Sustainability 和 sustainable development 的区别

一.代替词1.穷poor 可以用needy impoverished poverty-stricken 代替2.幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being3.青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents4.优点：advantage = merits = superiority = virtue5.努力：struggle for = aspire after = strive for = spare no efforts for6.从事：embark on = tap = set about = go in for7.影响：influence= impac8.危险：danger = perils =hazard9.污染：pollution = contamination.10.severe 替换掉serious（严重的）11.special 替换成distinct12.want 替换成desire13.like 替换成be fond of / be engaged in14.in fact代替成as a matter of fact15.make用enable代替16.例如the case 替换true eg. I dont think it is the case （ture）17.take the place of 用supplantinstead other than（这个用的时候注意语法结构）代替(:supplantin过去式直接加ed)18.消极的，不良的：bad =用detrimental baneful undesirable代替19.健康的: healthy 用robust sound wholesome 代替20.惊人的：surprising 用amazing extraordinary miraculous 代替21.有活力的：energetic 用dynamic vigorous animated 代替22.明显的：obvious 用apparent evident manifest 代替23.提高，加强：improve 用enhance promote strengthen optimize 代替24.引起：cause 用trigger endanger代替25.解决：solve 用resolve address tackle cope with deal with代替26. 拆除：destroy 用tear down 、knock down、eradicate代替27.培养: develop 用cultivate 、foster 、nurture代替28.激发，鼓励：encourage 用motivate 、stimulate 、spur代替29.good 指人时可以用以下形容词代替kind honest generous selfless brave warmhearted sympathetic honorable humorous smart gentle30.good 指事物或事情时可以用以下形容词代替great fantastic splendid marvelous excellent wonderful meaningful enjoyable 等31.amazing替换surprising32.wealthy替换rich33.for instance替换for example34.occasionally替换sometimes /once in while35.seldom替换not often36.get to one’s feet替换stand up37.beneath替换under38.beneath替换under39.eventually 代替finally40.challenging 代替hard41.attach importance to 代替pay attention to42.delighted 代替happy43.prompt / immediate 代替quick44.marvelous替代great，incredible45.tend 代替want46.more often than not代替usually47.exhausted代替tired48.charming代替cute，attractive49.fulfill代替achieve fulfilment代替achievement50.set foot on代替arrive at51.enrich代替promote52.strengthen代替build up53.be addicted to等于be fond of等于be devoted to54.have a ball 替换have a good time / enoy oneselfe to light 替换discover56.be long for sth / be long to do sth 替换wanttodo sth / wish for范文范例学习指导eg I want to see you very much I anm long to see you57.more than 替换very58.because of =due to =owing to =thanks to59.as a result of =as a consequence of60. cope with 替换掉solve（解决）61.motivate 替换掉encourage（激励）62.severe 替换掉serious（严重的）63.a severe water shortage严重缺水64.needy替换掉ppor（贫穷的）65.wealthy 替换掉rich （富裕的）66.benificial 替换掉good （有益的）67.undesirable 替换掉bad （不好的，不受欢迎的）68.nevertheless 替换掉however（然而，不过）69.fundamental / significant 替换掉important（重要的）7.0.relevant 替换掉related （有关的）Eg：....is highly relevant to.......71.extraodinary 替换掉surprising （惊人的，非凡的）72.provided/providing （that）替换掉if （如果.....）73.promote /strengthen 替换掉improve （提高，加强）74. important—significant75.good—stunning, fabulous, sensational76.way—approach, methode—adopt78.understand/know—figure out79.but—nevertheless80.so—consequently, therefore81.because of—due to82.like to do/want to do—be inclined to do, be willing to do83.finish—accomplish84.advantages and disadvantages—pros and cons 二.高级短语jeopardize 替换掉be bad to （损害，危及）Failing exams could jeopardize her future.考试不及格危及她的前程.ease 替换掉relieve （减轻，缓解）To ease the problem of ..... 为了缓解....的问题.....well-being 替换掉happiness （幸福，安康）pros and cons 替换掉advantages and disadvantages（好处和坏处）You must consider all the pros and cons of the matter before you make a decision. 在你做决定之前，必须考虑这个问题的正反两个方面.approach / method 替换掉way（方法，方案）adopt 替换掉use （采用，采取）the aged 替换掉old people（老人）adolescents 替换掉the young （青少年）employment 替换掉job（就业）affair 替换掉thing （事情，东西）bent 替换掉gift （天赋，爱好）catastrophe 替换掉（disaster 灾难）subscribe to 替换掉agree with（同意）tend 替换掉want（趋向于..