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医学英语试题及答案1. 请将下列医学术语翻译成英文：A. 心脏B. 肺C. 肝脏D. 肾脏答案：A. HeartB. LungsC. LiverD. Kidneys2. 以下哪个词组表示“高血压”？A. HypertensionB. HypotensionC. HyperglycemiaD. Hypoglycemia答案：A. Hypertension3. 翻译下列句子：“患者出现急性胸痛，伴有呼吸困难。
”答案："The patient presents with acute chest pain accompanied by difficulty breathing."4. 选择正确的医学术语填空：A. DiabetesB. HypertensionC. HypothyroidismD. Anemia他被诊断为一种慢性疾病，需要终身服用药物来控制血压。
答案：B. Hypertension5. 请解释“Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)”的含义。
答案：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 是一种紧急医疗程序，用于在心脏骤停时恢复某人的呼吸和血液循环。
6. 将下列医学缩写翻译成完整的医学术语：A. MRIB. CTC. ECGD. MRI答案：A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Computed TomographyC. ElectrocardiogramD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (重复项，应替换为其他缩写)7. 阅读下列段落并回答问题：The patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. An emergency appendectomy was performed, and the patient is now recovering in the postoperative ward.问：患者接受了哪种紧急手术？答案：患者接受了紧急阑尾切除术。
Key to Exercises and Chinese Translation of Texts （5-8）《实用医学英语教程》练习答案与课文参考译文Unit 5 The Respiratory SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesabdominal; hurt ; temperature; urine; ultrasound; intravenousPart TwoText AI. Text Comprehension1.The narrowest airways are one fiftieth of an inch across.2.Because it shares space with the heart in the left side of the chest.3.They look like bunches of grapes.4.The bony cage is formed by the breastbone (sternum), ribs, and spine.5.The walls of the alveoli and of the surrounding capillaries are only one cell thick and are invery close contact with each other. Oxygen passes easily through the thin walls of the alveoli and into the blood in the capillaries.II. Vocabulary1. D2. A3. B4. C5. DText BI．Text Comprehension1.Emphysema is characterized by irreversible changes, whereby the elastic properties of thelings, particularly of the alveoli, are reduced.2.Air pollution, heavy cigarette smoking and conditions that result in severe scarring of thelungs, such as silicosis and chronic bronchitis.3.Exhaling.4.Because of the difficulty in removing secretions by coughing, mucous secretions build up,become thicker, and are even more difficult to expel. Most of these patients breathe through the mouth, which further contributes to the drying of secretions and the creation of hard, thick plugs of mucus.5.Because the circulatory and respiratory systems are totally dependent on each other.II. Word Formation1.牙槽切开术粘蛋白酶牙槽牙的粘液囊肿牙槽突点粘性细胞牙槽炎粘蛋白原牙槽鼻的粘液性结肠炎2. 胃镜检查子宫镜检查喉镜检查胸腔镜检查X线检查眼底镜检查3. X线照相术X线学家X线学X线治疗X线量测定器X线病III. Translation1.Air pollution plays a role in then cause of the rapid growth of the emphysematous patients.2.Emphysema, which is a respiratory disease, is like chronic bronchitis in many ways.3.Emphysema plays a definite role in the cor pulmonate because the circulatory and respiratorysystems are so totally dependent on each other.4.Emphysematous patients have to bring the muscles of the neck and shoulders into play in aneffort to breathe.5. As the disease progresses, emphysematous patients have to force the more air trapped in thelungs out.Part ThreeWriting SkillsI. Combine the sentences according to the model.Group 1Many of the reflexes, which make it possible for the human being to adjust himself to the environment, begin as sensory impulses from the skin.Group 2These cells live a much shorter time than most other cells of the body, some of which last a life time.Group 3If protoplasm could not reproduce, a man might eventually be without the outer layer of his skin. The cells of which must continuously