物联网翻译中文

Internet of Things1 .the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass，radio frequency identification technology，global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light，heat, electricity，mechanics, chemistry, biology， the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes，identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application，known as the third wave of the world’s information industry development following the computer，the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications，Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore，the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things，and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of ’’material”Where the ’’objects” to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1.Receiver have the appropriate information;2.Have a data transmission path;3.Have a certain storage capabilities;4.To have the CPU;5.To have the operating system;6.Have specialized applications;7.Have a data transmitter;8.Follow the communication protocol of Things;9.World Network，a unique number that can be identified.3."Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors，mobile terminals, industrial systems，floor control system，the family of Intelligentfacilities，video surveillance systems，and external can "(Enabled)，such as RFID，a variety of assets (the Assets)，personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal” intelligent objects or animals n or” smart dust ’’(the Mote)，through a variety of wireless and/or cable over long distances and/or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M)，application integration (the Grand Integration)，and based on cloud computing，SaaS operation mode，in internal network (intranet)，private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe，controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring，retrospective positioning，alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control，security，remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades，statistical reporting， decision support，the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions，’’Everything，” ’’efficient，energy saving, security environmental protection/"’ possession，control，Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009，the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing，China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix，given the EU’s definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects” of identity, physical attributes，virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media，the Internet and business Internet one，constitute the future of the Internet.5.changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of thesame name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China” Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries，to write the •’Government Work Report’1 Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States，European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China' his coverage of the times，has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6.BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards，on the basis of the computer Internet，the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet ’’Internet of things” (referred to as the Internet of Things)，which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research，the establishment of applicable sensor network. 1999, held in the United States，mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States，"Technology Review” propo sed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people’s lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS)，the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ”，citing the concept of the” Int ernet of things "• The report pointed out that the ubiquitous ’’Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)，sensortechnology, nanotechnology，intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things，a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities，human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise，largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However，the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence，the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications，so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology，involving almost all aspects of IT，innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features，that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features，the network system should have automated，self-feedback and intelligent control featuresJanuary 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States，held with U.S. business leaders a "round table’’，as one of the only two representatives，IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that H the wisdom of the Earth” this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24，2009 news，IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet” strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life，and even analysts believe that IBM’s vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy，and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically，is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid，railways，bridges，tunnels, highways, buildings， water supply systems dams，oil and gas pipelines and other objects，and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of ’’wisdom” in the implementation of the infrastructure，strong，not only in the short term to stimulate the economy，promote employment，and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM n Smarter Planet” strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years，a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore’s Law accurately call it a n15-year cycle Law' Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol，1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers，1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the ”information superhighway” strategy. 1990s，the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion，construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure，to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the H Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "informa tion superhighway”，the same they revive the economy，a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world.H Internet of Things prospects are very bright，it will dramatically change our current way of life.’’ Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physicalobjects associated with each other "exchange' without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session，held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar H Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0n，the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change，and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years，the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market，the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity，perception，processing and information transfer，four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors，smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the ’’Internet of Things in 2020” report，an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics，retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015，2015 〜In 2020，the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things，RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion，this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market，including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts，the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is morethan 3.8 billion yuan，the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems，MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size，large-scale mass production cost reduction，mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7.PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world’s ’’Internet of Things' In this network, the goods (products) to each other ’’exchange”，without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation，is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise，the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID，It is able to let items "speak” a technique. In the "Internet of Things” con cept，RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system，to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent” management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense，identification technology andpervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications，breaking the conventional thinking before，human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand，airports，roads，buildings，while on the other hand，the data center，PC，broadband. In the era of the ’’Internet of Things’’，reinforced concrete，cable with the chip，broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. H Internet of Things” makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom” to improve resource utilization and productivity levels，and improve the relationship between man and nature.8.Agency1，institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: ’’objects of the IPCC n)，the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010，preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance，coordination，consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations，to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation，resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products，and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale，co-development.9.ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life，and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies toassist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale，broad participation，management, technical，and material properties，etc. other features，the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID，sensors，embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general，to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1)identified the object attributes，properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label，the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2)the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes，and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3)the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed，such as home computers or mobile phones，may also be centralized，such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10.key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1)RFID;(2)sensor network;(3)The M2M;(4)integration of the two.11 .TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand，can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently，the United States，the European Union are all invested heavilyin-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things，Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID，sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him，the use of the Internet of Things technology，Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection，transmission，processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi，bus，various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, ’’the bus services through’’ will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management，e-logistics n，will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition，the popularization of the n Internet of Things” for the number of animals，plants and machinery，sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things，in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags，which will greatly promote the production of IT components，while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles，if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static，but in the state of the movement，we must maintain the items in the state of motion，and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world ofbusiness of the Internet of Things，compared with the business of interpersonal communication，will reach 30 to 1，so the ’’Internet of Things’1 is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second，sensor network field in the world，China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; F ourth, China’s wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world’s first the three major economies，with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding，which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry， it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology，or RFID technology，or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology，GPS, video recognition，infrared，laser，scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things，but not all of Things.Second，the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things，all of the interconnections，all shared Internet platform.In fact，the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network，Internet，WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of theInternet to the matter; LAN，professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional，LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation，smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real，many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation，pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent，automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket，and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors，to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection，government，public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care，personal health，floriculture，water monitoring，food traceability，enemydetection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot somet hing; clothes will ’’tell” washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field，for example, a logistics company，application of Things truck，when loading overweight，the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining，the severity of。

