Exercise I(A) Fill the following words or phrases in the blanks.
based on bound by codified custom disputes legislation
non-criminal precedents provisions rulings
The term ‘civil law’ contrasts with both ‘common law’ and ‘criminal law’. In the first sense of the term, civil law refers to a body of law______ written legal codes derived from fundamental normative principles. Legal ______ are settled by reference to this code, which has been arrived at through ______. Judges are______ the written law and its _______.
In contrast, common law was originally developed through _____, at a time before laws were written down. Common law is based on _____ created by judicial decisions, which means that past ____ are taken into consideration when cases are decided. It should be noted that today common law is also ______, i.e. in written form.
In the second sense of the term, civil law is distinguished from criminal law, and refers to the body of law dealing with _____ matters, such as breach of contract.
(B) attaches(x2) crystallizes defaults has make owns seize sell
Security/quasi-security: Security gives a creditor the legal right in property owned by the debtor, i.e. the right to _____ and _____ the debtor’s property if the debtor _____ in repayment. However, in the case of quasi-security, the creditor typically _____ the property in question, while the debtor only _____ possession of it.
Fixed charge/floating charge: While a fixed charge _____ to the property in question as soon as the charge is created, a floating charge ____only when it ____, for example as a result of a failure to_____ a payment at the proper time.
Exercise II Read the text and Fill in the blanks with preposition or conjunction by the context.
A company is a business association which has the character _____ a legal person, distinct ______ its officers and shareholders. This is significant, _____ it allows the company to own property _____ its own name, continue perpetually despite changes in ownership, and insulate the owners _____ personal liability. However, in some instances, for example when the company is used to perpetrate fraud or acts ultra vires, the court may ‘lift the corporate veil’ and subject the shareholders ____ personal liability.
By contrast, a partnership is a business association which, strictly speaking, is not considered to be a legal entity, but, rather, merely an association ____ owners. However, in order to avoid impractical results, such as the partnership being precluded _____ owning property ____ its own name, certain rules of partnership law treat a partnership as if it were a legal entity. Nonetheless, partners are not insulated ______ personal liability, and the partnership may cease to exist _____ a change in ownership, for example, when one of the partners dies.
A company is formed ____ the issuance of a certificate of incorporation by the appropriate governmental authority. A certificate of incorporation is issued ______ the filing_____ the constitutional documents of the company, together ____ statutory forms and the payment ____ a filing fee. The ‘constitution’of a company consists of two documents. One, the memorandum of association, states the objects of the company and the details of its authorized capital, otherwise known ___ the nominal capital. The second document, the articles of association(bylaws in US), contains provisions ____ the internal management of the company, for example, shareholders’annual general meetings, or AGMs, and extraordinary(or special) general meetings, the __board of directors,__________ corporate contracts and loans.
The duties owed by directors ____ a company can be classified_____ two groups. The first is a _____(注意义务) and the second is a______（忠实义务）. The first duty requires that the directors must exercise the care of an ordinarily prudent and diligent person ____ the relevant circumstances. The second duty stems _____
the position of trust and responsibility entrusted _____directors. This duty has many aspects, but, broadly speaking, a director must act _____(in)the best interests of the company and not_______(for) any collateral purpose. However, the courts are generally reluctant to interfere, provided the relevant act or omission involves no fraud, illegality or conflict ____ interest.
Finally, a company’s state of health is reflected ____ its accounts, including its balance sheet and profit-and-loss account. Healthy profits might lead _____ bonus or capitalization issue___ the shareholders. On the other hand, continuous losses may result _____ insolvency and the company going _____ liquidation.
Exercise III The following text is contract form, which is often used by lawyers at the formation stage of as contract. Read the text more carefully. What kind of agreement is it? What types of clauses are 2b,3,5 and 6? Find the verbs, italicized in the text, and explain these verbs in the context.
NON-COMPETITION AGREEMENT OF SHAREHOLDER OF SELLER IN CONNETCTION WITH SALE OF ASSETS
COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE
This COVENANT NOT TO COMPETE( this ‘Covenant’), dated as of __, 2011, is made and entered into by and between XX(‘shareholder’) and YY, a corporation(‘Purchaser’), with reference to the following facts:
A ________, ________ corporation(‘Seller’), and Purchaser are parties to that certain Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of ___, 2011(as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the ‘Purchase Agreement’), pursuant to which Purchaser agreed to purchase business owned and operated by Seller located at _____(‘the Business’). Unless otherwise noted, capitalized terms used herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Purchase Agreement.