be replaced as a result of constant shedding.Group 4The latter test emphasizes that the peripheral airways are "silent" zones, where considerable airway disease and obstruction may exist without signs or symptoms.II. Choose the proper transition to complete each sentence.1) Furthermore, 2) In summary, 3) however, 4) as a resultIII. Make the following parallel:1) Usually, the presence of fever is due to an infection, though there can be many other causes,such as malignancies, brain injuries, toxic reactions and reactions to vaccines, and diseases involving the central nervous system may cause fever.2) Repeated hemorrhages from piles (hemorrhoids), excessive menstrual flow, and various types of ulceration in the stomach or bowel may be causes of chronic bleeding.3) Three kinds of pulmonary complications are well-recognized: influenza viral pneumonia,secondary bacterial pneumonia, and mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia.参考译文：呼吸系统呼吸系统从鼻子和嘴开始,延续到航空公司到肺部,在那里外界的氧气与人体组织呼出的二氧化碳进行交换。
医疗翻译测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪个词组的翻译是不正确的？A. 内科医生 - Internal Medicine DoctorB. 外科手术 - Surgical OperationC. 心电图 - ElectrocardiogramD. 过敏反应 - Allergic Reaction答案：A2. “临床试验”的正确英文翻译是什么？A. Clinical TestB. Clinical TrialC. Clinical ExperimentD. Clinical Practice答案：B3. 以下哪个词组的翻译是正确的？A. 处方药 - Prescription MedicationB. 非处方药 - Non-prescription MedicineC. 抗生素 - AntibioticD. 疫苗 - Vaccine答案：D4. “慢性阻塞性肺病”的英文缩写是什么？A. COPDB. CADC. CVAD. CHF答案：A5. “脑电图”的英文翻译是什么？A. Brain ElectrogramB. ElectroencephalogramC. ElectrocardiogramD. Electromyogram答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 请将以下医学术语翻译成英文：- 血压：______- 糖尿病：______- 骨折：______- 肿瘤：______- 化疗：______答案：Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Fracture, Tumor, Chemotherapy2. 请将以下英文医学术语翻译成中文：- MRI：______- CT Scan：______- Ambulance：______- Anesthesia：______- Antibiotics：______答案：磁共振成像, 计算机断层扫描, 救护车, 麻醉, 抗生素三、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：“患者在手术后需要密切监测生命体征。
Translation：Unit one1 医院,在现代意义上,就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构,通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗;它的历史意义,直至最近,是给退伍战士提供服务的地方;2 在现代社会,从广义上说,医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助,或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来;目前,为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门,医疗机构,赢利或者非赢利的,医疗保险公司或者教会,包括直接由教会提供捐赠;在历史上,医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助;与此不同的是,现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成,在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成;3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗,然后离开,不在医院过夜门诊病人；也有一些病人被收入院,在医院过夜,甚至长达几个星期或几个月住院病人;医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务,以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定;医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力,而其他一类通常称为诊所;Unit two1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务;下一级别的为城镇医疗中心,这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人提供门诊医疗服务;每一个中心有十到三十个床位,中心的专业医生为医士助理医师;这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统,为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务;2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期,在那个时候,共产党开始有大批的人口流动,动员群众参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”,目的在于改进较差的环境卫生,预防某些疾病;3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响,合作医疗缺乏资金来源,致使赤脚医生数量减少,这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫,在一些村庄,卫生状况和饮用水水源检测这个大家自己看哈很少得到监控;Unit