ABI 应用二进制接口(Application Binary Interface)ACSI 国家信息化咨询委员会（advisory committee for state informatization）ADSL 非对称数字用户线路(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)AI 人工智能（artificial intelligence）AMPS 高级移动电话系统(Advanced Mobile Phone System)API 应用程序接口(Application Programming Interface)ASIC 特定用途集成电路（Application Specific Integrated Circuit）ASTM 美国试验材料学会（American Society for Testing Material）AT&T 美国电话电报公司（American Telephone and Telegraph Company）ATM 异步传输模式(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)ATOS Origin 源讯公司Auto-ID 自动识别（Auto-ID）AWS 美国航空气象处（Air Weather Service）；BAP 基本汇编程序（Basic Assembler Program）BGA 集成电路采用有机载板的一种封装法BOINC 伯克利开放式网络计算 (Berkeley Open Infrastructure For Network Computing ) BSP 板级支持包(Board Support Package)Business Processing 业务处理流程CaaS 通信即服务(communication as a Service)CAN 控制器局域网络(Controller Area Network)CAS 中国科学院（Chinese Academy of SciencesCCTV 中国中央电视台（China Central Television）CDMA2000 电信移动通信系统CIP 预编目录（cataloging in publication）CITYNET 城市间合作网络CMU 卡内基梅隆大学（Carnegie Mellon University）CN 通信网络（Communicating Net）CPU 中央处理机（Central Processing Unit）CRA 应答验证 (challenge-response authentication)DARPA 美国国防部高级研究计划局（Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency）DARPA 研究计划署(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)DASH7Data mining 数据挖掘技术（即指从资料中发掘资讯或知识）DDoS 分布式拒绝服务（Distributed Denial of Service）DG INFSO 媒体总司DG INFSO/D4 欧盟委员会DGINFSO‐D4DMM 分布式内存多处理器（distributed memory multiprocessor）DNS 域名服务器（Domain Name Server）DoD 美国国防部（Department of Defense of the United States）DRAM 动态随机存取存储器（Dynamic Random Access Memory）DSL 数字用户线路(Digital Subscriber Line)DSP 数字信号处理器（Digital Signal Processor）DSS 决策支持系统（Decision Support Systems）DynDNS 动态DNSEAN 欧洲商品编码(Europ Article Number)EAS 电子防窃系统（Electronic Article Surveillance）ECMA 欧洲电脑制造商协会（European Computer Manufactures Association）EPC 电子产品代码(Electronic Product Code)EPCglobal 国际物品编码协会EAN和美国统一代码委员会（ UCC ）的一个合资公司ERP 企业资源计划（Enterprise Resource Planning）ETSI 欧洲电信标准协会（European Telecommunication Standards Institute）EU-funded CASAGRAS1 coordination 欧盟资助CASAGRAS1协调FAT 文件分配表(File Allocation Table)FP7 欧盟第七框架计划(Framework Program 7)FreeOTFE 免费实时加密FSTC 金融服务技术联盟(Financial Services Technology Consortium)FTP 文件传输协议（File Transfer Protocol）GM 通用汽车公司（General Motors）GMSA 全球移动通信系统协会(global system for mobile communications association) GPRS 通用分组无线业务（General Packet Radio Service）GPS 全球定位系统（Global Position System）GSM 全球移动通信系统（Global System for Mobile Communications）GUI-based 图形用户界面HP 惠普公司HTML5 HTML5是HTML下一个的主要修订版本，现在仍处于发展阶段HTTP 超文本传输协议（Hyper Text Transport Protocol）HTTPS 安全超文本传输协议(Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)I²C 两线式串行总线（Inter－Integrated Circuit）IaaS 架构即服务(Infrastructure As A Service)IATA 国际航空运输协会（International Air Transport Association）ICC 集成电路卡(integrated circuit card)ICT 集成电路计算机遥测技术（Integrated Computer Telemetry）iDA 资讯通信发展管理局(infocomm Development Authority)IEC 国际电工技术委员会（International Electrotechnical Commission）IEEE 电气与电子工程师协会（Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers）IETF Internet工程任务组（Internet Engineering Task Force）IMT-2000 国际移动电话系统-2000（International Mobile Telecom System-2000）IOT 物联网(Internet Of Things)IPSec 网际协议安全（Internet Protocol Security）IPSO 因特网协议安全选件（Internet protocol security option ）IPv4 IPv4，是互联网协议（Internet Protocol，IP）的第四版IR 指令寄存器（instruction register）ISA 工业标准总线(Industry Standard Architecture)ISM 美国供应管理协会（the Institute for Supply Management , ISM）ISO 国际标准化组织（International