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第一章 行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式:(1)381141102---;解 381141102---=2⨯(-4)⨯3+0⨯(-1)⨯(-1)+1⨯1⨯8 -0⨯1⨯3-2⨯(-1)⨯8-1⨯(-4)⨯(-1) =-24+8+16-4=-4.(2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba -bbb -aaa -ccc =3abc -a 3-b 3-c 3.(3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2-ac 2-ba 2-cb 2 =(a -b )(b -c )(c -a ).(4)yx y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx -y 3-(x +y )3-x 3 =3xy (x +y )-y 3-3x 2 y -x 3-y 3-x 3 =-2(x 3+y 3).2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数: (1)1 2 3 4; 解 逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解 逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解 逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解 逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n -1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n ); 解 逆序数为2)1(-n n : 3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n -1)2, (2n -1)4, (2n -1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n -1)(2n -2) (n -1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n -1) (2n ) (2n -2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解 逆序数为n (n -1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n -1)2, (2n -1)4, (2n -1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n -1)(2n -2) (n -1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n -2) (n -1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23的项. 解 含因子a 11a 23的项的一般形式为(-1)t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s ,其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. 所以含因子a 11a 23的项分别是(-1)t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(-1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=-a 11a 23a 32a 44, (-1)t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(-1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42. 4. 计算下列各行列式:(1)71100251020214214; 解 711025102021421410014231020211021473234-----======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+-⨯---= 143102211014--=01417172001099323211=-++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412-; 解 2605232112131412-26503212213041224--=====cc 041203212213041224--=====rr0000003212213041214=--=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab ---;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---e c b e c b ec b ad f ---=a b c d e f a d f b c e 4111111111=---=.(4)dc b a100110011001---. 解 dc b a100110011001---dc b a ab ar r 10011001101021---++=====d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12--+--=+01011123-+-++=====cd c ad a ab dc ccdad ab +-+--=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1.5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a -b )3;证明1112222b b a ab ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c ------=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--==(a -b )3 .(2)y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ;证明2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2, c 2-c 1得)5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2得) 022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a .(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a=(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a)()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b ---------=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b d c b a d a c a b +++---= ))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++-++------=)()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++-----= =(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ).(5)1221 1 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x x n n n +⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--- =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n .证明 用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+-=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n -1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n -1=x n -1+a 1 x n -2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -2x +a n -1, 则D n 按第一列展开, 有111 00 10 01)1(11-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--+=+-x x a xD D n n n n =xD n -1+a n =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n .因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90︒、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nn n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n nnn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(--==, D 3=D .证明 因为D =det(a ij ), 所以nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=- ⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--=-- )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(--+-+⋅⋅⋅++-=-=.同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=- )1(11112)1(2D D n n Tn n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k 为k 阶行列式):(1)aaD n 11⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0;解aa aa a D n 0 0010 000 00 0000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开))1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(-⨯-+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(-⨯-⋅⋅⋅⋅-+n n n a a an n n nn a a a+⋅⋅⋅-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n -a n -2=a n -2(a 2-1).(2)xa a a x aa a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解 将第一行乘(-1)分别加到其余各行, 得ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n --⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n -⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-+=0000 0 0000 )1(=[x +(n -1)a ](x -a )n -1. (3)111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=---+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解 根据第6题结果, 有nn n n n n n n n n a a a n a a a na a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=---++ 此行列式为范德蒙德行列式.∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++---=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+-++-⋅-⋅-=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112;解nn nnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开)nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0 0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-+.再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n -2-b n c n D 2n -2, 即D 2n =(a n d n -b n c n )D 2n -2.于是 ∏=-=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==, 所以 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij =|i -j |; 解 a ij =|i -j |,4321 4 01233 10122 21011 3210)d e t (⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n aD ij n0 4321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=====n n n n r r r r 15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213-⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(-1)n -1(n -1)2n -2.