想要.....）I am tending to another customer at he moment.acquire 替换掉gain （获得（尤指知识上的））administration 替换掉government （政府部门）contribute to 替换掉cause （引起）extremely 替换掉very （非常的）frown on sth 替换disagree with sth （不同意）for instance 替换掉for example （例如）advocate 倡导compensate for 弥补.....Spare no efforts for努力In contemporary society 在当今社会范文范例学习指导A vast amount of 大量的be abundant in 富有...on ones own account 为了某人自己的利益at ones own risk 自行负责on account of 由于On no account绝不要arise from 由....引起Are these any matters arising from the last meeting？这些事情都是由上次的会议引起的吗？assess 评估，评价Examinations are not the only means of assessing ones ability.考试不是评价一个人能力的唯一方法.authentic 真实的，可信的gradual 逐渐的There has been a gradual improvment in ...over the last two years.过去的两年中...逐渐改善.....multiply rapidly ...迅速增加.ripe 时候成熟的The country is ripe for change.国家已是时候改变.trend 趋势，趋向，潮流The trend at the moment is that ....现在..是一个趋势.....emphrasize 强调，重视I ’ d like to emphrasize how important it is to ....sustainable development 可持续发展三.高级句型1. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

雅思写作话题分类词汇教育与学业考试频率：★★★★★Education and study 教育与学业1、Teaching methods 教学方法 7、Generation gap 代沟2、Educational facilities 教育设施8、Adolescents’/Teenagers’problems 青少年问题3、Academic subjects 学校科目9、Studying abroad 留学话题4、Computer and learning(teaching) 电脑与学习（教学）10、Taking a part-time job 兼职工作5、Personal development 个人发展11、Parents’/Teachers’responsibilities 父母/教师责任6、Physical and mental growth 身心成长12、Functions/tuition of university 大学功能/学费真题重现In schools and universities, some girls tend to choose arts subjects, while boys choose to study science subjects. What are the reasons? Do you think this trend should be changed?Some people think that the main purpose of school is to turn children as a good citizens and workers, rather to benefit them as individuals. To what extent do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1. scope of knowledge 知识面2.lighten the burden of 减轻了…的负担prehensive knowledge 广博的知识4.long-distance education 远程教育5.enrich the teaching method 丰富教育手段6.teaching\pedagogical methodology 教学方法7.schooling 学校教育parenting、upbringing 家庭教育8.impart\inculcate knowledge 传授知识9.multi-media teaching 多媒体教学10.vocational education 职业教育11.down-to-earth, practical 切合实际的12.enlightening 予以人启迪的13.perplexing 令人困惑的14.the cultural diversity 文化的多元性15.insightful 富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的16.undertake the due obligations 承担责任17.exam-oriented education 应试教育18.develop our creative mind 培养我们创造性思维19.widen one’s knowledge 拓展知识面20.realize the value of life 实现生命价值21.grasp good communication skills 掌握良好交流技能22.cultivate a strong sense of responsibility 培养了强烈的责任感23.cultivate logical thinking 培养逻辑思维24.rote learning、learn things by rote 死记硬背25.cultivate，foster，nurture 培养26.promote the student’s physical, mental \intellectual and emotional development 促进学生身心发展27.psychological soundness\well-being 心理健康28.aptitude，talent 学习能力（先天）29.ability，skill 学习能力（后天）30.tap one’s potential 挖掘某人的潜能31.go astray 误入歧途;indiscipline 、misbehavior 、mischief 不遵守纪律;disruptive students 、unruly students 违反纪律的学生;commit crimes 犯罪32.theoretical knowledge 理论知识;practical knowledge 实践知识33.university education 大学教育;vocational education职业教育;primary-level education 小学教育;secondary-level education 中学教育34 youngsters、adolescents 青少年35.develop linguistic skills 培养语言技能prehensive knowledge 全面的知识37.face-to-face communication 面对面交流38.stimulate one’s interest 激发了…的兴趣39.increase efficiency 提高效率40.enrich the teaching and learning methods 丰富了教学手段41.be fully aware of…充分意识到…科学与技术考试频率：★★★★★Science and Technology 科学与技术1、Technological 科技产品7、Medical advancement 医学进步2、Information technology 信息与技术8、Technology VS. arts 科技与艺术3、Discoveries and inventions 发现与创造 9、Animal experiments 动物实验4、Science VS. culture 科学与文化10、Space research 太空研究5、High-tech entertainment 高科技娱乐11、Extending human life 延长寿命6、Producing contaminants/resources 制造污染/资源12、Genetically modified food 转基因食品真题重现With computer technology becoming cheaper and more accessible, more adults work from home and more children study from home. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?In today's world of advanced science and technology, we still greatly value our artists such as musicians, painters and writers. What can arts tell us about life that science and technology cannot?分类词汇加油站1.exert a far-reaching impact on 产生一种深远的影响2.cutting-edge technology 尖端科技3 information explosion\overload 信息爆炸4 depletion of resources 能源消耗5.sophisticated equipment 尖端设备6.technical innovation 科技创新7.enhance\augment\boost the efficiency 提高效率8.the proliferation of Internet 互联网的广泛使用9.technological innovations 科技创新及发展bor-saving 省力的labor-replacing 代替人力的11.biotechnology 生物技术12.a fatal breakdown 致命故障13.potential hazards 潜在危险14.pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁15.promote relative industries 促进相关产业发展16.accelerate 加速…17.transportation tools 交通工具18.environmentally-friendly resources 环保的能源19alternative fuel 可替代燃料20.sustainable development 可持续性发展21.scientific exploration 科学探索22.substitute 取代23.overcome difficulties 克服困难24.unprecedented 前所未有的25.see dramatic breakthroughs 取得突破性进展26.aggravate 使恶化27.levy the tax 征税28.be viewed as …被视为是…29.be concerned about …对…担忧/关注…30.pollution-free fuel 无污染燃料31.luxury 奢侈品32.chronic lead poisoning 慢性铅中毒y more emphasis on…把重心放在…34.settle down effective laws 制定出积极有效的法律35.Impose restrictions on …对…实施限制36.short-sighted 目光短浅的37.non-renewable resources 不可再生资源38.telecommunications 远程通信39.a pillar industry 支柱产业40.make full use of …充分利用41.speed limits 限速42.enhance the quality of life 提高生活质量43.pay a heavy price 付出惨痛的代价44.call for …需要…45.overcrowded 过度拥挤的46.headache 令人头痛的事47.traffic accidents 交通事故48.head-way 进展49.conflict with …与…相冲突50.major cause 主要原因传媒与网络考试频率：★★★★Media and the Internet 传媒与网络1、TV and learning 电视与学习7、Internet shopping 网络购物2、Computer games 电脑游戏8、Computer illiteracy 电脑文盲3、Online communication 网络交际9、Media and consumption 传媒与消费4、Computers VS. teachers 电脑与老师10、Children and advertising 儿童与广告5、Nature of journalism 新闻本质11、Global VS. local 全球与本地6、Media and crime 传媒与犯罪12、Virtuality and isolation 虚拟与孤独真题重现We are surrounded by all kinds of advertising, which significantly influence our lives. Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?Some think that computer games are dangerous for children in every way; others think that computer games help children’s development. Discuss both views and give your opinion分类词汇加油站1. paparazzi 狗仔队27. sitcom 情景喜剧2. mass media 大众媒体28. soap opera 肥皂剧3. entertainment 娱乐29. affair 绯闻4. journalism 新闻业30. celebrity 名人5. the latest news 最新消息31. rise to fame 声名鹊起6. exclusive news 独家新闻32. invade one's privacy 侵扰了…的隐私7.endanger social stability and safety 危害社会稳33. misleading 误导性的定和安全34. cheating 欺骗性的8. news agency 新闻社 35. popularity 知名度9. news block-out 新闻封锁36. scandal 丑闻10. news censorship 新闻审查37. sensational 轰动的11. freedom of the press 新闻自由38. prevalent 普遍的、流行的12. coverage 新闻报道39. imperative 重要的、必要的13. do reportage on …报导…40. audience ratings 收视率14. hit the headlines 上头条 41. propaganda 宣传15. issue 出版、发行42. be abducted by 受…诱导16. newsstand 报摊43. purify one's soul 净化心灵17. free-lancer writer 自由撰稿人44. live in virtual would 生活在一个虚拟世界中18. chief editor 总编45. be a great comfort to somebody 对…来说是19. editorial 社论一个巨大安慰20. newsworthy 值得报道的46. meet different tastes 满足不同口味21. barometer 晴雨表47. follow the fashion blindly 盲目追逐时尚22. the barometer of public opinion 舆论晴雨表48. be inconceivable to somebody 对来说是难以23. live broadcast 直播想象的24. quiz show 智力竞争节目49. impressive 给人印象深刻的25. right to know 知情权50. in the disguise of …打着…的幌子26. variety show 综合节目国家与政府考试频率：★★★★Nation and government 国家与政府1、Government’s responsibility 政府职责7、Funding arts 资助艺术2、Educational policy 教育政策8、Healthcare system 医疗福利体系3、Assisting poor countries 帮助贫困国家9、Housing shortage 住房问题4、Measuring a country’s success 成功国家标准10、Legal system 司法体系5、Financially-aiding sports 体育投资 11、Space research 太空研究6、Developing public transport 发展公共交通12、Military defense 军事防御真题重现Some people think that government should only spend money on the construction of public services rather than waste on the arts such as music and painting. To what extent do you agree