Standardization Organization）ISTAG IST咨询集团(IST advisory group)IT 信息技术(Information Technology)ITSO_LtdITU 国际电信联盟（International Telecommunication Union）KAEC 阿卜杜拉国王经济城(King Abdullah Economic City)KVM 基于内核的虚拟机（K Virtual Machine）LAN 局域网（local area network）LCD 液晶显示屏（liquid crystal display）LR-WPAN 低速率无线个人区域网络（Low Rate-Wireless Personal Area Network）LSI 大规模集成电路（Large Scale Integrated circuit）MAC 多路存取计算机（Multi-Access Computer)MAN 城域网(Metropolitan Area Network)MASDAR 马斯达尔MEMS 微电子机械系统（Micro-electromechanical Systems）METI 日本经济贸易产业省（Ministry of Economy， Trade and Industry）MIC 部门内部事务和通讯(the ministry of internal affairs and communications) MIT 麻省理工学院（Massachu-setts Institute of Technology）；MPP 大量信息并行处理机，大规模并行处理机（Massively Parallel Processor）MRI 核磁共振成像（Magnatic Resonance Imaging）；MSI 中规模集成电路（medium-scale integration）MVNO AdicaNaaS 网络即服务(Network As A Service)NASA 美国国家航空和宇宙航行局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration）NetBSD 一个免费的，具有高度移植性的UNIX-like操作系统NFC 近场通讯(Near Field Communication)NFCIPNIC 网络接口卡(Network Interface Card)NMT 北欧移动电话(Nordic Mobile Telephone)NSF （美国）国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）NTT DoCoMo 移动通信网公司NYU 纽约大学（New York University）OLED 有机发光二极管（Organic Light Emitting Diode）ONS 国家统计局(Office For National Statistics)P2P 点对点技术（peer-to-peer）；PaaS 平台即服务(Platform As A Service)PARC 帕洛阿尔托研究中心（Palo Alto Research Center）PC 个人电脑（Personal Computer）；PCI 外部控制器接口（Peripheral Component Interconnect）PHY 物理层协议（Physical Layer）PKI 公钥基础设施（Public Key Infrastructure）POTS 普通老式电话服务(Plain Old Telephone Service)QNX 嵌入式实时操作系统（Quick Unix ）R&D 研发(Research & Development)RACO 德国雷科resPONDER 响应器RFID 无线射频识别（radio frequency identification devices）RISC 精简指令集计算机（Reduced Instruction-Set Computer）ROM 只读存储器（read only memory）RS-232 串行数据通信的接口标准RTOS 实时操作系统（Real Time Operating System）SaaS 软件即服务（Software as a Service）SAP SAP是目前全世界排名第一的ERP软件SAVVIS 维斯公司SCADA 监测控制和数据采集（supervisory control and data acquisition）SIM 用户身份识别卡（subscriber identity module）SIMD 单指令多数据(Single Instruction Multiple Data)SIMIT 中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所SMP 对称多处理机（SymmetricalMulti-Processing）SOC 片上系统（System on a Chip）SPOM 自动程序单芯片微处理(Self Programmable One Chip Microprocessor)SPT 季票 (season parking ticket)SRI 斯坦福研究院(Stanford Research Institute)SSE 单指令多数据流式扩展 ( streaming SIMD extensions)SSI 小规模集成（电路）（Small Scale Integration）；SSO 单点登录（single sign-on）T2TITTACS 全接入通信系统（Total Access Communication System）TCB 可信计算基(Trusted Computing Base)TCP/IP 传输控制/网络通讯协定（Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol）TD-SCDMA 即时分同步的码分多址技术（Time Division-Synchronization Code Division Multiple Access）TEDS 传感器电子数据表（Transducer Electronic Data Sheet）TLS/SSL SSL（Secure Sockets Layer，安全套接层）TPANSmitterTRON 实时操作系统核心程序（The Realtime Operating System Nucleus）U.S.Department of Defence 美国国防部UCC 统一编码委员会（uniform code council inc）UCLA 加州大学洛杉矶分校（University of California at Los Angeles）UHF 超高频（Ultra High Frequency）UML 统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language）UNL 无处不在的网络实验室（ubiquitous networking laboratory）USAID 美国国际开发署（United States Agency for International Development）USB 通用串行总线（Universal Serial Bus）USDA 美国农业部（United States Department of Agriculture）VLSI 超大规模积体电路（Very Large Scale Integrated Circuites）VNP-VNOWAN 广域网(Wide Area Network)WCDMA 宽带码分多址移动通信系统（Wideband Code Division Multiple Access）Wi-Fi 无线上网技术WROM 一次写/读很多内存(write once/read many memory)WSN 无线传感网络(wireless sensor network)。