B Shareholder owns all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Seller.
C Shareholder, during the course of ownship and operation of the Business, has acquired numerous business contacts among the public, financial institutions and _____ industry employees.
D Purchaser shall expend a considerable amount of time, money, and credit with respect to the purchase and operation of the Business.
E Purchaser does not desire to expend such time, money, and credit and then subsequently compete with Shareholder in the business of ____.
F It is a condition precedent to the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement(‘the Closing’), that Shareholder execute and deliver this Covenant and that Purchaser pay Shareholder certain amounts at Closing, all as more fully described below.
THEREFORE, in consideration of the foregoing and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:
1 For a period of ____ years from the date hereof, Shareholder shall not have any controlling ownership interest(of record or beneficial) in, or have any interest as a director, principal executive officer, key employee, agent or consultant in, any firm, corporation, partnership, proprietorship, or other business that engages in any of the following activities within a ____ mile radius of the Business’s current location [describe].
2 Additionally, Shareholder shall:
a not refer prospective purchasers or lessees of ____ in ____, other than the Business; and
b subject to any obligation to comply with any law, rule, or regulation of any governmental authority of other legal process to make information available to the person entitled thereto, keep confidential and shall
not use or permit his attorneys, accountants, or representatives to use, in any manner other than for the purpose of evaluating the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, any confidential information of Purchaser which Shareholder acquired in the course of the negotiation of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement.
3 As consideration for the agreements of Shareholder set forth in Section 1 and 2 above, Purchaser shall, at the Closing, deliver to Shareholder＄___ by wire transfer of immediately available funds in such amount to
a bank account designated by Shareholder.
4 The term of this Agreement shall be ____ months, commencing on the date hereof.
5 In the event that any provision of any part of any provision of this Agreement shall be void of unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, then such provision shall be stricken and of no force and effect. However, unless such stricken provision goes to the essence of the consideration bargained for by a party, the remaining provisions of this agreement shall continue in full force and effect, and to the extent required, shall be modified to preserve their validity.
6 In the event of any litigation or legal proceedings between the parties hereto, the non-prevailing party shall pay the expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees and court costs, of the prevailing party in connection therewith.
Agreed to as of this _____ day of _____,2011.
Shareholder_______
‘PURCHASER’___________
BY_________
Its_________
Exercise V The concept of damages is central to the topic of contract remedies. Damages can be defined as ‘money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury’, should not be confused with damage denoting ‘loss or harm actionable in law’. After reading the text, find a synonym for damages in the second paragraph and match these types of damages(1-7) with their definitions(a-g)
When there has been a breach of contract, the non-breaching party will often seek remedies available under the law. This area of the law, known as ‘remedies’, is a broad area, but can be summarized generally.
Most remedies involve money damages, but non-monetary relief is also available in some cases. The basic remedy for breach of contract in the Anglo-American legal system is pecuniary compensation to an injured party for the loss of the benefits that party would have received had the contract been performed. Some examples of this kind of remedy include expectation damages or ‘benefit of the bargain’ damages. Certain damages are recoverable regardless of whether the loss was foreseeable, while the recovery of other damages hinges on foreseeability. Where the damage is the direct and natural result of the breach, the breaching party will be held liable to pay damages for such without regard to the issue of foreseeability. When lawyers plead these damages in court, they commonly refer to general damages. However, where the damage arises due to the special circumstances related to the transaction in question, damages are limited by the foreseeability rule, which states that they are only recoverable when it can be established that the damage was foreseeable to the breaching party at the time the contract was entered into, When lawyers plead these damages in court, they commonly refer to special or consequential damages.
Where it is not possible to prove expectation damages, the non-breaching party can seek reliance damages, where the compensation is the amount of money necessary to compensate him for any expenses incurred in reasonable reliance on the contract. The non-breaching party is thus returned to the status quo ante with no profit or benefit from the contract.
Another measure of damages is restitution damages, which compel the breaching party to give up any
money benefit it obtained under the breached contract. Restitution damages are, for example, awarded when one party(the breaching party) completely fails to perform its obligations under the contract.
The parties to a contract may, however, agree at the time they enter into the contract that a fixed sum of money shall be awarded in the event of a breach or to a formula for ascertaining the damages or for certain other remedies, e.g. right of repair. This type of damages is known as liquidated damages or stipulated damages.
