tpo20阅读及答案

FOSSIL PRESERVATION1. agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force。

原句说由于腐食动物和细菌的侵袭，化学侵蚀和其他地质什么的作用，使得保存的难度非常大。

combination组合明显不靠谱，problem是个负向词，不靠谱，之前并列的都不是变化，change不对2. 修辞目的题，修辞点所在句是一个例子，所以往前看，前一句说fossil遭破坏的方式和fossil一样多，后面就跟了很多破坏的方式，所以答案是A，阐释为什么如此多破坏之下还有这么多化石存在。

往后看也可以，下一句说如果化石有骨架的话被保留的机会会大增，也就是一直都在说化石存留下来的机会，所以A是正确答案3. terrestrial陆地的，陆生的，所以正确答案是A。

原文说尽管大部分的化石都是在海洋中找到的，但也有一些是在河湖中的什么沉积物当中找到的，既然前文都说了大部分是在海洋里找到的，肯定后面会说是在陆地上找到的，所以答案是terrestrial，B/C/D都不靠谱4. 原句的结构是并列加条件，所以正确答案是D。

A的must be empty原文没说；B和C的关系都错误；D 说的是shell会被剩下，如果足够耐腐蚀，就能保存一段时间5. 修辞目的题，先看例子所在句子，说很多海洋生物的骨骼包含calcite，没有答案，往前看，前一句说一亿年前的沉积物中能发现骨骼不变的海生无脊椎动物，与A靠谱，但A本身不是一个观点，所以A不对；B和D完全没说，不对；强调的中心在例子所在句的下一句，说arogonite的晶体形状不同，相对不那么稳定，会变成更稳定的形式，所以答案是C，想稳定的话必须再变6. enhance提升，提高，所以正确答案是D的increase。

原文说很多化学过程都能改变壳体的结构并且怎么样它们作为化石保留下来的机会，combine明显不靠谱；limit和control意思相近，而且这两个词与increase意思相反，所以其他三个都不对7. 以permineralization做关键词定位至最后一句。

Q1 The word “agencies” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Combinations○Problems○Forces○ChangesQ2 In paragraph 1, what is the author’s purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?○To emphasize how surprising it is that so m any fossils exist○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete○To compare how fossils form on land and in waterQ3 The word “terrestrial” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Land○Protected○Alternative○SimilarQ4 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change in the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.看原句的结构，答案结构应和原句一致都是并列A When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D Empty snail or clam shells that are strongFossil preservation When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lave flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash. The term “fossil” often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. They empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are known from deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relativelyenough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.Q5 Why does the author ment ion “aragonite” in the passage?○To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.○To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells○To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize ○To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.Q6 The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Control○Limit○Combine○IncreaseQ7 Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?○Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.○Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.○Water passes through sediment s urrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.○A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.Q8 The word “precise” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Complex○Quick○Exact○Reliable unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.Many other processes may after the shell of the clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron many circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as narrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into precipitated is termed “permineralization.”Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed “replacement” because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.■Another type of fossilization,Q9 Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?○It is completed soon after an organism dies.○It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.○It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.○It is a more precise process of preserv ation than is replacement.Q10 The word “prospect” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Completion○Variety○Possibility○SpeedQ11 According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?○They increase the prob ability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.○They lead to more bacteria production.○They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.○They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.Q12 According to the passage, all of the following assist preservation EXCEPT○The presence of calcite in an organism’s skeleton○The presence of large open areas along an ocean floor○The deposition of a fossil n sticky substances such as sap or tar○The rapid burial of an organism under la yers of siltQ13 Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square■ to insert the se ntence in the known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin film of carbon.■ Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents.■ The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues and organs are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of roc sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The middle Eocene Messel shale (from about 48 million years ago) of German accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.passage.Q14 The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.Answer choicesA Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B Fossils are more likely to the preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.E Comparatively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.。