1 云计算的计算模式为（B/C ）。

2( 分布式)是公有云计算基础架构的基石。

3（虚拟化)是私有云计算基础架构的基石.4（并行计算）是一群同构处理单元的集合，这些处理单元通过通信和协作来更快地解决大规模计算问题5（集群)在许多情况下，能够达到99。

999%的可用性.6 网格计算是利用（因特网）技术,把分散在不同地理位置的计算机组成一台虚拟超级计算机。

7 B/S网站是一种（3层架构）的计算模式。

8 云计算就是把计算资源都放到上( 因特网）。

9（云用户端）提供云用户请求服务的交互界面，也是用户使用云的入口，用户通过Web浏览器可以注册、登录及定制服务、配置和管理用户.打开应用实例与本地操作桌面系统一样.10（服务目录）帮助云用户在取得相应权限（付费或其他限制)后可以选择或定制的服务列表，也可以对已有服务进行退订的操作,在云用户端界面生成相应的图标或列表的形式展示相关的服务.11( 管理系统和部署工具）提供管理和服务,能管理云用户，能对用户授权、认证、登录进行管理，并可以管理可用计算资源和服务，接收用户发送的请求,根据用户请求并转发到相应的相应程序，调度资源智能地部署资源和应用,动态地部署、配置和回收资源。

12( 监控端)监控和计量云系统资源的使用情况，以便做出迅速反应，完成节点同步配置、负载均衡配置和资源监控,确保资源能顺利分配给合适的用户。

13（服务器集群）提供虚拟的或物理的服务器，由管理系统管理，负责高并发量的用户请求处理、大运算量计算处理、用户Web应用服务，云数据存储时采用相应数据切割算法采用并行方式上传和下载大容量数据.14用户可通过( 云用户端）从列表中选择所需的服务，其请求通过管理系统调度相应的资源，并通过部署工具分发请求、配置Web应用.15 在云计算技术中,（中间件）位于服务和服务器集群之间，提供管理和服务即云计算体系结构中的管理系统。

16虚拟化资源指一些可以实现一定操作具有一定功能，但其本身是（虚拟)的资源，如计算池,存储池和网络池、数据库资源等，通过软件技术来实现相关的虚拟化功能包括虚拟环境、虚拟系统、虚拟平台。