three1金刚烷阻碍阻断了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道,这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的;对金刚烷的排斥耐药迅速形成,大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒,一些H5N1病毒,大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制耐受金刚烷;2然而,万一一旦发生流行性疾病大流行,鸡蛋供应就会短缺,相反的是,细胞培养是可高度控制的系统,可以促使疫苗的大批量生产,包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产,通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力免疫原性与鸡蛋胚胎中产生的疫苗的纯度和免疫能力免疫原性是一致的;3几种新的疫苗途径方法目前正处于发展的不同阶段;一种基于M2蛋白质保存的保守的就是指序列不容易改变的意思胞外域基础上的万能疫苗可以防止流感病毒在动物之间的传播动物感染流感病毒;各种病毒样子的分子病毒样颗粒含有表达HA和NA蛋白质,一些还含有与MI和M2蛋白质结合已经通过了抗原性和保护效能免疫效力的检测;Unit five1有三百多种目前广泛使用的中药有长达至少两千多年的历史;在这么长的时间里,在这些中药的临床应用上积累了大量的丰富经验;根据中医的临床研究,经过几个世纪被收入到有用的中药目录里面的这些中药和其他一些中药这些中药及经过几个世纪被收入到有用的中药目录里面的其他中药,可以极大地提高现代西药药物的治疗效果,减少它们的副作用,有时候甚至可以完全替代它们;2大约有6000多种使用的类别目前使用中的药物大约有6000种,包括大概1000多种来自动物的中药和100多种矿物质,所有这些都被归为广义的中药类别;中药有各种各样的加工方式,根据最能有效的发挥作用的制作方法,比如有清洗、浸泡、切片和烘干根据最能有效的发挥作用的制作方法,中药有各种各样的加工方式,比如有清洗、浸泡、切片和烘干;这些药材被组合成一个方子；这些成分和每一种中药的使用数量剂量取决于病人的身体状况需治疗的疾病的性质;3有一些中成药标签上说明只含有中药成分,但是也有一些含有几种西药;一些来自中国的中成药只包含西药瓶子上的标签也这样用中文标注,但是购买者通常没有意识到这一点,因为他们通常会被告知,这是来自中国的一种有效的药物,因此,进口自中国的中药产品应该只有在有经验的专业医师开的处方的基础上使用; Unit six1NICUs新生儿监护室是五六十年代由儿科医生建立起来的,目的在于提供更好的温度支持,隔离感染,提供专业化的喂养,以及能够使用专业的设备和资源;婴儿被放置在保温箱里;一些出生时低体重的婴儿需要呼吸支持,包括提供氧气通过头罩或鼻管来产生持续的正气压或者是机械呼吸;一些低出生体重儿需要从吸氧通过面罩或鼻管到正压通气或机械通气程度不等的呼吸支持;2物理治疗是一个保健职业,可以为病人评估健康状况和提供治疗,使病人能最大限度的发展、保持和恢复运动功能;这包括提供治疗由于年老、受伤、疾病或环境因素造成的运动和功能障碍为由于年老、受伤、疾病或环境因素造成的运动和功能障碍提供治疗;3 PACU麻醉后监护室的工作人员主要由受过高级训练的护士组成,她们能承担麻醉后和手术后病人的多项重要监护任务;这些基本的任务包括监控重要的指标生命指征心率、血压、体温、呼吸频率；应对术后疼痛,处理术后呕吐症状,监控手术现场手术部位出现的大出血、引流、肿胀、血肿和发红红肿等;。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案前言本文主要是对医学英语阅读一分册所涉及的文章进行翻译和答案解析。
医学英语是一门专业性很强的英语，阅读一分册的内容涉及到医学领域的相关知识点。
通过研读本册内容，可以帮助学习者扩充 medical 的词汇量，增强阅读和理解能力。
文章一：Medical Insurance翻译医疗保险是一种保障人们健康的保险，它可以减轻因疾病引起的财务压力。
如今，医疗保险不仅是居民的福利，也是企业员工的权益之一。
不同的医疗保险有不同的政策，例如政府提供的医疗保险、商业化的医疗保险等，这些保险可以针对个人的需求进行选择。
医疗保险可以为病人提供帮助的同时，也为医疗机构提供利益。
由于医疗保险可以减轻病人的财务压力，病人对医疗的需求增加，这就提高了医疗机构的收入。
此外，医疗保险也有助于推进新的医学技术和治疗方法的研发。
在选择医疗保险时，需要考虑自己的需求和能力。
如果有家庭成员患有慢性疾病或需要经常看病，选择保险的时候需要考虑保险的报销额度和覆盖范围。
此外，不同的保险公司收取的费用也不同，在选择的时候需要做好比较和分析。
答案解析1.What is medical insurance for?Medical insurance is for protecting people’s health and reducing financial pressure caused by illness.2.What kind of policy do different medical insurances have?Different medical insurances have different policies, such as government-provided medical insurance and commercial medical insurance.3.What benefits can medical insurance provide for medical institutions?Medical insurance can increase the demand for medical treatment, promote the development of new medical technologies and treatment methods, and provide benefits for medical institutions.4.What should be considered when choosing medical insurance?When choosing medical insurance, people should consider their own needs and capabilities, including the reimbursement limit and coverage range of the insurance as well as the fees charged by different insurance companies.文章二：Heart Health翻译心脏健康是人们健康的重要组成部分，然而最近的研究表明，越来越多的人患有心脏病。
医学英语翻译试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "cardiology" refers to the study of which organ?A. HeartB. LiverC. KidneyD. Lung2. Which of the following is not a symptom of diabetes?A. Frequent urinationB. Excessive thirstC. Rapid weight lossD. Fever3. The medical abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. IntramuscularC. IntraperitonealD. Intradermal4. What does the abbreviation "MRI" stand for in medical terms?A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Maximum Respiratory IndexC. Multiple Respiratory InfectionsD. Medical Research Institute5. The term "anemia" is associated with a deficiency of whichsubstance in the blood?A. PlateletsB. Red blood cellsC. White blood cellsD. Plasma6. Which