or disagree?The number of people who watch foreign films is much more than people who watch local films, describ the reasons and should the government provide financial support to the local film industries分类词汇加油站1.unemployment；joblessness 失业2.infrastructure 基础设施3.social security 社会保障4.medical care system 医疗保健5.public transportation 公共交通6.public service 公共服务7.essential sectors 关键行业8.non-essential sectors 非紧要行业9.private sector 私人企业10.general interest 公众利益11.welfare 福利12.financial assistance 经济援助13.shake off\get rid of poverty 摆脱贫穷14.authorities 当局15.citizens; the citizenry 老百姓16.regulate;administe;oversee 规范，管理17.implement 实施18.legislate; make laws 立法19.strictly prohibit; ban altogether 严禁20.stringent laws/legislation 严格的法律21.scrutiny (n.); scrutinize (v.) monitor (v.) 监督22.allocate money to sth;be a patron of; invest in; fund; dedicate money to sth.为……拨款23.budget (n.) 预算24.tax revenue 税收25.the government spending/expenditure on sth.政府开支26.curtail 削减27.augment 增加28.give priority to sth.把当作当务之急29.responsibility; obligation 责任30.arms race 军备竞赛31.self-defense 自卫32.national security; homeland security 国土安全33.short-sighted policy 缺乏远见的政策34.expansion (n.) aggression (n.)扩张35.seek\pursue hegemony 谋求霸权36.a vicious circle 恶性循环37.destabilizing factors 地区不稳定因素38.rules and regulations 规章制度39.space race 太空竞赛40.arms (n.) weapons (n.) armaments (n.) 武器id-off workers; downsized workers 下岗工人42.power grid 电网43.democratic 民主的democracy 民主44.民主与开明的政府a democratic and progressive government生活与城市考试频率：★★★Life and city 生活与城市1、Life-altering inventions 发明改变生活7、Keeping pets in cities 城市养宠物2、Police and guns 警察佩戴枪支8、Lifestyle decisions 生活方式3、Relocation of enterprises 企业搬迁9、Money VS. happiness 金钱与幸福4、Housing problems 住房问题10、Teenagers VS. adults 青少年与成年人5、Protecting people’s privacy 保护隐私11、Fast-paced modern life 现代快节奏生活6、Popularity of fast foods 快餐现象12、City plan 城市布局真题重现Some people think that a police force carrying guns can educate higher level of volience.to what extent do you agree or disagree？In many cities, planners have separated schools, homes, shops, offices in specific areas which were widely separated from each other. Do you think advantages of this policy overweigh disadvantages to the city residents?分类词汇加油站1.urbanization 城市化2.centralization 集中化3.imbalance 不平衡4.in the long run 从长远角度而言5.infrastructure 基础设施6.booming 繁荣发展的7.tertiary industry 第三产业9.revenue 税收mercialization 商业化11.traffic congestion 交通拥挤12.water scarcity 水短缺13.the environmental pollution 环境污染14.over-industrialization 过度工业化15.over-crowdedness 过度拥挤16.unemployment 失业17.wealth distribution 财富分配18.social instability 社会动荡19.urban construction 城市建设20.population explosion 人口激增21.a rising crime rate 犯罪率上升22.drain of energy and resources 能源和资源消耗23.offer more job opportunities 提供更多的就业机会24.a rapid pace of life 快节奏生活25.stress-related illnesses 与压力有关的疾病26.high cost of living 高额生活费用27.pastoral life 田园生活28.class polarization 阶级两极分化29.social welfare 社会福利30.give special care to …给予…特殊关照31.urban sprawl 城市扩张32.convenient transportation means 便捷的交通工具33.better medical services 更好的医疗服务34.pressure of modern life in city 城市生活压力35.be vulnerable to …易于患上…36.melting pot 熔炉37.on the brink of …处于…边缘38.pollutant 污染性物质39.waste disposal 废物处理40.put the blame on …归咎于…41.be attributable to …归因为…42.ways of consumption 消费方式43.suffer heavy losses 遭受重大损失44.citizen 居民45.be confronted with…面临着…46.breed crimes 滋生犯罪47.vicious cycle 恶性循环48.a feasible measure 一种可行的措施49.give priority to …优先考虑…50.city planners 城市规划工作与职业考试频率：★★★Career and occupation 工作与职业1、Interpersonal skills 人际交流技能7、Changing jobs/careers 跳槽与工作改变2、Stress management 减压8、Part-time positions 兼职工作3、Safty and health hazards 安全及健康危害9、Graduate unemployment 毕业生失业4、Telecommuting 远程办公10、Work vs. family 工作与家庭5、Women at workplace 女性参加工作11、Qualification vs. experience 资历与经验6、Job satisfaction 工作的满意度12、Working in rural areas 去乡村工作真题重现Some people think that people working at home can benefit the employees a lot, not the employers. To what extent do you agree or disagree？