物联网专业英语复习第一部分单词或词组英译中10空,共10分汉语中译英10空,共10分第一单元单词actuator 执行器Cyber-Physical System CPS信息物理融合系统Cyberspace 网络空间device processing power 设备处理能力fibre-based network 基于光纤的网络Global Positioning System GPS 全球定位系统Internet of Things IoT 物联网Machine to Machine M2M 机器对机器nano-technology 纳米技术quick response QR-code reader QR 码阅读器radio frequency identification RFID无线射频识别技术RFID scannerRFID扫描仪Sensor 传感器shrinking thing 微小的物体storage capacity 存储空间tag 标签middleware中间件中间设备paradigm 范例、概念ubiquitous 普遍存在的gateway device 网关设备logistics 物流in the scenario of … 在…背景下from the point view of … 从…角度convergence 收敛、集合pervasive 普遍存在的domotics 家庭自动化e-health 电子医疗in the context 在…方面with reference to 关于,根据第二单元单词3rd-Generation 3G第三代移动通信技术bluetooth蓝牙cloud computing云计算database数据库embedded software嵌入式软件enterprise local area network企业局域网EPC Global一个组织产品电子代码Fibre to the x FTTx光纤入户=Identity authentication身份认证implant microchip植入芯片infrared sensor红外传感器infrared technology红外技术intelligent processing智能处理IPv6一种互联网协议Japanese Ubiquitous ID日本泛在标识Location Based Service LBS基于位置的服务logistics management物流管理serviced-oriented面向服务的Telecommunications Management Network TMN电信管理网络application layer应用层business layer商业服务层perception layer感知层processing layer处理层transport layer传输层ubiquitous computing普适计算Wireless Fidelity WiFi一种无线局域网络技术ZigBee一种低功耗个域网协议deployment调度、部署intervention介入unprecedented空前的refinement精炼、提炼concrete具体的attribute特征、属性conform to符合、遵照e-commerce电子商务assign分配、指定、赋值diverse多种多样的connotation内涵enterprise企业、事业、进取心appropriateness适当、合适immense巨大的、无穷的magnitude大小、量级representative典型的、代表module模块literacy读写能力、文化素养ultra mobile broadband UMB超移动宽带mass大规模的,集中的第三单元chip芯片integrated综合的、集成的precision精度、精确、精确度reliability可靠性sensitive敏感的、易受伤害的semiconductor半导体silicon硅、硅元素thermocouple热电偶hall门厅、走廊、会堂、食堂programmable可编程的biological sensor生物传感器chemical sensor化学传感器electric current电流electrode potential电极电位integrated circuit集成电路sensor/transducer technology传感器技术sensing element敏感元件transforming circuit转换电路overload capacity过载能力physical sensor物理传感器intelligent sensor智能传感器displacement sensor位移传感器angular displacement sensor角位移传感器pressure sensor压力传感器torque sensor扭矩传感器temperature sensor温度传感器quantity量、数量voltage电压pulse脉冲acquisition获取eliminate消灭、消除volume体积breakthrough突破superconductivity超导电性magnetic磁的inferior in在…方面低劣craft工艺、手艺、太空船quantum量子interference干涉antibody抗体antigen抗原immunity免疫inspect检查、视察organism有机体、生物体hepatitis肝炎high polymer高分子聚合物thin film薄膜ceramic陶瓷adsorption吸附hydrone水分子dielectric medium电解质humidity湿度plasma等离子体polystyrene聚苯乙烯intermediary媒介物polarization极化、偏振corrosion腐蚀tele-measure遥测oxidation氧化lithography光刻diffusion扩散deposition沉淀planar process平面工艺anisotropic各项异性evaporation蒸镀sputter film溅射薄膜resonant pressure sensor谐振压力传感器sophisticated富有经验的etch蚀刻diaphragm膜片beam横梁、照射Wheatstone Bridge惠斯通电桥piezo-resistance压阻gauge计量器ion离子petroleum石油lag落后第五单元barcode条码encode编码graphic图形one-dimensional barcode一维码two-dimensional barcode二维码capacity容量disposal处理、安排algorithm算法barcode reader条码阅读器facsimile传真、复写transcript成绩单authenticate认证、鉴定photocopy复印件asymmetric非对称的cryptographic加密的tamper篡改merchandise商品track跟踪personalized个人化的reflectivity反射率recognition识别agency代理commodity商品portable便携式的execute执行impair损害pantry食品柜distinguish区分individual个人的,个别的encrypt把…加密issuing authority发行机关biometric生物识别iris minutiae虹膜特征trigger switch触发开关establish建立dynamic动态的grasp抓住exchange交换retrieve重新获取capture拍摄duplicate复制forge伪造signature签名第六单元synchronous同步的asynchronous异步的barrier障碍物proliferation扩散router路由器restriction限制seismic地震的scenario方案；情节scalability可扩展的spatially空间地topology拓扑latency延迟facilitate促进release发布thermal热的intrusion入侵coordinator协调器node节点surveillance监督base station基站access point接入点,访问点ad hoc无线自组织网络data-link layer数据链路层network topology网络拓扑peer-to-peer点对点power consumption能耗resource constraints资源受限solar panels太阳能电池版plant equipment工厂设备energy efficient高效能end device终端设备Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE美国电气与电子工程师学会Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, MEMS 微机电系统Personal Area Network, PAN个域网Wireless Sensor Network, WSN 无线传感网络缩写词展开完整形式10空,共10分；IoTInternet of Things物联网RFIDRadio Frequency Identification无线射频识别QR-codeQuick Response Code快速响应码GPSGlobal Positioning System全球定位系统CPSCyber Physical System信息物理融合系统M2MMachine to Machine机器对机器HTTPHypertext Transfer Protocol超文本传输协议SOAPSimple Object Access Protocol简单对象访问协议EPCElectronic Product Code电子产品码WLANWireless Local Area Network无线局域网LBSLocal Based Service基于位置的服务GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications全球移动通信系统DNSDomain Name Server域名服务器HTMLHypertext Makeup Protocol超文本标记语言CPUCentral Processing Unit中央处理器单元EPROMErasable Programmable Read Only Memory可擦除可编程只读存储器UHFUltra High Frequency超高频第二部分完型填空4大题,每题5空,共20分第三部分阅读理解2大题,每题5空,共20分第四部分：句子翻译5题,每题6分,共30分2、5、7、11可能不考,不是作业本上的1、The main strength of the IoT idea is the high impact it will have on severalaspects of everyday-life and behavior of potential users. From the point of view of a private user, the most obvious effects of the IoT introduction will be visible in both working and domestic fields. In this context, domotics, assisted living, e-health, enhanced learning are only a few examples ofpossible application scenarios in which the new paradigm will play a leading role in the near future.