(6)nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 11111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n ≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 n n n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=====--10 0001 000 100 0100 0100 00113322121321111312112111011 000 00 11000 01100 001 ------+-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nnna a a a a a a a∑=------+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i nn a a a a a a a a 1111131********0010 00000 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni in a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 因为14211213513241211111-=----=D , 142112105132412211151-=------=D , 2841120351*******1512-=-----=D , 426110135232422115113-=----=D , 14202132132212151114=-----=D , 所以 111==DD x , 222==DD x , 333==DD x , 144-==DD x .(2)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解 因为665510006510006510065100065==D , 15075100165100065100650000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152-==D , 7035110065000060100051001653==D , 39551601000051000651010654-==D , 21211005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452-=x , 6657033=x , 6653954-=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, μ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为μλμμμλ-==1211111D .令D =0, 得 μ=0或λ=1.于是, 当μ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解 系数行列式为λλλλλλλ--+--=----=101112431111132421D=(1-λ)3+(λ-3)-4(1-λ)-2(1-λ)(-3-λ) =(1-λ)3+2(1-λ)2+λ-3. 令D =0, 得λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.第二章 矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3的线性变换. 解 由已知:⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321323513122y y y x x x ,故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3211221323513122x x x y y y ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321423736947y y y ,⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=+--=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++-=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ,⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+-=+=+-=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3的线性变换.解 由已知⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321514232102y y y x x x ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321310102013514232102z z z⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321161109412316z z z ,所以有⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+--=+-=++-=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111111111A , ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=150421321B , 求3AB -2A 及A T B .解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1111111112150421321111111111323A AB⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=2294201722213211111111120926508503,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=092650850150421321111111111B A T .4. 计算下列乘积:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⨯+⨯⨯+⨯-+⨯⨯+⨯+⨯=102775132)2(71112374⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=49635.(2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(=(1⨯3+2⨯2+3⨯1)=(10).(3))21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛;解 )21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯-⨯⨯-⨯⨯-⨯=23)1(321)1(122)1(2⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=632142.(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412 ;解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=6520876. (5)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ; 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x =(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3 a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛321x x x322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA .因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6443AB , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B )2=A 2+2AB +B 2吗? 解 (A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=+5222B A ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+52225222)(2B A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2914148,但 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=++43011288611483222B AB A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=27151610,所以(A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2. (3)(A +B )(A -B )=A 2-B 2吗? 解 (A +B )(A -B )≠A 2-B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-1020B A , ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-+906010205222))((B A B A ,而 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-718243011148322B A ,故(A +B )(A -B )≠A 2-B 2.6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的: (1)若A 2=0, 则A =0;解 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0010A , 则A 2=0, 但A ≠0.(2)若A 2=A , 则A =0或A =E ;解 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0011A , 则A 2=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E .(3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y . 解 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0001A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1111X , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1011Y ,则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k . 解 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=12011011012λλλA ,⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1301101120123λλλA A A ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101λk A k .8. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=λλλ001001A , 求A k .解 首先观察⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλλλλ0010010010012A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=222002012λλλλλ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎝⎛=kA k k kk k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ . 用数学归纳法证明: 当k =2时, 显然成立. 假设k 时成立，则k +1时，⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⋅=---+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+++=+-+--+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ,由数学归纳法原理知:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=---k k kk k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T AB 也是对称矩阵. 证明 因为A T =A , 所以(B T AB )T =B T (B T A )T =B T A T B =B T AB , 从而B T AB 是对称矩阵.10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA .证明 充分性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且AB =BA , 所以 (AB )T =(BA )T =A T B T =AB , 即AB 是对称矩阵.