Nowadays, many people change their jobs frequently, some believe it is good for their development while others hold different opinions. What is your opinion?分类词汇加油站1.the tempo\pace of life has increased 生活节奏加速2.social settings 社会环境3.religious belief 宗教信仰cational level 教育程度5.a sense of belonging 归属感6.sedentary lifestyle 缺少运动的生活方式7.live a high-pressured and fast-paced lifestyle 高压力和快节奏的生活方式8.nurture a good state of mind 养成良好的心态9.block out worries 争取减少忧虑10.balance work and family 平衡工作和生活11.a means of self-expression 自我表达的一种方式12.follow blindly 盲目追求13.root in daily life 源于生活14.over nourishment 营养过剩15.create alienation between people 人与人之间疏远16.money-worshiping、mercenary、materialistic 过于功利的17.pursue maximum profit 追求最大限度利润18.poverty alleviation 扶贫19.job opportunity、employment opportunity 就业机会20.promotion opportunity 提升机会21.switching jobs、job-hopping 换工作\跳槽22.acquire a wide array of skills 发展多种技能ck of self-motivation 缺乏动力24.directionless\aimless 没有目标25.egoism 利己主义\altruism 利他主义26.soothe the soul 平缓情绪27.utilised as a form of propaganda 用做一种宣传手段28.enrich cultural life 丰富文化生活29.enhance the quality of life 提高生活质量30.conform the existing rules 墨守成规31.satisfied with material comforts 满足于物质32.spiritual needs 精神享受33.achieve a balance between work and pleasure 劳逸结合34.time-conscious people 时间观念很强的人35.impoverished、destitute、indigent 贫穷的36.affluent、wealthy、well-off 富裕的37.urban 城市的rural 乡村的38.urbanization 城市化39.the disparity between the city and the countryside城乡差距40.relocate 搬迁41.telecommute 在家上班42.leisure、recreation、entertainment 休闲、娱乐issez-faire management 宽松的管理44.operating costs、overhead costs 运营成本bor pool 劳动力资源46.depression 抑郁症/insomnia 失眠症47.population explosion 人口爆炸48.gender equality 两性平等49.gender discrimination、sexism 性别歧视50.child bearing 生育孩子/child rearing 抚养孩子51.elderly people、senior citizens 老年人52.family bonds\ties 家庭成员间的情感纽带语言与文化考试频率：★★Language and culture 语言与文化1、Language and age 语言与年龄7、Tourism and culture 旅游与文化2、Learning a foreign language 学习外语8、Pressing local culture 保护本地文化3、International language 国际语言9、Traditional architecture 传统建筑4、Dominance of English 英语的主导地位10、Cultural facilities 文化设施5、Assisting artists 资助艺术11、Culture vs business 文化与贸易6、Cultural gap 文化差距12、Working overseas 海外工作真题重现Some people think that international tourism has brought great benefit to the world’s economy, some others hold that it ruin the culture and the ecosystem. Discuss both and give your opinion.In some cities, the old buildings are replaced by many modern buildings. Some people think it brings more disadvantages. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.tourist attractions 、tourist spots、places of interest旅游景点2.maitain、protect、preserve(v.)保护3.forefathers、ancestors 祖先4.descendants 后代5.ethnic minorities 少数民族6.the harmony between ethnic groups/races 民族团结7.cultural diversity 文化融合8.interaction 互相影响9.cultural diversity 文化多元性10.insular/provincial/parochial mentality 狭隘的观念11.deprecate/denigrate/minimize the importance of 贬低12. push back/expand one’s vision/ horizons 开阔眼界13.promote cultural communication 促进文化交流14.draw/attract/appeal to/ be a magnet for sb.吸引15.first-hand experience 亲身体验second-hand experience/vicarious experience 间接体验16.multi-sensory 多种感官体验的17.conflict 冲突18.discord/dissension 争端19.isolate the tourist from the locals 把游客和当地人隔离mercialize 商业化21.cultural heritage 文化遗产22.the Internet will not render tourism obsoletes 互联网不会让旅游业过时环境与生态考试频率：★★★★Environment and ecology 环境与生态1、Environmental pollution 环境污染 7、Awareness raising 环保意识提高2、Ecotourism 生态旅游8、Transport and environment 交通与环境3、Curbing car-using 限制汽车使用9、International cooperation 国际合作（环境）4、Endangered species 濒临灭绝物种10、Sustainable development 可持续发展5、Throw-away society 浪费型社会11、Agriculture and ecology 农业与生态6、Environmental improvement 环境改善12、Biodiversity 生物多样性真题重现Many people hold that only international cooperation can solve the environmental problems, single person or country can not deal with such big problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Some people think it is not necessary to invest money on protecting the wild animals. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.ecosystem\ecological system 生态系统2.cological balance\equilibrium 生态平衡3.sustainable development 可持续发展4.biodiversity 生物的多样性5.environmentalists\conservationists 环保主义者animal right activists 动物权益保护主义者6.environmentally-friendly（adj.）对环境无害的7.conservation 节约8.recycle\reuse (v.) 再利用10.benefit from 从中受益11.enhance\elevate\raise the public awareness of …增强公众的……意识12.put forward valuable suggestions 提出宝贵建议13.shortage\scarcity\dearth\lack（n.）短缺14.participate in the reconstruction of the city 参与城市重建15.raise the environmental management level 提高环境管理水平16.create a pleasant ecological environment 创造出一种和谐的生态环境17.give priority to 优先关注18.catch much attention 引起很大关注19.deforestation (n.)砍伐森林20.greenhouse effect、global warming 温室效应21.discharge effluent\sewage 排放污水22.non-biodegradable garbage、inorganic trash 白色污染产生的垃圾/bio-degradable plastic bags 可降解一次性塑料袋23.afford their masters consolation and comfort 给主人心理安慰24.infertile soil 贫瘠的土壤25.fertile soil 肥沃的土壤26.arable land 、farmland 耕地27.pollute\contaminate (v.) 污染28.poisonous\toxic (adj.) 有毒的29.consume\deplete(v.)消耗(某种资源) e up\exhaust （v.）用尽(某种资源) 31.harsh measures\actions 严厉措施32.condemn rather than condone sth.谴责而不是纵容bat desertification 防治荒漠化34.curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control 治理环境污染35.industrial solid wastes 工业固体废物anic pollutions 有机污染物37.environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture 生态农业38.water resource conservation zone 水资源保护区39.establish nature reserve 建立自然保护区40.endangered wildlife 濒危野生动物41.medical research 医学研究42.cruel\merciless\inhuman\callous\brutal 残忍的43.vivisection 活体解剖44.ease\alleviate\relieve animals’pain 减轻动物的痛苦个人与社会考试频率：★★★Individual and society 个人与社会1、Personal health 个人健康7、Stressful life 压力生活2、Age of machine 机器时代8、Healthcare and education 医疗与教育3、Social responsibility 社会责任9、Environmental responsibility 环保责任4、Money and happiness 金钱与幸福10、Disasters and violence 灾难与暴力5、Saving for retirement 养老储蓄11、Housing problems 住房问题6、Team activities 团队活动12、Law and order 法律与秩序真题重现Many people are busy with work and have less time to spend with families and friends. Why doesthis happen? What are the effects of this on family life and society as a whole?Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. Do you agree or disagree?分类词汇加油站1.urbanization 城市化2.centralization 集中化3.imbalance 不平衡4.in the long run 从长远角度而言5.infrastructure 基础设施6.booming 繁荣发展的7.tertiary industry 第三产业9.revenue 税收mercialization 商业化11.traffic congestion 交通拥挤12.water scarcity 水短缺13.the environmental pollution 环境污染14.over-industrialization 过度工业化15.over-crowdedness 过度拥挤16.unemployment 失业17.wealth distribution 财富分配18.social instability 社会动荡19.urban construction 城市建设20.population explosion 人口激增21.a rising crime rate 犯罪率上升22.drain of energy and resources 能源和资源消耗23.offer more job opportunities 提供更多的就业机会24.a rapid pace of life 快节奏生活25.stress-related illnesses 与压力有关的疾病26.high cost of living 高额生活费用27.pastoral life 田园生活28.class polarization 阶级两极分化29.social welfare 社会福利30.give special care to …给予…特殊关照31.urban sprawl 城市扩张32.convenient transportation means 便捷的交通工具33.better medical services 更好的医疗服务34.pressure of modern life in city 城市生活压力35.be vulnerable to …易于患上…36.melting pot 熔炉37.on the brink of …处于…边缘38.pollutant 污染性物质39.waste disposal 废物处理40.put the blame on …归咎于…41.be attributable to …归因为…42.ways of consumption 消费方式43.suffer heavy losses 遭受重大损失44.citizen 居民45.be confronted with…面临着…46.breed crimes 滋生犯罪47.vicious cycle 恶性循环48.a feasible measure 一种可行的措施49.give priority to …优先考虑…50.city planners 城市规划能源与交通考试频率：★★★Energy and Transportation 能源与交通1、Public transport expansion 发展公共交通7、Food export 食品出口2、Increasing private cars 私家车增多8、Space travelling 太空旅游3、Traffic congestion 交通拥堵9、Producing pollution 制造污染4、Road security 道路安全10、Cheap flight 低价飞行5、Water scarcity 水源短缺 11、Resource consumption 能源消耗6、Overuse of fuel 燃料过度使用12、International tourism 国际旅游真题重现In some countries, air travel has become a much cheaper form of transport than in the past. Is this a positive or negative trend?The number of cars in many large cities is increasing significantly nowadays. What are the problems it may bring? How to solve this problem?