In some cases, a party will be able to obtain punitive or exemplary damages through the court which are designed to punish the breaching party for conduct which is judged to be particularly reprehensible, e.g. fraud. This type of damages is normally only awarded where specifically provided by statute and where a tort in some way accompanies the breach of contract.
Where monetary damages would not be an adequate remedy, such as in a case where two parties enter into a real-estate contract and the seller decides to sell to a third party, the court may order specific performance. Specific performance involves an order by the court compelling the breaching party to perform the contract. Finally, there are other remedies available; for example, if there has been a default by one party, the other party may rescind or cancel the contract. This constitutes an undoing of the contract from the very beginning. In addition, legislation such as sale of goods legislation also allows for various remedies, including a right to reject goods in certain cases and a right to return or demand rapair or replacement. (toles 14,p79)
a compensation agreed upon by the parties and set forth in the contract that must be paid by one or the other in the event that the contract is breached.
b compensation determined by the amount of benefit unjustly received by the breaching party
c compensation for losses which are as a result of special facts an
d circumstances relating to a particular transaction which wer
e foreseeable by the breaching party at the time o
f contract
d compensation seeking to put th
e non-breaching party in the position he would have been had the contrat been performed
e compensation for a loss that is the natural and logical result o
f the breach of contract
f compensation imposed by the court to deter malicious conduct in the future
g compensation necessary to reimburse the non-breaching party for efforts expended or expenses incurred in the reasonable belief that the contract will be performed
1 expectation damages/’benefit of the bargain’ damages
2 general/actual damages
3 liquidated/stipulated damages
4 reliance damages
5 restitution damages
6 special/consequential damages
7 punitive/exemplary damages
Exercise VI The text is an excerpt from a lease, setting forth the statutory conditions applying to the lease. Read it and complete the spaces using these subheadings.
a Abandonment and termination
b Sub-letting premises
c Entry of premises
d Entry doors
e Conditions o
f premises f Services
g Good behaviour
h Obligation of the tenant
STA TUTORY CONDITIONS
The following statutory conditions apply:
1 ____ The landlord shall keep the premises in a good state of repair and fit for habitation during the tenancy and shall comply with any statutory enactment or law respecting standards of health, safety or housing.
2 (a)_____ Where the landlord provides a service or facility to the tenant that is reasonably related to the tenant’s continued use and enjoyment of the premises such as, but not as to restrict the generality of the foregoing, heat, water, electric power, gas, appliances, garbage collection, sewers or elevators, the landlord shall not discontinue providing that service.
2 (b)_____ The tenant shall be responsible for the ordinary cleanliness of the interior of the premises and for the repair of damage caused by willful or negligent act of the tenant or of any person whom the tenant permits on the premises.
4 ______ The tenant may assign, sub-let or otherwise part with possession of the premises subject to the consent of the landlord which consent will not arbitrarily or unreasonably be withheld or charged for unless the landlord has actually incurred expense in respect of the grant of consent.
5 _____ If the tenant abandons the premises or terminates the tenancy otherwise than in the manner permitted, the landlord shall mitigate any damages that may be caused by the abandonment or termination to the extent that a party to a contract is required by law to mitigate damages.
6 _____ Except in the case of an emergency, the landlord shall not enter the premises without the consent of the tenant unless:
(a) notice of the termination of the tenancy has been given and the entry is at a reasonable hour for the purposes of exhibiting the premises to prospective tenants or purchasers; or
(b) the entry is made during daylight hours and written notice of the time of the entry has been given to the tenant at least twenty-four hours in advance of the entry.
7______ Except by mutual consent, the landlord or the tenant shall not during occupancy by the tenant under the tenancy alter or cause to be altered the lock or locking system on any door that gives entry to the premises.
Exercise VII fill the blanks with a word to collocate with the words in the sentence, which is usually used in the legal context initial letter of that word is given.
1. This a_______(adjective) can come before discharge, majority, monopoly, privilege, right and title.(answer: absolute)
2. This a_______(verb/noun) can come before the words your authority, of power, of process and of human rights.
3. This a_______(noun) can come before the expressions in personam, in rem and in tort, and after the expression to take legal.
4. This a_______(adjective) can come before outcome, party, possession and witness.
5. This a_____(noun) can come before agreement, award, board and clause, and also after the expression to submit a dispute to, to refer a question to, to take a dispute to and to go to.