必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB )T =AB , 所以 AB =(AB )T =B T A T =BA . 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:(1)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛5221;解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=5221A . |A |=1, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=1225*22122111A A A A A ,故 *||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1225. (2)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθc o s s i ns i n c o s A . |A |=1≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=θθθθc o s s i ns i n c o s*22122111A A A A A ,所以 *||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos .(3)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---145243121;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=145243121A . |A |=2≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A ,所以 *||11A A A =-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=1716213213012.(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n ≠0) .解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n a a a A0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=-n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛12643152X ; 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-126431521X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=12642153⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=80232.(2)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--234311*********X ;解 1111012112234311-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=03323210123431131 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=32538122.(3)⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101311022141X ;解 11110210132141--⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=210110131142121 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21010366121⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=04111. (4)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛021102341010100001100001010X .解 11010100001021102341100001010--⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=010100001021102341100001010⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=201431012.13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ;解 方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321153522321321x x x ,故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===001321x x x .(2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=--=--05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x .解 方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----012523312111321x x x ,故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===305321x x x .14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E -A )-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1. 证明 因为A k =O , 所以E -A k =E . 又因为 E -A k =(E -A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1), 所以 (E -A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)=E , 由定理2推论知(E -A )可逆, 且 (E -A )-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.证明 一方面, 有E =(E -A )-1(E -A ). 另一方面, 由A k =O , 有E =(E -A )+(A -A 2)+A 2-⋅ ⋅ ⋅-A k -1+(A k -1-A k ) =(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A ), 故 (E -A )-1(E -A )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A ), 两端同时右乘(E -A )-1, 就有(E -A )-1(E -A )=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2-A -2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A -1及(A +2E )-1.证明 由A 2-A -2E =O 得 A 2-A =2E , 即A (A -E )=2E ,或 E E A A =-⋅)(21,由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A -=-. 由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A -6E =-4E , 即(A +2E )(A -3E )=-4E ,或 E A E E A =-⋅+)3(41)2(由定理2推论知(A +2E )可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-.证明 由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 |A 2-A |=2, 即 |A ||A -E |=2, 故 |A |≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E |=|A 2|=|A |2≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒A (A -E )=2E ⇒A -1A (A -E )=2A -1E ⇒)(211E A A -=-, 又由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒(A +2E )A -3(A +2E )=-4E ⇒ (A +2E )(A -3E )=-4 E ,所以 (A +2E )-1(A +2E )(A -3E )=-4(A +2 E )-1,)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-. 16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A )-1-5A *|. 解 因为*||11A A A =-, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111----=-A A A A A |2521|11---=A A =|-2A -1|=(-2)3|A -1|=-8|A |-1=-8⨯2=-16. 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A *也可逆, 且(A *)-1=(A -1)*. 证明 由*||11A A A =-, 得A *=|A |A -1, 所以当A 可逆时, 有 |A *|=|A |n |A -1|=|A |n -1≠0, 从而A *也可逆.因为A *=|A |A -1, 所以 (A *)-1=|A |-1A . 又*)(||)*(||1111---==A A A A A , 所以 (A *)-1=|A |-1A =|A |-1|A |(A -1)*=(A -1)*. 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A *, 证明: (1)若|A |=0, 则|A *|=0; (2)|A *|=|A |n -1. 证明(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A *|≠0, 则有A *(A *)-1=E , 由此得 A =A A *(A *)-1=|A |E (A *)-1=O ,所以A *=O , 这与|A *|≠0矛盾，故当|A |=0时, 有|A *|=0. (2)由于*||11A A A =-, 则AA *=|A |E , 取行列式得到 |A ||A *|=|A |n .若|A |≠0, 则|A *|=|A |n -1;若|A |=0, 由(1)知|A *|=0, 此时命题也成立. 因此|A *|=|A |n -1.19. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B .解 由AB =A +2E 可得(A -2E )B =A , 故⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=-=--321011330121011332)2(11A E A B ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=011321330.20. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解 由AB +E =A 2+B 得 (A -E )B =A 2-E , 即 (A -E )B =(A -E )(A +E ).因为01001010100||≠-==-E A , 所以(A -E )可逆, 从而⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, -2, 1), A *BA =2BA -8E , 求B . 解 由A *BA =2BA -8E 得 (A *-2E )BA =-8E , B =-8(A *-2E )-1A -1 =-8[A (A *-2E )]-1=-8(AA *-2A )-1 =-8(|A |E -2A )-1=-8(-2E -2A )-1 =4(E +A )-1=4[diag(2, -1, 2)]-1)21,1 ,21(d i a g 4-==2diag(1, -2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA -1=BA -1+3E , 求B . 解 由|A *|=|A |3=8, 得|A |=2. 由ABA -1=BA -1+3E 得 AB =B +3A ,B =3(A -E )-1A =3[A (E -A -1)]-1A 11*)2(6*)21(3---=-=A E A E ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=-1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P -1AP =Λ, 其中⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1141P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ2001, 求A 11. 解 由P -1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP -1, 所以A 11= A =P Λ11P -1.