of the following is a common treatment for hypertension?A. AntibioticsB. AntihypertensivesC. AntiviralsD. Antihistamines7. The medical term "hyperglycemia" refers to:A. High blood sugarB. High blood pressureC. High cholesterolD. High blood calcium8. What is the medical term for the removal of the appendix?A. AppendectomyB. ColectomyC. HysterectomyD. Nephrectomy9. The abbreviation "AED" in medical settings stands for:A. Automated External DefibrillatorB. Advanced Emergency DoctorC. Acute Epileptic DisorderD. Acute Endocrine Dysfunction10. Which of the following is a type of cancer that affects the blood?A. MelanomaB. LeukemiaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：1. A2. D3. A4. A5. B6. B7. A8. A9. A 10. B二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The medical term for the surgical removal of the gallbladder is __________.2. The condition where the body cannot properly regulate body temperature is known as __________.3. A person with a medical condition that causes them to have an abnormally high level of lipids in the blood is said to have __________.4. The abbreviation "CT" in medical imaging stands for__________.5. The medical term for a condition characterized bydifficulty in breathing is __________.6. The study of the structure and function of the nervous system is known as __________.7. A common diagnostic tool used to visualize blood vesselsis __________.8. The medical term for the surgical removal of the prostate gland is __________.9. A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of air or gas in the tissues is called __________.10. The medical term for the surgical removal of the uterus is __________.答案：1. Cholecystectomy2. Dysregulation3. Hyperlipidemia4. Computed Tomography5. Dyspnea6. Neurology7. Angiography8. Prostatectomy9. Emphysema10. Hysterectomy三、翻译题（每题5分，共30分）1. 将下列医学术语从英文翻译成中文：- Hypertension: 高血压- Diabetes mellitus: 糖尿病- Asthma: 哮喘- Osteoporosis: 骨质疏松症2. 将下列医学术语从中文翻译成英文：- 冠心病: Coronary heart disease- 脑卒中: Stroke- 慢性阻塞性肺疾病: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)- 甲状腺功能亢进: Hyperthyroidism3. 翻译以下医学句子：- The patient is scheduled for a cardiac catheterizationnext week.病人下周安排进行心脏导管检查。
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is a common symptom of the common cold?A. FeverB. CoughC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B2. The term "cardiology" refers to the study of which organ?A. LiverB. HeartC. LungsD. Kidneys3. What does the abbreviation "MRI" stand for?A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Medical Research InstituteC. Multiple Response IndicatorD. Medical Radiology Institute4. The process of healing a wound is known as:A. InflammationB. RegenerationC. ResectionD. Reabsorption5. Which of the following is not a type of cancer?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. SarcomaD. Fibromyalgia6. The term "diabetes" is related to the body's inability to:A. Excrete wasteB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Maintain body temperatureD. Clot blood7. The abbreviation "HIV" stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. High Intensity VirusC. Hemorrhagic Influenza VirusD. Hepatitis Infection Virus8. A "pathogen" is an agent that can cause:A. DiseaseB. GrowthC. RegenerationD. Immunity9. The medical term "anemia" refers to a deficiency of:A. CalciumB. IronC. Vitamin CD. Potassium10. The abbreviation "WHO" stands for:A. World Health OrganizationB. World Health OrganizationalC. World Health OperationsD. World Health Oversight答案：1. C2. B3. A4. B5. D6. B7. A8. A9. B10. A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the lungs is ______.