物联网理念的主要强大之处在于,它对潜在用户的日常生活和行为的方方面面产生很大影响;从个人用户的角度来看,它最明显的影响就是工作和家庭方面的影响;在这方面,家庭自动化、辅助生活、电子医疗和加强学习只是物联网应用的几个例子,在不久的将来,这种新模式将发挥主导作用;2、Similarly, from the perspective of business users, the most apparent consequences will be equally visible in fields such as, automation and industrial manufacturing, logistics, business/process management, intelligent transportation of people and goods.同样,从企业用户的角度来看,同样会在一些领域产生最显着的影响,如自动化工业制造、物流、业务/流程管理、人员和货物的智能交通;3、In the IoT, "things" are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information "sensed" about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the "real/physical world" events and influencing it by running processes that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention.在物联网中,“物”有望成为商业、信息和社会进程的积极参与者;通过交换数据和“感受到”环境的信息,它们可以进行彼此之间及与环境之间的互动和通信;与此同时,通过运行触发动作、创造服务过程,不管有没有人为干预,来自主反应和影响“真实/物理世界”的事件; 4、As the Internet of Things is different from Internet and Telecommunications Network, the above two models is not suitable for IoT directly. But they have some similar features in common. So through the technology architecture of the Internet and the logical structure of Telecommunications Management Network and combined with the specific features of the Internet of Things, we established anew architecture of IoT.由于物联网不同于互联网和电信网络,所以这两种模式不能直接适用于物联网;但是它们有一些相似的共同特征;所以凭借互联网的技术架构和电信管理网络的逻辑结构,再结合物联网的具体特征,我们建立了一个新的物联网架构;5、We believe that this architecture would better explain the features and connotation of the Internet of Things. We divided IoT into 5 layers, which are the Business Layer, the Application Layer, the Processing Layer, the Transport Layer and the Perception Layer.我们相信,这种架构将更好地解释物联的内涵和特征;我们将物联网分为5层：业务层,应用层,处理层,传输层和感知层;6、We think the existing 3-layer structure has certain significance to understand technical architecture of the Internet of Things at the initial stage of its development, but it cannot completely explain its structure and the connotation. Just because of this, many scholars have different opinions on the definition and scope of the Internet of Things.我们认为,在物联网发展的初级阶段,现有的三层结构对了解技术架构方面具有重要意义,但是并不能完全解释物联网的结构和内涵;正因为如此,许多学者在物联网的定义和范畴上持不同意见;7、Such micro-silicon sensor is an advanced sensor technology nowadays. Its basic advantage is that the sensitive components' volume is micron sized, which is one-tenths or one-hundredths of that in traditional sensors. Hence it plays an important role in the fields of industrial control, aerospace, biomedicine etc. Another advantage is its high sensitivity which makes minuteness measurement possible. For example, it could serve as blood pressure sensor.像这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一;在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用;另一特点是敏感度高,使得微小量可被测量,可制成血压压力传感器;8、Traditional sensor could not rival integrated sensor in many respects.Integrated sensor is not only a simple sensor but also a chip, in which there are auxiliary components and sensors, with the function of calibration, compensation, self-diagnosis and network communication. It has lower cost to increase the quantity of production. American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Inc. produces 10,000 integrated blood pressure sensors per week.在很多方面,集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法竞争的,它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器,更是一个将辅助元件与传感器同时集成在一块的芯片,使之具有标定、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能,它可降低成本、增加产量,美国LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司每星期能生产1万只这种集成血压传感器;9、The technology behind RFID uses inductive coupling to transfer data. Induction occurs when a wire or any other conductor of electricity passes through a magnetic field, generating an electric current in the wire. It is similar to the principal of electromagnetism-that passing an electric current through a coil of wire will generate a magnetic field-only in reverse. An RFID chip has a coil of wire built into it. An electric current jumps between the two coils of wire,signaling data-carrying, short-range radio waves to pass between the two devices. RFID技术利用电感耦合来传输数据;当电线或其它任何导体通过磁场会产生电感,从而在电线中形成电流;这与电磁原理相似,电流通过线圈将形成磁场—只不过是一个相反过程;RFID芯片内部封装有线圈,电流在两个线圈之间传递,携带的数据信号利用短距离无线电波在两个设备之间传输;10、Barcode is the varying width of the black bars and blank, arranged according to the encoding rules for the expression of a set of information graphics identifier. The common barcode is reflectivity big difference between black bars and the white empty arranged in parallel line pattern. Barcodes can be marked goods producers, manufacturers, product name, production date, number of books, mail starting and ending location, category, date and other information.条形码是将由宽度不等的多个黑条和空白,按照一定的编码规则排列,用以表达一组信息的图形标识符;常见的条形码是由反射率相差很大的黑条和白条空排列成的平行线图案;条形码可以标出物品的生产国、制造厂家、产品名称、生产日期、图书分类号、邮件起止地点、类别、日期等许多信息;11、There are three types of ZigBee devices: ZigBee coordinator, ZigBee router, and ZigBee end device. ZigBee coordinator initiates network formation, stores information, and can bridge networks together. ZigBee routers link groups of devices together and provide multi-hop communication across devices. ZigBee end-device consists of the sensors, actuators, and controllers that collects data and communicates only with the router or the coordinator.ZigBee设备有3种类型：ZigBee协调器,ZigBee路由器和ZigBee终端设备;ZigBee协调器负责网路的形成、信息存储和桥接网络;ZigBee路由器将多组设备联系在一起,提供不同设备间多跳式通信;终端设备由传感器、执行器、控制器组成,可以收集数据,只能和路由器或者协调器进行通信;。