|P |=3, ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1141*P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1141311P ,而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ11111120 012001,故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=31313431200111411111A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=68468327322731. 24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=111201111P , ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ511,求ϕ(A )=A 8(5E -6A +A 2). 解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ8(5E -6Λ+Λ2)=diag(1,1,58)[diag(5,5,5)-diag(-6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)] =diag(1,1,58)diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0). ϕ(A )=P ϕ(Λ)P -1*)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=1213032220000000011112011112⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A -1+B -1也可逆, 并求其逆阵. 证明 因为A -1(A +B )B -1=B -1+A -1=A -1+B -1,而A -1(A +B )B -1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A -1(A +B )B -1可逆, 即A -1+B -1可逆.(A -1+B -1)-1=[A -1(A +B )B -1]-1=B (A +B )-1A .26. 计算⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121.解 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=10211A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=30122A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=12131B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=30322B , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ,而 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+4225303212131021211B B A ,⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=90343032301222B A ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=9000340042102521,即 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=9000340042102521. 27. 取⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛==-==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠. 解 4100120021010*********0021010010110100101==--=--=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A ,故|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4.解 令⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=34431A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22022A ,则 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=21A O O A A ,故 8218⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=A O O A A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8281A O O A , 1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求(1)1-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛O B A O ;解 设⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211C C C C O B A O , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====sn E BC OBC OAC E AC 2143⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====--121413B C O C O C AC ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛B C O A .解 设⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211D D D D B C O A , 则⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛s n E O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=+==s nE BD CD OBD CD OAD E AD 423121⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-===----14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵:(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2500380000120025; 解 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2538B , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--5221122511A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--8532253811B .于是 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A . (2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛4121031200210001. 解 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=4103B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2112C , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------1111114121031200210001B CA B O A B C O A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=411212458103161210021210001.第三章 矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1. 把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--340313021201;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--340313021201(下一步: r 2+(-2)r 1, r 3+(-3)r 1. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---020*********(下一步: r 2÷(-1), r 3÷(-2). )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--010*********(下一步: r 3-r 2. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--300031001201(下一步: r 3÷3. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--100031001201(下一步: r 2+3r 3. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-100001001201(下一步: r 1+(-2)r 2, r 1+r 3. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛100001000001.(2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320(下一步: r 2⨯2+(-3)r 1, r 3+(-2)r 1. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---310031001320(下一步: r 3+r 2, r 1+3r 2. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛0000310010020(下一步: r 1÷2. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛000031005010.(3)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311;解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311(下一步: r 2-3r 1, r 3-2r 1, r 4-3r 1. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--------1010500663008840034311(下一步: r 2÷(-4), r 3÷(-3) , r 4÷(-5). )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----22100221002210034311(下一步: r 1-3r 2, r 3-r 2, r 4-r 2. ) ~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---00000000002210032011.(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132.解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132(下一步: r 1-2r 2, r 3-3r 2, r 4-2r 2. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1187701298804202111110(下一步: r 2+2r 1, r 3-8r 1, r 4-7r 1. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--41000410002020111110(下一步: r 1↔r 2, r 2⨯(-1), r 4-r 3. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----00000410001111020201(下一步: r 2+r 3. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--00000410003011020201.2. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛987654321100010101100001010A , 求A .解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛100001010是初等矩阵E (1, 2), 其逆矩阵就是其本身.⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛100010101是初等矩阵E (1, 2(1)), 其逆矩阵是E (1, 2(-1)) ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=100010101.⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=100010101987654321100001010A⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=287221254100010101987321654.3. 