6. This b_____(noun) can come before the expression of confidence, of contract, of promise, of the peace, of trust and of warranty, and between the preposition in＋of.
7. This c_____(noun) can come before allowance, assets, crime, expenditure, gains, goods, levy, loss and punishment, and in the expression to make political _____ out of something.
8. This a_____(noun) can come before the expressions of approval, of deposit, of incorporation, of judgment, of origin, of registration, of registry and of service.
9. This c_____(adjective) can come before the words action, court, disobedience, disorder, law, liberties rights and strife.
10. This c_____(adjective) can come before the words assault, carrier, land, la, ownership, position, pricing and seal, and after the expression tenancy in.
11. This c_____(noun) can come before the words fund, order, and package, and before the expressions of damage, for loss of office and for loss of earnings.
12. This c_____(noun) can come before the words confidence, council, credit, goods, group, legislation and protection.
13. This c_____(noun) can come before the words law, note and work, before the expressions of
employment, of service and under seal, after the word under, and after the expressions by private and to void
a.
14. This c_____(noun) can come before the words action, case and order, before the expressions of appeal, of first instance, of last resort and of law, after the words open, criminal and civil, and after the expressions out of and to take someone to.
15. This c_____(noun) can come before the words act, action, bankruptcy, court, damage, law, libel, negligence, offence, record and responsibility, and after the words hardened and habitual.
16. This c_____(noun) can come before the words barrier, clearance, declaration, duty, examination, formalities, officer, seal, tariffs and union, before the expression and Excise, and after the expression to go through.
17. This d_____(noun) can come before the words counsel, statement and witness, before the expression before claim and after the expression to file a.
18. This d_____(noun) can come before the words abuse, addict, addiction, baron, czar, dealer, runner, squad and trafficking, and after the classification expressions Class A, Class B and Class C.
19. This f_____(adjective) can come before the words conveyance, misrepresentation, preference, trading and transaction.
20. This f_____(noun) can come before the expressions of assembly, of association, of information, of movement, of speech, of the press and of thought, conscience and religion.
21. This i_____(noun) can come before the words documents, papers, parade and theft, after the word false, and after the expressions to change your, to be asked for proof of and a case of mistaken.
22. This i_____(adjective) can be used before the words contract, malice, term and trust, and before the expression terms and conditions.
23. This a_____(adjective) can be used before the words accident, development, dispute, espionage, injury, property, relations and tribunal, and before the expression arbitration tribunal.
24. This j_____(adjective) can be used before the words account, beneficiary, committee, discussions, heir, liability, management, owner, ownership, signatory, tenancy and tortfeasors, and before the expressions and several, and several liability and commission of inquiry.
25. This j_____(noun) can come before the words creditor, debtor, and summons, before the expression by default, after the expressions to pronounce, to enter and to take, and in the expression to give you r…on something.
26. This j_____(adjective) can come before the words immunity, notice, precedent, processes, review and separation. In Britain, it can come before the expressions Committee of the House of Lords and Committee of the Privy Council.
27. This j_____(noun) can come before the words box, room, service, and vetting, after the expression foreman of the, and in the expression to be called for…service.
28. This l_____(noun) can come before the expressions before action, of acknowledgement, of allotment, of application, of appointment, of attorney, of complaint, of credit, of demand, of indemnity, of intent, of reference, of renunciation and of request.
29. This l_____(adjective) can come before the words liability, market, partner, partnership and warranty, and before the expression liability company.