答案：Pneumonia2. A person with a condition that causes excessive thirst and urination is said to have ______.答案：Diabetes3. The study of the nervous system is known as ______.答案：Neurology4. A surgical procedure to remove a diseased organ is called a/an ______.答案：Resection5. The process by which the body destroys and removes waste and foreign substances is called ______.答案：Immunity6. A medical condition characterized by high levels of fat in the blood is known as ______.答案：Hyperlipidemia7. The abbreviation for the medical term "arteriosclerosis" is ______.答案：AS8. A deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells is referred to as ______.答案：Anemia9. The medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor is______.答案：Excision10. The study of the structure and function of the human body is called ______.答案：Anatomy三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?答案：A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of an organism, while a bacterium is a single-celled microorganism that can live independently and reproduce by binary fission.2. Explain the concept of "homeostasis" in the body.答案：Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions. This includes the regulation of body temperature, pH, and chemical composition to ensure optimal functioning of cells and organs.3. What is the role of the thyroid gland in the body?答案：The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland that produces hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) andtriiodothyronine (T3), which regulate the body's metabolism, growth, and development.4. Describe the function of the respiratory system.答案：The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. It includes the process of inhalation, where oxygen is taken in, and exhalation, where carbon dioxide is expelled.四、翻译题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请将以下医学术语翻译成中文："Cardiopulmonary resuscitation"答案：心肺复苏2. 请将。
翻译练习1. I don’t want my patient to think that the computer is more important than she is, butI have to keep looking toward the screen to get her lab results, check her mammogram report, document the progress of her illness, order the tests, refill her prescriptions. (Unit 1, Text A)我不想让我的病人认为电脑比她更重要，但我必须一直盯着屏幕，看她的化验结果，检查她的乳房x光检查报告，记录她的病情进展，安排检查，给她配药。
2.These are the choices that practicing physicians face every day, with every patient. Mostly we rely on our clinical judgment to prioritize, accepting the trade-off that is inevitable with any compromise. We attend to the medical issues that carry the greatest weight and then have to let some of the lesser ones slide, with the hope that none of these seemingly lesser ones masks something grave. (Unit 1, Text A)对于每一个病人，这些是执业医生每天面对的选择。
大多数情况下，我们依靠自己的临床判断来确定优先顺序，接受任何妥协都不可避免的折衷。
Key to Exercises and Chinese Translation of Texts （5-8）《实用医学英语教程》练习答案与课文参考译文Unit 5 The Respiratory SystemPart OneSituational Dialoguesabdominal; hurt ; temperature; urine; ultrasound; intravenousPart TwoText AI. Text Comprehension1.The narrowest airways are one fiftieth of an inch across.2.Because it shares space with the heart in the left side of the chest.3.They look like bunches of grapes.4.The bony cage is formed by the breastbone (sternum), ribs, and spine.5.The walls of the alveoli and of the surrounding capillaries are only one cell thick and are invery close contact with each other. Oxygen passes easily through the thin walls of the alveoli and into the blood in the capillaries.II. Vocabulary1. D2. A3. B4. C5. DText BI．