错误题目：4；14；15；24；28；29；33；391.推断题：关键词为1815和prior，因为原文中只提到了after 1815的事，所以根据它说的1815之后人们终于可以卖东西到别的远远的地方去了，所以可以知道1815之前人们不能有这样的一个National market economy>>>>>>选D2.修辞题：原文中这句话的前面说emigration在1830的时候达到了peak，说明就是为了突出这个migration实在是很叼，可以把答案局限在AC之中；然后因为原句还突出了1810年只有···但是到了1840就有····，所以可以知道是从range和speed两方面突出的喵>>>>>>>>选C3.词汇题：fringe=border4.选非题：关键词为reasons，然后从这段第二句话开始一直都是reasons（fxxk= =），不断进行欧洲人和阿美利加人的比较，ABC三项在文中都有对应，：A：欧洲人一直住在一个地方，阿美利加人不是；B，C：欧洲人等级森严，阿美利加人不是，阿美利加人又野心勃勃又可以自由地换工作又觉得自己有责任应该帮助西部发展>>>>>>>>选D5.同义题：原句的主干是the west had plenty of attractions，只有B写到的soil是文中提到的，于是>>>>>>>>选B6.细节题：关键词为1820，从该段第二句就可以知道答案是B>>>>>>>>>>>选B7.词汇题：proliferation=growth8.细节题：关键词为turnpike，找到文中倒数第二句，然后从最后一句中知道tunpikes帮助了运输和农产品价格的下降>>>>>>>>>>>>选D9.词汇题：superseded=replaced10.词汇题：diverted=shifted11.推断题：关键词为flatboats和keelboats，于是在文中找到这两个词，发现文中说它们俩逐渐被steamboat取代掉了，然后说steamboat不仅快而且比它们两个便宜很多很多很多，从而反过来一想，就是说它们俩又慢又贵>>>>>>>>>>>选B12.选非题：关键词为Erie canal，文中说到这个Erie canal 降低了运货的cost，航线变短了，货物数量变多了，与C无关，>>>>>>>>>>>选C13.插入题：原句中的in fact是一个考虑点，发现把原句放在C处很合适>>>>>>>>选C14.主题题：我选了BCF，答案为ABC，因为解释里面说：A选项中的the desire对应了原文第二段中的第三句，所以正确；F中是regional，然后文章里面是National，所以选A 不选F15.词汇题：momentous=very important16.选非题：关键词为the end of the ice age,第一段第一句就说到了the temperate regions ofAsia, Europe, and North America,所以和southwestern Asia没有任何关系>>>>>>>选B17.指代题：找前面一句，发现其实应该是population大幅度增加，>>>>>>选D18.词汇题：exploit=utilize19.修辞题：看原句发现这些东西都是trade所得，所以应该是选择一项和贸易有关的，>>>>选A20.词汇题：cramped局促的，促狭的，难以辨认的=confined21.细节题：关键词为Abu Hureyra在文中的该段第二句交代了AH这个种族，说明是舒爽的climate导致食物很好很多，导致了population增加>>>>>>选D22.词汇题：shift=change23.细节题：关键词为abandoned，所以在该段最后一句发现了是因为droughtconditions>>>>>>>>>>选D24.选非题：A中关键词为domestication of animals，在该段第二句中得到体现；B中关键词为gazelle，也在第二句中，可是因为原句中说现在的AH已经不和以前的AH一样去驯养gazelle了，所以应该选B；C中的关键词为size，在第三句中的30 acres得到体现，说明的确size变了；D中的关键词为design of the dwellings, 在文中的倒数第二句一堆对建筑的描述可以知道，>>>>>>>>选B25.词汇题：abruptly=suddenly26.同义题：句子的主干是许多复杂的因素导致了经济发展方式的采用，只有A 保留了句子的主干>>>>>>>>>选A27.插入题：原句关键部分是one of the major effects,所以前一句应该要提到引起effects的因素之类的东西，于是可以把答案范围缩小到BC两个之间，但是因为B空格前后两句的联系密切不应该在中间插个什么，所以>>>>>>>>>选C28.主题题：我选了ACF，答案是CDF。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO20ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO20ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Westward Migration¡¡¡¡The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture¡ªof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.¡¡¡¡Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers¡ªmost of them farmers, some of them artisans¡ªdrawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break thereafter lacked the ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover, European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid; some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.¡¡¡¡The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion. In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for $100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. Western Farmers borrowed with the confident expectation that the expanding economy would keep farm prices high, thus making it easy to repay loans when they fell due.¡¡¡¡Transportation was becoming less of a problem for those who wished to move westand for those who hand farm surpluses to send to market. Prior to 1815, western farmers who did not live on navigable waterways were connected to them only by dirt roads and mountain trails. Livestock could be driven across the mountains, but the cost of transporting bulky grains in this fashion was several times greater than their value in eastern markets. The first step toward an improvement of western transportation was the construction of turnpikes. These roads made possible a reduction in transportation costs and thus stimulated the commercialization of agriculture along their routes.¡¡¡¡Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850¡¯s steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. Next came the Erie Canal, an enormous project in its day, spanning about 350 miles. After the canal went into operation, the cost per mile of transporting a ton of freight from Buffalo to New York City declined from nearly 20 cents to less than 1 cent. Eventually, the western states diverted much of their produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal, a shorter route to eastern markets.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture¡ªof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO20ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?¡¡¡¡O They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.¡¡¡¡O They were able to sell their produce at high prices.¡¡¡¡O They had not been successful in raising cattle.¡¡¡¡O They did not operate in a national market economy.。