30. This n_____(adjective) can come before the words earnings, estate, gain, price, profit, result and worth.
2 abuse; action adverse arbitration breach capital certificate civil common compensation consumer contract court criminal customs defence drug fraudulent freedom identity implied industrial joint judgment(also spelt judgment) judicial jury letter limited net(also spelt nett)
大一思修期末考试试题及答案 高等教育出版社出版2010年修订版 1．大学生怎样尽快适应大学新生活？3 2.结合实际谈谈学习“思修”课的意义和方法。3 3.谈谈你对社会主义核心价值体系的科学内涵及重要意义的理解？3 4.什么是理想什么是信念？4 5，理想信念对大学生成才的作用4 6.如何认识个人理想与中国特色社会主义共同理想的关系？4 7.联系实际，谈谈大学生如何实现自己的崇高理想？4 8.什么是爱国主义？如何理解其科学内涵及优良传统？5 9.新时期的爱国主义有那些内容？5 10.什么是民族精神？中华民族精神的内涵是什么？5 11.什么是时代精神？内涵是什么？5 12.做一个忠诚的爱国者需要在哪些方面努力？6 13.什么是人生观？什么是人生价值？6 14.人的本质是什么？如何理解？6 15人生态度与人生观是什么关系？如何端正人生态度？6 16.对人生价值评价要坚持那几方面的统一？6 17.人生价值实现的条件是什么？7 18.什么是健康？怎样协调自我身心关系？7 19.促进个人与他人的和谐应坚持的原则是什么？7 20.如何促进个人与社会的和谐？7 21.道德的本质、功能和作用是什么？8 22.中华民族优良道德传统的主要内容是什么？9 9 23.如何理解为人民服务是社会主义道德建设的核心，集体主义是社会主义道德建设的 原则？ 24.社会主义荣辱观的科学内涵是什么？10 25.谈谈当代大学生怎样树立诚信品质？10 26.公共生活有序化对经济建设发展有何重要意义？10
27.社会公德的基本特征和主要内容是什么？10 28.遵守网络生活中道德要求的重要意义是什么？11 29.举例说明法律规范在公共生活中的作用。11 30.简述《治安管理处罚法》的基本精神和主要内容。11 31.什么是职业道德？职业道德的基本要求是什么？12 32.《劳动法》和《公务员法》的基本原则是什么？12 33.联系实际，谈谈大学生如何树立正确的择业观与创业观。12 34.家庭美德的基本规范是什么？13 35.简述我国婚姻家庭法的基本原则及关于结婚的相关规定。13 36.简述法律的一般含义及社会主义法律的本质。13 37.什么是法律制定、法律遵守、法律执行及法律适用？13 38.建设社会主义法治国家的主要任务是什么？14 39.联系实际，谈谈如何理解法律权利与义务的关系。14 40.什么是法律思维方式？它的特征是什么？14 41.大学生应该如何增强法制观念，维护法律的权威？14 42.我国宪法的特征和基本原则是什么？14 43.我国的国家制度包括哪些制度？14 44.我国公民的基本权利和义务有哪些？15 45.什么是民法？我国民法的基本原则是什么？15 46.简述我国民事权利制度的主要内容。15 47.简述我国合同法律制度的主要内容。15 48.什么是刑法？我国刑法的基本原则是什么？16 49.什么是犯罪？犯罪构成包括哪些要件？16 50.什么是正当防卫？什么是紧急避险？其成立条件分别是什么？16
《法律英语》教学大纲 Legal English一、说明 1、课程的性质、地位和任务 《法律英语》是依据《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语应用提高阶段在专业英语方面的教学要求，适应中国加入世贸组织后进一步扩大对外交流形式的需要，以培养更多既有扎实法律专业知识又精通外语的法律人才的需求，所开设的法学专业本科必修课程的课程。 本课程以英美为教学核心内容,包括英语法律术语、英美法系与大陆法系的比较、英美律师职业介绍、英美主要部门法、WTO 法律文件选读、国际经贸法律、法学研究技巧与资源的运用。 本课程历时一个学期，其教学目的旨在培养和提高学生在法律领域里应用英语的能力。在教师的指导下，学生通过阅读一些精选的法律类英语文章掌握法学基本概念和基本理论以及专业术语。在教学过程中着重于扩大学生的专业词汇量，提高学生的英语阅读理解水平。同时，本课程采用个人发言和小组讨论等多种形式以增加学生的语言实践机会，使他们能将专业知识与英语知识很好地结合，最终具有较强的英语口头交流能力和翻译能力。 2、课程教学的基本要求 （一）使学生正确理解课程的性质，全面了解课程的体系、结构，对法学专业英语有一个整体的认识； （二）使学生掌握基本词汇和表达方式； （三）密切联系实际，通过分析研究法学领域的国外案例和法学名家的文章节选，加深对法学知识的理解和掌握；能把英语的学习融入到对法学理论与实践的认识和研究中，以提高运用英语的能力； 二、教学大纲内容 本课程在学习内容的安排上兼顾英语语言的学习应用和法律专业知识两个方面。 （一）Introduction to Legal English 导论(2课时) 1、基本要求 （1）To categorize law in different ways （2）To learn how to read cases （3）To learn the skills of presenting
