week is very hard. [ j ] yes yellow year your skirt is wet.。
英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）辅音（28个）音标手写体写法《高等数学（二）》专升本考试大纲《高等数学》专升本入学考试注重考察学生基础知识、基本技能和思维能力、运算能力、以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。
考试时间为2小时，满分150分。
考试内容和基本要求一、函数、极限与连续（一）考试内容函数的概念与基本特性；数列、函数极限；极限的运算法则；两个重要极限；无穷小的概念与阶的比较；函数的连续性和间断点；闭区间上连续函数的性质。
（二）考试要求1．理解函数的概念，了解函数的基本性态（奇偶性、单调性、周期性、有界性）。
了解反函数的概念，理解复合函数的概念，理解初等函数的概念。
会建立简单经济问题的函数关系。
掌握常用的经济函数（需求函数、成本函数、收益函数、利润函数）。
2．了解数列极限、函数极限的概念（不要求做给出ε，求N或δ的习题）；了解极限性质（唯一性、有界性、保号性）。
3．掌握函数极限的运算法则；熟练掌握极限计算方法。
掌握两个重要极限，会用两个重要极限求极限；4．了解无穷小、无穷大、高阶无穷小、等价无穷小的概念，会用等价无穷小求极限。
5．理解函数连续的概念；了解函数间断点的概念，会判别间断点的类型（第一类与第二类）。
6．了解初等函数的连续性；了解闭区间上连续函数的性质，会用性质证明一些简单结论。
二、导数与微分 （一）考试内容导数的概念及求导法则；隐函数所确定函数的导数；高阶导数；微分的概念与运算法则。
（二）考试要求1．理解导数的概念及几何意义和经济意义，了解函数可导与连续的关系，会求平面曲线的切、法线方程。
2．掌握基本初等函数的求导公式；掌握导数的四则运算法则和复合函数的求导法则；掌握隐函数及取对数求导法。
会熟练求函数的导数。
3．了解高阶导数的概念，掌握初等函数的一阶、二阶导数的求法。
4．理解微分的概念，了解微分的运算法则和一阶微分形式不变性，会求函数的微分。
三、中值定理与导数应用 （一）考试内容罗尔中值定理、拉格朗日中值定理；洛必达法则；函数单调性与极值、曲线凹凸性与拐点。
48个国际音标新写法国际音标是一种用来表示语音的符号系统，它被广泛应用于语言学、语音学和语言教学等领域。
然而，由于不同语言之间的发音差异，有时候国际音标并不能准确地表示某些特定的音素。
因此，有一些学者提出了一些新的写法，以更好地描述这些音素。
以下是48个国际音标的新写法。
1. /i/ → ee：表示长元音/i/，如“see”。
2. /ɪ/ → i：表示短元音/ɪ/，如“bit”。
3. /e/ → ay：表示前元音/e/，如“day”。
4. /ɛ/ → e：表示短元音/ɛ/，如“bed”。
5. /æ/ → a：表示短元音/æ/，如“cat”。
6. /ɑ/ → ah：表示短元音/ɑ/，如“father”。
7. /ɔ/ → aw：表示短元音/ɔ/，如“law”。
8. /o/ → oh：表示长元音/o/，如“go”。
9. /ʊ/ → oo：表示短元音/ʊ/，如“book”。
10. /u/ → oo：表示长元音/u/，如“moon”。
11. /ə/ → uh：表示中央元音/ə/，如“about”。
12. /aɪ/ → eye：表示双元音/aɪ/，如“eye”。
13. /aʊ/ → ow：表示双元音/aʊ/，如“now”。
14. /ɔɪ/ → oy：表示双元音/ɔɪ/，如“boy”。
15. /eɪ/ → ay：表示双元音/eɪ/，如“say”。
16. /oʊ/ → oh：表示双元音/oʊ/，如“go”。
17. /juː/ → yoo：表示双元音/juː/，如“you”。
18. /ɪər/ → eer：表示/ɪər/，如“beer”。
19. /eər/ → air：表示/eər/，如“air”。
20. /ʊər/ → oor：表示/ʊər/，如“tour”。
21. /p/ → p：表示/p/，如“pat”。
22. /b/ → b：表示/b/，如“bat”。
23. /t/ → t：表示/t/，如“top”。
国际音标字体1. 什么是国际音标？国际音标（International Phonetic Alphabet，简称IPA）是一套用于标记语言音素（音位）的符号系统。
它是国际音标协会制定的，主要用于语言学研究、语音学教学以及国际音标字典等领域。
国际音标主要针对的是语音，而非文字，因此使用特殊符号来表示具体的语音音素。
2. 国际音标字体的重要性为了能够在电子设备上准确地显示国际音标符号，需要使用特定的字体。
通常情况下，普通的字体无法正确渲染国际音标符号，导致显示效果错误或乱码。
而国际音标字体则能够解决这一问题，它包含了一套与国际音标符号对应的字符集。
使用国际音标字体可以确保国际音标符号在各种平台、设备上得到正确显示，使得语音学研究和教学更加方便和准确。
3. 常见的国际音标字体下面是几种常见的国际音标字体：3.1. IPA 字体IPA 字体是一种常见的国际音标字体，它由国际音标协会提供。
虽然这种字体在Windows和Mac系统中默认是不可用的，但它可以通过下载并安装到计算机上来使用。
3.2. Doulos SIL 字体Doulos SIL 字体是一种开源的国际音标字体，可以免费下载和使用。
它支持各种平台，包括Windows、Mac和Linux等操作系统。
3.3. Gentium Plus 字体Gentium Plus 字体是另一种开源的国际音标字体，同样可以免费下载和使用。
它也支持多个操作系统，包括Windows、Mac和Linux等。
4. 如何在Markdown中使用国际音标字体在Markdown文本中使用国际音标字体可以通过以下步骤实现：1.首先，确保已经安装所需的国际音标字体，如IPA 字体、Doulos SIL字体或Gentium Plus字体。
如果没有安装，可以从官方网站下载并按照说明进行安装。
2.在需要显示国际音标的地方，使用Markdown的行内代码块或块引用语法（``或```)将文字内容包裹起来，并指定所使用的国际音标字体名称。