中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks .Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International TelecommunicationUnion released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet"strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention.The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensoris the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In theera of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design andresearch and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the datacollection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one ofthe dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymericintegrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.。

物联网产业链全梳理物联网（IoT，Internet of things）是指“万物相连的互联网”。

通过 RFID（Radio Frequency Identification, 无线射频识别）、感应器等信息传感设备，按约定的协议，把物品和互联网连接起来，进行信息交换和通信，以实现对物品的智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理。

物联网市场快速发展，体量巨大。

根据中国产业信息网的数据及预测，2019 年全球物联网设备数量已达到 107 亿台，预计 2025 年物联网连接数将达到 251 亿台，保持 12%以上的增长。

市场规模方面，statista 数据显示，2020 年全球物联网市场规模达到 2480 亿美元，到 2025 年预计市场规模将超过 1.5 万亿美元，复合增长率达到 44.59%。

（1）5G 技术5G 的规模化商用带来新的市场机遇。

5G（5th-generation mobile networks）是第五代移动通信技术，也是对现有的 2G、3G、4G、WiFi 等无线接入技术的延伸。

作为最新一代移动通信技术，5G 依托全新的网络架构，具备高速率、低延时、高可靠性、大带宽等优势。

5G 技术在物联网行业应用中指的是以 5G 技术为物联网传输层的核心传输技术，将感知层采集的物体信息进一步传输与交换，以实现人与物、物与物互通互联。

5G 技术具有增强型移动宽带（eMBB）、超高可靠低时延通信（uRLLC）、海量机器类通信（mMTC）三种网络切片类型：1）增强型移动宽带（eMBB）：在现有移动宽带业务场景的基础上，eMBB 通过提供更高体验速率和更大带宽的接入能力，优化人与人之间的通信体验。

在此场景下，用户体验速率可达 100Mbps 至 1Gbps （4G 最高体验速率为 10Mbps），峰值速度可达 10 至 20Gbps。

eMBB 场景主要面向 3D/4K/8K 超高清视频、AR/VR、云工作/娱乐、5G 移动终端等大流量移动宽带业务；2）超高可靠低时延通信（uRLLC）：uRLLC 应用场景提供低时延和高可靠的信息交互能力，支持互联物体间高度实时、精密及安全的业务协作。

与物联网相关的专业词汇1.物联网Internet of Things2.体系结构architecture3.连接模式interconnection model4.通信协议communication protocol5.服务机制service mechanism6.信息模型information model7.物品关联thing association8.信息感知information sensing9.信息交互information interaction10.无线传感器网络wireless sensor network11.传感仪器sensing instrument12.光谱Spectrum13.系统架构architecture of IoT14.协议体系protocol structure15.时空数据spatial-temporal data16.海量数据管理 massive data management17.数据库集群系统database cluster system18.数据挖掘data mining19.电子饲喂站electronic feeding station20.信息采集系统 information acquisition system21.上下文感知context-aware22.服务质量QoS23.语义标注semantic annotation24.可信计算trusted computing25.匿名认证anonymous authentication26.匿名传输anonymous transmission27.无线射频识别 Radio Frequency Identification（RFID）28.农业物联网agriculture Internet of Things29.设施农业facility agriculture30.服务推荐service recommendation二、我感兴趣的一些专业词汇31.大数据big data32.深度学习deep learning33.社会计算social computing34.可视化visualization35.数据可用性data usability36.流式计算stream computing37.内存计算memory computing38.非结构化数据 unstructured data39.社交网络数据 social network data40.云计算技术cloud computing41.自然语言处理 natural language processing42.自然语言理解 natural language understanding43.贝叶斯推理Bayesian inference44.主题模型topic model45.机器翻译machine translation46.聚类分析clustering analysis47.词频分析frequency analysis48.主题词提取topic words extraction49.人工智能artificial intelligence50.混合模型hybrid model。