第十七课家庭法 婚姻与家庭 第一部分自由权利的选择 自由选择婚姻和家庭的权利处于隐私权的中心。关于儿童教育和抚养的早期正当程序案件特别关注在这些问题上自由选择的价值。哈伦大法官第一次提出现代“私隐权”是就隐私的历史价值和婚姻关系的自由选择而言。在这个基础上，自由选择婚姻关系的权利本身就是一项基本权利。因此，在正当程序或平等保护条款下，限制个人选择结婚或离婚的法律将受到“严格审查”。 在正当程序检验下，除非州政府可以就这一限制表明压倒一切或令人信服的利益，限制婚姻选择自由的法律将会无效。同样，在平等保护保障下，一项限制或抑制某一类人结婚的法律将会无效，除非州政府可以表明这在实际中维护了压倒一切或令人信服的利益。 洛夫英诉弗吉尼亚州这一案例，在将缔结婚姻作为一项基本权利方面具有特殊意义。这一案件审理中，法庭认为一项禁止不同种族通婚的法律是违宪的。这一法律因为仅根据种族差异而起草被认为违反了平等保护原则。由于剥夺了人们选择结婚伴侣的选择自由，这一立法违背了正当程序。既然婚姻是一项基本权利，如没有令人信服的理由，州政府不能限制人们婚姻权利。 在博迪诉康涅狄格州一案中，最高法院认定，对于无法支付诉讼费用的离婚人士，适用支付法院费用是进入州法院的先决条件规定（的行为）无效。靠领取社会福利金生活的诉讼人仅仅因为支付不起诉讼费用就不能向法院提交离婚请求。因为诉讼不是解决私人纠纷的唯一手段，所以最高法院很少被要求，把在民事案件中诉诸法庭作为正当程序的一个要素去审查。但是，离婚却必须通过国家司法机制解决。国家不允许上诉人通过唯一的途径离婚即向法院提起离婚诉讼请求，那便相当于否定了他们解除婚姻的自由权利。因为州政府不能表明（限制这一权利行使能够维护）压倒一切的州利益，那么这一限制婚姻选择自由的障碍就是违背正当程序的。 法院的裁决是以结婚或解除这种关系的权利的基本性质为根据，以及州对（婚姻解除）手段的独占。确实，法院指出其裁量范围极为有限；不能因为无
职业道德与法律 单项选择题（15×2＝30分）只有一个备选答案是正确的 1. 下列哪项礼仪能够打造良好“第一印象”（） A 家庭礼仪 B 交往礼仪 C 职业礼仪D个人礼仪 2. 职业礼仪的最高境界是（） A 敬业 B 奉献 C 守业 D 文明 3.上课迟到,说脏话,乱扔垃圾,等等.你如何看这些现象?( ) A.个人小事,没必要小题大做 B．违法纪律，与道德无关 C．既不违法，又不违纪．说明道德水平不高 D．小事蕴含道德，加强道德修养要从小事做起． 4．家庭美德的首要规范是（） Ａ．男女平等B．勤俭持家C．邻里团结 D.尊老爱幼 5、遵守职业道德是对每个从业人员的要求，从业人员在职业工作中慎待诺言，表里如一，言行一致遵守劳动纪律，这是职业道德中（） A 办事公道的基本要求 B 爱岗敬业的基本要求 C 诚实守信的基本要求 D 服务群众的基本要求 6、个人能否按道德要求去做。关键在于（） A 社会舆论 B 传统习惯 C 内心信念 D 评价方式 7、国家干部遵纪守法，教师平等对待学生，售货员公平对待顾客。。。。。。这是（）
A 助人为乐的社会公德要求 B 办事公道的职业道德要求 C 尊老爱幼的家庭美德的要求 D 完善自我的人际吸引的要求 8、对于违法犯罪行为的制裁和惩罚，体现了法律的） A 评价作用 B 教育作用 C 强制作用 D 指导作用 9、下列属于宪法规定的公民享有的政治权利和自由的是( ) Ａ．选举权和被选举权 B.人身自由 C.宗教信仰自由 D.婚姻自由 10、即使在个人单处，无人监督，也坚守自己的道德信念，不做任何不道德的事。这种道德修养方法是（） A 养性 B 内省 C 慎独 D 顿悟 11.下列哪项是一种高超的岗位能力，是爱岗尽业的升华和高层次展现（） A 专业 B 勤业 C 乐业 D 精业 12．“宪法在哪里实现自由，也必将在哪里限制自由”，由此可见（） A．离开法律的自由才是真正的自由 B．法律就是用来限制权力和自由的 C．法律确定的自由可以在任何地方以任何方式随意行使 D. 公民的合法权力和自由离不开法律的规范和保障 13.下列对“天网恢恢，疏而不漏”的理解正确的是（）
Lesson One Modern Legal Education 1 French lawyers are trained in universities, and English barristers, on the other hand, enter the profession as members of one of four Inns of Court, which are combinations of a law school and professional organization 法国律师是在大学里培养出来的，而英国的大律师是作为四大律师学院之一的成员进入律师这一行的，这些律师学院是由法学院和专业组织组成的。 2 Today, American legal education is almost uniformly postgraduate professional education at a formal law school, usually affiliated with a university. And a degree from an ap proved law school is common requirement for admission to the bar, although the apprenticeship route is still open, theoretically, in a number of states. 今天，美国的法律教育几乎统一都是在正式的法学院进行大学后职业教育，这所法学院通常隶属于一个大学。得到经美国律师协会批准的法学院的学位是进入律师行业的通常要求，尽管在理论上许多州仍允许存在经过学徒期成为律师这样的路径 3 State university law school tend to concentrate on the traditional law courses: contracts, torts, constitutional law, procedure, property, wills, trust and estates, corporation,