试利用矩阵的初等变换, 求下列方阵的逆矩阵:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛323513123;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛100010001323513123~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---101011001200410123~⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----1012002110102/102/3023~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----2/102/11002110102/922/7003~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----2/102/11002110102/33/26/7001 故逆矩阵为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----21021211233267.(2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1210232112201023.解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----10000100001000011210232112201023 ~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----00100301100001001220594012102321 ~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--------20104301100001001200110012102321~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-------106124301100001001000110012102321~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----------10612631110`1022111000010000100021~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-------106126311101042111000010000100001故逆矩阵为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-------10612631110104211.4. (1)设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=113122214A , ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=132231B , 求X 使AX =B ; 解 因为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=132231 113122214) ,(B A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--412315210 100010001 ~r , 所以 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--==-4123152101B A X .(2)设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=433312120A , ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=132321B , 求X 使XA =B .解 考虑A T X T =B T . 因为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=134313*********) ,(T T B A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---411007101042001 ~r ,所以 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---==-417142)(1T T T B A X ,从而 ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---==-4741121BA X .5. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=101110011A , AX =2X +A , 求X .解 原方程化为(A -2E )X =A . 因为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------=-101101110110011011) ,2(A E A⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---011100101010110001~,所以 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=-=-011101110)2(1A E A X .6. 在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的r -1阶子式? 有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解 在秩是r 的矩阵中, 可能存在等于0的r -1阶子式, 也可能存在等于0的r 阶子式.例如, ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=010*********A , R (A )=3.000是等于0的2阶子式, 010001000是等于0的3阶子式.7. 从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B , 问A , B 的秩的关系怎样? 解 R (A )≥R (B ).这是因为B 的非零子式必是A 的非零子式, 故A 的秩不会小于B 的秩.8. 求作一个秩是4的方阵, 它的两个行向量是(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (1, -1, 0, 0, 0).解 用已知向量容易构成一个有4个非零行的5阶下三角矩阵:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-0000001000001010001100001, 此矩阵的秩为4, 其第2行和第3行是已知向量.9. 求下列矩阵的秩, 并求一个最高阶非零子式:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---443112112013;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---443112112013(下一步: r 1↔r 2. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---443120131211(下一步: r 2-3r 1, r 3-r 1. )~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----564056401211(下一步: r 3-r 2. )~⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---000056401211,矩阵的2秩为,41113-=-是一个最高阶非零子式.(2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-------815073*********;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-------815073*********(下一步: r 1-r 2, r 2-2r 1, r 3-7r 1. )~⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------15273321059117014431(下一步: r 3-3r 2. )~⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----0000059117014431,矩阵的秩是2, 71223-=-是一个最高阶非零子式.(3)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---02301085235703273812.解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---02301085235703273812(下一步: r 1-2r 4, r 2-2r 4, r 3-3r 4. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------02301024205363071210(下一步: r 2+3r 1, r 3+2r 1. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-0230114000016000071210(下一步: r 2÷16r 4, r 3-16r 2. )~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-02301000001000071210~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-0000010********02301,矩阵的秩为3, 070023085570≠=-是一个最高阶非零子式.10. 设A 、B 都是m ⨯n 矩阵, 证明A ~B 的充分必要条件是R (A )=R (B ). 证明 根据定理3, 必要性是成立的.充分性. 设R (A )=R (B ), 则A 与B 的标准形是相同的. 设A 与B 的标准形为D , 则有A ~D , D ~B .由等价关系的传递性, 有A ~B .11. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=32321321k k k A , 问k 为何值, 可使(1)R (A )=1; (2)R (A )=2; (3)R (A )=3.解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=32321321k k k A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+-----)2)(1(0011011 ~k k k k k r . (1)当k =1时, R (A )=1; (2)当k =-2且k ≠1时, R (A )=2; (3)当k ≠1且k ≠-2时, R (A )=3.12. 求解下列齐次线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++=-++=-++02220202432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有A =⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--212211121211~⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---3/410013100101, 于是 ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧==-==4443424134334x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛1343344321k x x x x (k 为任意常数).(2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=--+=-++05105036302432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有A =⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----5110531631121~⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-000001001021,于是 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===+-=4432242102x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛10010012214321k k x x x x (k 1, k 2为任意常数).(3)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+-=+-+=-++=+-+07420634072305324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有A =⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----7421631472135132~⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛1000010000100001,于是 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====0004321x x x x ,故方程组的解为⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====00004321x x x x .(4)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++-=+-+=-+-=+-+03270161311402332075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解 对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有。