综合评价10道题答案2023题目1题目：请解释什么是机器学习，并举例说明。

答案：机器学习是一种人工智能的分支，通过使用统计学和算法来使计算机能够从数据中学习并改进性能。

机器学习的目标是通过让计算机自动学习和发现规律，从而使计算机能够在没有明确编程的情况下完成任务。

举例来说明，假设我们想要训练一个模型来判断电子邮件是否是垃圾邮件。

我们可以收集大量的电子邮件数据，并为每个电子邮件标记垃圾邮件或非垃圾邮件。

然后，我们可以使用机器学习算法来分析这些数据，并训练一个模型。

这个模型可以根据电子邮件的内容和其他特征来预测一个新电子邮件是否是垃圾邮件。

题目2题目：请解释什么是深度学习，并举例说明。

答案：深度学习是机器学习的一种特定类型，其灵感来自人类神经系统的工作原理。

深度学习使用深层神经网络模拟大脑的工作方式，通过多个神经网络层进行信息传递和学习。

举例来说，深度学习可以应用于图像识别任务。

我们可以使用深层神经网络来训练一个模型，使其能够自动识别图像中的物体。

模型将会通过大量的标记图像进行训练，并根据这些图像的特征来学习识别不同物体。

经过训练的深度学习模型可以被用于自动识别图像库中的物体。

题目3题目：请解释什么是自然语言处理，并举例说明。

答案：自然语言处理是一种人工智能技术，用于将人类语言转换成计算机能够理解和处理的形式。

自然语言处理的目标是使计算机能够像人类一样理解和生成自然语言。

举例来说，自然语言处理可以应用于机器翻译。

假设我们想要翻译一篇英文文章成中文。

通过自然语言处理技术，我们可以将英文文章输入机器翻译系统中，然后系统将会分析并理解文章的语义和语法结构，最终生成对应的中文翻译。

题目4题目：请解释什么是数据挖掘，并举例说明。

答案：数据挖掘是一种从大量数据中自动发现模式和知识的过程。

通过应用统计学、机器学习和数据库技术等方法，数据挖掘可以揭示数据中的隐藏关系、趋势和模式。

举例来说，数据挖掘可以应用于销售预测。

2024年陕西专升本英语词汇English:In the year 2024, students preparing for the Shaanxi adult college entrance exam in English vocabulary will likely encounter a range of words and expressions spanning various topics such as technology, society, culture, and more. It is crucial for students to build a strong foundation in English vocabulary to effectively communicate and comprehend texts, as well as to excel in the exam. Some key vocabulary words that students may come across could include terms related to advancements in technology like "artificial intelligence," "virtual reality," "blockchain," and "Internet of Things." Additionally, words related to societal issues such as "globalization," "sustainability," "diversity," and "urbanization" may also be tested. Furthermore, cultural vocabulary including terms like "heritage," "tradition," "cuisine," and "festivities" could feature in the exam as well. Overall, students should focus on mastering a diverse range of vocabulary to enhance their language proficiency and succeed in the Shaanxi adult college entrance exam.中文翻译:在2024年，准备参加陕西专升本英语词汇考试的学生可能会遇到涵盖技术、社会、文化等各种主题的单词和表达。

物联网的基本概念、核心技术和信息安全一、物联网发展概述二、物联网基本概念三、物联网核心技术四、物联网信息安全五、物联网几点讨论六、物联网发展展望一、物联网发展概述一般认为，物联网的基本概念，最早于1999年由美国麻省理工学院Kevin Ashton、Sanjay Sarma和David Brock提出，其核心思想是基于互联网、RFID（Radio Frequency Identification，无线射频识别）技术、EPC（Electronic Product Code，电子产品编码）标准（一个网络、一项技术、一个标准），在计算机互联网的基础上，利用无线射频识别技术、无线数据通信技术等，构造一个实现全球物品信息实时共享的实物互联网——“Internet of Things”(简称物联网）。

自1999年到2003年，美国麻省理工学院的Auto-ID中心完成了EPC应用方面三个阶段（货堆、货箱、单个物品）的示范实验，从实验室走向实际应用。

2005年11月17日，在突尼斯举行的信息社会世界峰会（WSIS）上，国际电信联盟（ITU）发布了《ITU互联网报告2005：物联网》。

报告引用了上述“物联网”这一名称，但其定义和范围已经发生了重要变化，覆盖范围有了较大扩展；报告中的“物联网”不再只是指基于RFID技术的物联网；报告指出，信息与通信技术的目标已经从任何时间、任何地点连接任何人，发展到连接任何人与物品的阶段，世界上所有物体——从轮胎到牙刷都将纳入通信领域；无所不在的“物联网”通信时代即将到来；无线射频识别技术、传感器技术、纳米技术、智能嵌入技术将得到更加广泛的应用。

在国内，随着政府对物联网产业的关注和支持力度的明显增强，物联网已经从产业愿景走向现实应用。

物联网前期在中国更多地被认为是传感网。

1999年，中国科学院启动了传感网研究计划，取得了一批科研成果，建立了一些适用的传感器网络，目前已拥有从材料、技术、器件、系统到网络的完整产业链。