分类词汇加油站1.perfect the construction of urban infrastructure 完善城市基础设施建设2.implement strict vehicle emission standards 制定严格的汽车排放标准3.reduce waste 减少浪费4.eliminate poverty and backwardness 消除贫穷落后5.prevent and control pollution 预防和控制污染6.reinforce the conservation of water and soil 加强水土保护7.keep ecological balance 维护生态平衡8.adopt environmental protection technique 环保技术9.strengthen the regulation and monitoring 加强监督和管理10.enhance the governmental intrusion 加大政府干预性措施11.promote legislative regulations 促进立法管理12.establish and perfect the social security system 建立和完善社会的安全体系13.impose some restrictions on 对…实施限制14.arouse people’s awareness of 唤醒人们的…意识15.take some preventive (remedial) measures 采取一些预防（补救）措施16.enforce on-the-spot penalties 采取立即惩罚性措施17.take proper guidance and support 恰当引导和支持18.impose heavier penalty on 对…实施严格的惩罚19.set down effective laws 制定积极有效的法律20.urban planning 城市规划21.break the ecological balance 破坏了生态的平衡22.contaminate the environment 污染环境23.promote the sustainable development of the city 促进城市的可持续性发展24.greenhouse effect 温室效应25.strengthen pollution control 加强污染控制26.popularize environmental protection knowledge 普及环保知识27.burning 迫在眉睫的28.environmental degradation 环境恶化29.at the cost of environment 以环境污染为代价30.uncontrolled urbanization 城市化失控31.motor vehicle exhaust、car emission 汽车尾气排放32.exhaust purifier 尾气净化器33.urban refuse 城市垃圾34.protect …from overexploitation 防止过度开发35.conservation of water and soil 水土保持36.lead-free gasoline 无铅汽油37.gas-fueled vehicles 天然气汽车38.cell-driven vehicles; battery cars 电动汽车39.slow down the rate of resource degradation 降低资源消耗率40.develop renewable resources 开发可再生资源29.renewable resources 可再生资源30.non-renewable resources 不可再生资源人口与经济考试频率：★★★Population and economy 人口与经济1、Overpopulation 人口爆炸7、Feminism 女权主义2、Population ageing 人口老龄化8、Industrial locations 工业选址3、Governmental pension 政府养老9、Global trade 国际贸易4、Juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪10、Economic gaps 经济差距5、Crimes 犯罪11、Youth unemployment 年轻人失业6、Agricultural development 农业发展12、Consumption patterns 消费方式真题重现In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of large cities into regional areas. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?The proportion of older people in many countries is steadily increasing. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?分类词汇加油站1.saving 储蓄2.investment 投资3.expenditure 支出花费4.capital 资本资金资产5.currency 通货通用市价7.demand 需求、需求量8.supply 补给、供给、供应品9.purchase 购买10.inflation 通货膨胀11.monetary 货币的金钱的12.consume 消费消耗13.distribution 分配、分发、配给物14.taxation 课税、征税、税收、税款、估定的税额15.externality 外部因素16.trademark 商标copyright 版权著作权17.restrict freedom 限制自由18.invade privacy 侵犯隐私19.depression 萧条不景气20.discount 折扣21.financial 财政的金融的mit a crime 犯罪23.break\violate\flout\disobey the law 触犯法律24.offence、crimes、criminal acts 罪行25.criminal、offenders、culprit、perpetrator 罪犯26accomplice、accessory 从犯27.resent society、hold a grudge against society 憎恨社会28.trauma 心理创伤29.prison 监狱30.imprison\incarcerate someone 监禁31.victims 受害者32.be brought to justice 被绳之以法33.reform\rehabilitate criminals 改造罪犯w enforcement agencies 执法部门35.heinous\flagitious crime、felony 重罪36.petty crime 轻罪37.first-time offenders 初犯者38.hardened offenders 惯犯39.revert to crime 再次犯罪40. hunt down、capture 抓捕41.abide by the law 、comply with the law 遵守法律w-abiding citizens 守法公民43.boost the sense of safety 增强安全意识44.reinforce the police force and increase patrol 增强警力和巡逻45.miscarriges of justice 执法不公46.deterrent effect 震慑作用47.being closely monitored 受到严格监控48.fear of reprisal 担心报复的心理49.alert people to the risk of being victimized by crime提高人们对于犯罪的警惕。

Fairness
"Fairness" is the key:
The key issue of sustainable development is the allocation of resources and benefits sharing, which pursue equitable distribution in time and space , that is, intergenerational equity and the equity of the generation of the different groups, regions and countries .
Development
"Development" is the premise:
Development is the eternal theme of humanity.In order to achieve global sustainable development.Economic development and poverty eradication should be the primary condition.
History of the concept
Sustainability‟ is a semantic modification, extension and transfer of the term „sustained yield‟. This had been the doctrine and, indeed, the „holy grail‟ of foresters all over the world for more or less two centuries. The essence of „sustained yield forestry‟ was described for example by William A. Duerr, a leading American expert on forestry: “To fulfill our obligations to our descendents and to stabilize our communities, each generation should sustain its resources at a high level and hand them along undiminished. The sustained yield of timber is an aspect of man‟s most fundamental need: to sustain life itself.” A fine anticipation of the Brundtland-formula.

可持续发展动词英语英文回答：Sustainable development encompasses a wide range of verbs that describe the actions and strategies employed to create a more sustainable and equitable future. These verbs often convey the principles of environmental protection, social inclusiveness, and economic prosperity. Here's a comprehensive list of sustainable development verbs:Advocate: To actively promote and support sustainable development initiatives.Assess: To evaluate the environmental, social, and economic impacts of development projects.Balance: To strike a harmonious equilibrium between the needs of the environment, society, and the economy.Collaborate: To work together with diversestakeholders to achieve sustainable outcomes.Conserve: To protect and manage natural resources for future generations.Create: To develop innovative solutions and technologies that support sustainable development.Educate: To raise awareness and build capacity on sustainable development issues.Empower: To provide individuals and communities with the knowledge and resources they need to participate in sustainable development.Engage: To actively involve stakeholders in decision-making processes that affect sustainability.Foster: To nurture and promote sustainable practices and behaviors.Govern: To establish and implement policies andregulations that support sustainable development.Integrate: To incorporate sustainability principles into all aspects of planning and decision-making.Invest: To allocate resources to support sustainable development initiatives.Monitor: To track and evaluate progress towards sustainable development goals.Plan: To develop strategies and action plans for achieving sustainable development objectives.Preserve: To protect and maintain the natural environment for future generations.Promote: To encourage and support the adoption of sustainable practices.Protect: To safeguard the environment, human rights, and cultural heritage.Reduce: To minimize the negative environmental and social impacts of development activities.Research: To conduct scientific studies and gather data to inform sustainable development policies and practices.Share: To disseminate knowledge and best practices on sustainable development.Support: To provide financial, technical, or other assistance to sustainable development initiatives.Sustain: To maintain and improve the quality of life for present and future generations.Transform: To make fundamental changes to systems and practices to achieve sustainability.These verbs play a crucial role in shaping the language and discourse around sustainable development. Byunderstanding and using these verbs effectively, we can communicate more clearly about the actions and strategies needed to create a more sustainable and just world.中文回答：可持续发展涉及广泛的动词，这些动词描述了为创造一个更加可持续和公平的未来而采取的行动和策略。