Text Comprehension1.Emphysema is characterized by irreversible changes, whereby the elastic properties of thelings, particularly of the alveoli, are reduced.2.Air pollution, heavy cigarette smoking and conditions that result in severe scarring of thelungs, such as silicosis and chronic bronchitis.3.Exhaling.4.Because of the difficulty in removing secretions by coughing, mucous secretions build up,become thicker, and are even more difficult to expel. Most of these patients breathe through the mouth, which further contributes to the drying of secretions and the creation of hard, thick plugs of mucus.5.Because the circulatory and respiratory systems are totally dependent on each other.II. Word Formation1.牙槽切开术粘蛋白酶牙槽牙的粘液囊肿牙槽突点粘性细胞牙槽炎粘蛋白原牙槽鼻的粘液性结肠炎2. 胃镜检查子宫镜检查喉镜检查胸腔镜检查X线检查眼底镜检查3. X线照相术X线学家X线学X线治疗X线量测定器X线病III. Translation1.Air pollution plays a role in then cause of the rapid growth of the emphysematous patients.2.Emphysema, which is a respiratory disease, is like chronic bronchitis in many ways.3.Emphysema plays a definite role in the cor pulmonate because the circulatory and respiratorysystems are so totally dependent on each other.4.Emphysematous patients have to bring the muscles of the neck and shoulders into play in aneffort to breathe.5. As the disease progresses, emphysematous patients have to force the more air trapped in thelungs out.Part ThreeWriting SkillsI. Combine the sentences according to the model.Group 1Many of the reflexes, which make it possible for the human being to adjust himself to the environment, begin as sensory impulses from the skin.Group 2These cells live a much shorter time than most other cells of the body, some of which last a life time.Group 3If protoplasm could not reproduce, a man might eventually be without the outer layer of his skin. The cells of which must continuously be replaced as a result of constant shedding.Group 4The latter test emphasizes that the peripheral airways are "silent" zones, where considerable airway disease and obstruction may exist without signs or symptoms.II. Choose the proper transition to complete each sentence.1) Furthermore, 2) In summary, 3) however, 4) as a resultIII. Make the following parallel:1) Usually, the presence of fever is due to an infection, though there can be many other causes,such as malignancies, brain injuries, toxic reactions and reactions to vaccines, and diseases involving the central nervous system may cause fever.2) Repeated hemorrhages from piles (hemorrhoids), excessive menstrual flow, and various types of ulceration in the stomach or bowel may be causes of chronic bleeding.3) Three kinds of pulmonary complications are well-recognized: influenza viral pneumonia,secondary bacterial pneumonia, and mixed viral and bacterial pneumonia.参考译文：呼吸系统呼吸系统从鼻子和嘴开始,延续到航空公司到肺部,在那里外界的氧气与人体组织呼出的二氧化碳进行交换。
肺是呼吸系统的最大部分,几乎填满胸腔。
左肺小于右肺因为它与位于胸部左侧的心脏共用胸腔。
每个肺分为几个部分(叶):右边三个和左边两个。
空气通过鼻子和嘴进入呼吸系统,经过喉咙(咽)和喉头(喉)。
喉头的入口被一小瓣肌肉组织(会厌)遮挡, 吞咽时关闭从而防止食物进入气管。
最大的呼吸道是气管,分支为较小的呼吸道(支气管)为两个肺提供氧气。
支气管本身多次分裂进化成更小的呼吸道(细支气管)。
这些是最狭窄的呼吸道, 即每个为五分之一英寸宽。
每个细支气管末端都是许多泡泡状的,充满空气的腔体(肺泡),像成串的葡萄。
每个肺包含数以百万计的肺泡和围绕肺泡的网状毛细血管。
极薄的肺泡壁允许氧气从肺泡进入毛细血管里的血液，并把二氧化碳将从毛细血管里的血液中送进肺泡。
胸膜是一种光滑的膜,帮助肺部顺利地进行每一次呼吸。
它覆盖着整个肺，排列在胸壁内部。
通常,这两个润滑层胸膜之间几乎没有任何空间，当肺部扩张和收缩时顺利地进行滑动。
胸腔里的肺和其他器官受骨笼保护, 由胸骨、肋骨、脊柱构成。
12对肋骨弯曲环绕胸腔。
在背部每一对连接于脊柱上的骨头（椎骨）。
在身体的前部,上面的七对肋骨直接通过肋软骨连接于胸骨。
第八、第十对肋骨连接于上面的软骨；最后两对(浮肋)较短，不连接。
位于肋骨间的肋间肌帮助肋骨移动,从而协助呼吸。
最重要的用于呼吸的肌肉是隔膜,一个钟型片肌肉把肺和腹部隔开。
隔膜附着于胸骨底部,胸腔较低部分和脊柱。
当隔膜收缩,胸强增大,从而扩大肺。
呼吸系统的主要功能是输送氧气进入肺部,转移氧气到血液,排出二氧化碳。
吸入的氧气进入肺部到达肺泡。
肺泡壁和周围的毛细血管壁都只有一个细胞厚, 彼此非常接近。
氧气能够轻易透过薄薄的肺泡壁进入毛细血管中的血液,血液中的二氧化碳进入肺泡，通过鼻子和嘴呼出。
含氧血液从肺部通过肺静脉进入左心室,推动血液到身体的其他部位。
消耗了氧气,含有二氧化碳的血液通过两大静脉，即上下腔静脉，回流到右心室，并通过肺动脉排入到肺部,吸收氧气,释放二氧化碳。
Text B肺气肿肺气肿是一种慢性阻塞性肺病。