Q1正确答案：C解析：momentous“重要的，重大的”，所以very important正确。

从单词本身看，意思上应该跟moment相关，“时刻的”，A和D明显不合文意。

原句提到这些变化对于本地稀疏的人口有什么影响，“常规的”影响明显不正确，答案是C。

Q2正确答案：B解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。

A/C/D都在第一段第一句中提到了，只有B没有提到，所以答案是B。

Q3正确答案：D解析：指代题，需要沿着提到的内容往前看，前一句提到由于农业和城镇的发展，人口成千上万，紧接着提到this change，说这个变化指的就是人口的增长，所以答案是D。

Q4正确答案：B解析：exploit“开采，开发，利用”，所以B的utilize正确。

原句提到当地人怎么样自然景观，之后举了很多例子，有放牧有打猎等等，都是在利用自然环境，所以是“利用”。

C“定居”和D“改善”都不正确；A选项不选，后面的例子说明不只是探索，所以答案是B。

Q5正确答案：A解析：根据这些例子找定位，提到定居点里包含很多通过贸易获得的外来物品，诸如……，所以列举的这些东西都是外来品，A是正确答案。

BCD都未提及。

Q6正确答案：D解析：cramped“局促的，狭窄的，难懂的”，所以confined正确。

原句提到在公元前9500年，一个村子的人都在一个什么样的住处里，根据句义，这里强调的是比较小，所以其他的都不合文意。

而且extend刚好和confine是相反的意思，所以D是答案。

Q7正确答案：D解析：Abu Hureyra做关键词定位至第一句的后半句和第二句的前半句，一直在说AH，接着往下看，提到接下来的1500年里，他们所在的地方气候温暖，种子丰富，所以答案是D，C与原文相反；A和B选项的内容在此并未提及。

Q8正确答案：C解析：shift“转变，转换，倒班”，所以最接近的答案是change。

原句提到漂浮的样品使得植物学家研究植物集群习惯的什么就好像在显微镜下看风景一样，风景是会变的，所以答案是change。

WESTWARD MIGRATION1.以1815做关键词定位至第二句，说1815年之后，交通的改善使得更多农民不再自给自足，进入全国范围内的市场经济，也就是说1815年之前是自给自足不参与市场经济的，所以答案是D。

其他选项都无关2.修辞目的题，先读例子所在句子，说向西的移民潮在30年代达到顶峰，接着就给出具体数字来解释，所以是为了说明移民的数量和范围很广，之所以说范围，是因为例子提到阿巴拉契亚山脉以西，所以答案是C。

A只说速度，不全面；B没有mistaken view；D说阿巴拉契亚有吸引力纯属扯淡3.fringe边缘，次要，额外补贴，所以正确答案是boarder，原句说社会使那些人一直向西迁移，跨过了定居的什么，既然是一直向西迁移，当然是跨过边界，所以A是答案，其他都不靠谱4.EXCEPT题，但这道题用正选更好。

以reason做关键词定位至第二句的explain，定位不到的话就看首句，往下看也能看到。

第一个原因说了欧洲人一直住在一个地方，而美国人不是，对应答案A；第二个原因说欧洲社会等级森严，换工作没那么容易，而美国刚好相反，分别对应C和B选项，所以D没有对应，答案是D5.本句的主干就是西部有很多吸引人之处。

所以答案是B，A/C/D的比较原文都没说6.以1820做关键词定位至第二句，说1820年通过的新法案使农民可以用100USD买土地，后面又说银行业的兴盛使得那些没钱的人能得到纸币贷款，所以是农民买得起土地，正确答案是B。

A的government-support，C的require和D的sell都没说7.proliferation扩张，扩散，增殖，所以答案是growth。

接上题，银行的怎么样使得没钱的人得到贷款，importance完全不对；银行成功了或者跟银行合作人们都不一定能拿到贷款，success和cooperation都不对8.以turnpike做关键词定位至后面两句，说改善运输状况的第一步是建公路，使得运输和农业的成本降低，所以答案是D鼓励人们卖东西。

【托福写作备考】TPO20综合写作文本与解析TPO 20先来看看以下的阅读材料：In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not tosuppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forestfires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However,in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous nationalpark in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a hugearea, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of thedamage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policyof extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damagecaused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.中文翻译：在美国，从1960年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。

这种”随它燃烧”的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。

然后，1988年发生在美国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月，蔓延了80万英亩。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO20口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO20口语Task4阅读文本：FranchisingMany popular and well-known business chains, such as fast food restaurants, use a practice known as franchising. In franchising, someone who wants to open a store or restaurant pays an established company for the right to use the company’s name and sell the company’s products. Selling an established, in-demand product that has immediate name recognition benefits the new business by reducing the risk that the business will fail. In exchange, the new business agrees to follow all of the standard practices of the company with the name it wants to use.托福TPO20口语Task4听力文本：Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a business management class.(male professor) OK, so we've been talking about starting a business. Let's say I want to open up a pizza restaurant. Well, I know how tough it is to make a new business succeed. And I want a sure thing, so I contact the big company that owns a chain of pizza places. Let's say it's called, “Pizza Town.” And I pay for the rights to call my restaurant Pizza Town and to sell Pizza Town's special, one of a kind, pizza.Now, since everyone has heard of Pizza Town, it's really popular, I don't have to worry about whether people would want to eat my pizza or not, I already know this pizza will sell well because it's a known thing. And that means there's a better chance my business will succeed.Now, in exchange for being able to call my restaurant Pizza Town, I haveto agree to run the business the Pizza Town way. And Pizza Town trains me to do this. They show me how to do everything, how to make my pizzas taste like Pizza Town pizzas, how to advertise, even how to make my store look like a Pizza Town. Now, this means that I don’t have a lot of freedom or choice in the way I run my business. But in a lot of ways, this is great for me. After all, Pizza Town’s way generally works. They sel l a lot of pizza.托福TPO20口语Task4题目：Using the example given by the professor, explain how franchising works.托福TPO20口语Task4满分范文：Franchising is a business practice in which someone pays an established company to buy the right to use the company's name and sell its product. For example, the professor wants to open a pizza restaurant, so he pays some money to an established company called Pizza Town for the right to run a Pizza Town restaurant. Since Pizza T own is already very famous and popular, the professor doesn't have to worry whether there will be customers. So he'll have a better chance of success. And also, his restaurant has to follow all the standardized practice of Pizza Town restaurant, like the decoration of the restaurant and the ad, and his staffs have to be trained by the company to produce the very same Pizza Town pizza. Therefore, even though he doesn't have much freedom, the professor can still make the business succeed through the practice of franchising. (127 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO20口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。