1 A buyer can accept goods by: A. Stating an intention to take them. B. Failing to reject them. C. Treating the goods as if the buyer owned them. D. All of the above. 2 Mary agrees to sell a used car to Bill for $ 5,000. After Bill pays, Mary tells him to come over and pick up the car. However, Bill waits until Wednesday to pick up the car. In the meantime, the car is stolen. Who bears the loss here? Assume that we have neither a shipment contract nor a destination contract, and that Mary has never sold a care before. A. Mary. B. Bill C. Neither Mary and Bill. D. Both Mary and Bill. Mary agrees to sell a used car to Bill for $ 5,000. After Bill pays, Mary tells him to come over and pick up the car. However, Bill waits until Wednesday to pick up the car. In the meantime, the car is stolen. Who bears the loss here? Assume that we have neither a shipment contract nor a destination contract, and that Mary has never sold a care before. A. Mary. B. Bill C. Neither Mary and Bill. D. Both Mary and Bill. In order for someone to be convicted of a crime, which of the following elements must be present? A. The defendant had a socially maladjusted childhood. B. The defendant had no intent to commit the act. C. The defendant performed a prohibited act. D. The defendant performed a morally questionable act. Bob often left his friend Mark in charge of his bicycle store. One Saturday evening, after Mark had left for the week, Bob discovered that he was missing $9,000 in cash. Mark may be guilty of: A. Robbery. B. Embezzlement. C. Misappropriation. D. Conversion. When profits earned illegally are channeled through a legitimate business for the purpose of giving the funds the appearance of legitimacy, the act of ______ occurs: A. Insider trading. B. Economic espionage. C. Money laundering. D. Burglary. When profits earned illegally are channeled through a legitimate business for the purpose of giving the funds the appearance of legitimacy, the act of ______ occurs:
第一课美国法律制度介绍 第一部分特征与特点 美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。 美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。 我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。 第二部分普通法和衡平法 同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。 从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。如果存在令状（于1227年），诉讼请求就可以被采纳或执行；没有法院令状（为前提）的诉讼请求就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也不存在。“牛津条例”（1285年）禁止创设除了“个案令状”之外的新令状，这种“个案令状”使该制度变得较为灵活了，而且导致了后来合同和侵权法的发展。 对于诉的形式的严格限制及由此产生的对追索权的限制导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的发展。“衡平”的一般意义就是寻求“公平”，即公平且善良地裁决，它最初是由国王，后来由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官颁行，以便在艰难的案件中提供救济。但是到了十四世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成了一个独立的法律制度和与一般的普通法法院一争高下的司法系统（衡平法院）。其规则和格言变得非常固定而且在某种程度上不像在其它法律制度中一样灵活。衡平法的特点有：以特定履行（或实际履行）的方式提供救济（与普通法提供补偿性损害赔偿金的救济方式形成对照）；强制令（为或者不为某项具体行为的临时或者最终法令）；渗透了整个法律制度并且能在许多场合下揭示现代法律概念的起源的所谓的衡平法格言的发展。不过，一般都是只有在普通法救济不充分时，才会出现衡平法救济。比如，优于普通法损害赔偿金被认为是不充分的，这是因为考虑到不动产所具有的唯一性，这些赔偿金无法补偿不动产购买人（的损失），就可能判以特定履行购买不动产。 与普通法一样，衡平法通过司法接纳或通过明确的制定法条款，成了美国法律的一部分。目前，这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融合（始于1848年的纽约），因而，在这些司法管辖区以及联邦的实践中只存在一种形式的民事诉讼。只有为数很少的州还保留着单独的衡平法院。尽管如此，提及这一历史演变仍然是很重要的，因为它一方面解释了许多当代法律概念（如财产法中的所有权分割）的起源和意义，另一方面，它仍然与做出某些裁决有一定的关联，比如是否有权获得陪审团的审理（这仅发生与普通法的讼案中，在其它案件中仅由法官审理）。另外，这种区别将决定“通常的”普通法赔偿金救济是否适用或者是否可以使用“特别的”衡平法特定履行救济。 “判例法”代表了整个的法官造法体系，而且在现代还包括了普通法和衡平法先例。在不准确的和令人迷惑的用法中，“普通法”和“判例法”这两个术语通常被当作同义词来使用，在这里，“普通法”这个术语一般代表着法官制定的法，以示区别制定法。“判例法”总是代表着法官制定的法律，而“普通法”则相对来说，根据想表达的意思不同，要么代表普通法主题事项（即具体问题）上法官制定的法律，要么在更广范围内指所有法官制定的法律。 第二课法律职业 第一部分律师协会 法律职业的规范主要是各州的事务，每一各州对于执业许可都有其自己的要求。大多数州都要求三年的学业和法律学位。各州自行管理本州申请律师资格的书面考试。不过，几乎所有的州都利用“多州律师资格考试”，这是一种长达一天的多项选择测试，在这项考试之外，各州还会再增加一次主要是关于其本州法律的时长一天的论文考试。大多数申请人都可以通过第一次考试，而且许多失败者都会在下一次考试中通过。每年有四万多人通过这些考试，在经过人品调查之后，他们便可获准在相应的州执业许可。在获得许可之前或之后都不要求实习。到各联邦法院执业的许可规则互不相同，但一般来讲，那些获准在州最高法院执业的律师在办理一些无关紧要的手续之后即可获准在联邦法院执业。 律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它洲的事务。但是，只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。 律师不仅可以从事法律事务，还允许从事任何其他公民能从事的事务。执业律师在企业客户的董事会中工作、从事商业或者积极参与公共事务都是很平常的事情。律师即使在成为法官、政府或者私人企业集团的雇员或者法律教师之后仍然是律师协会的会员，他们可以辞掉这些其它事务，回头开始私人执业。为了在工商业中担任重要的执行职务而放弃执业的律师人数相对较少。这一职业中的流动性和公共责任感的一个例证是哈兰·菲斯克的职业生涯，他曾多次成为一名纽约州律师、一名教授和哥伦比亚法学院院长、美国总检察长和美国最高法院首席大法官。 律师并不按照职责进行正式的划分。在英国对诉讼律师和非诉律师的区分并没有移植到美国，既不存在拥有特别或者专有出庭权的职业群体，也没有专门制作法律文书的职业群体。美国律师的业务范围包括出庭辩护、咨询和起草文书。另外，在被广泛地成为“法律执业”的范围之内，律师的业务范围是专有性的，不对其他人开放。在出庭辩护领域，这种规则非常清楚：任何个人都可以代表其自己出庭，但除了一些基层法院之外，只有律师可以代表他人出庭。不过，律师不得代表他人参与一些行政机关设立的具有司法性质的正式程序当中。在咨询和起草法律文书领域的界限并不是太清晰，比如在在联邦所得税领域的法律执业和会计执业之间就是如此。但是，纽约最高法院的一个裁决表明了大多数美国法院的严格标准，该裁决认为，一个获准在外国执业单位获准在纽约执业的律师不得在纽约对客户提供法律咨询，即使该意见仅限于该律师获准执业的该外国的法律。但是，一个外国律师可能获准在一个州执业，而且无需获得许可便可以以一个外国法律顾问的身份向美国律师提供法律咨询。 1
《 法律 逻 辑 学》 期 末考 试试 卷 1.“凡法律都是有强制性的”这一判断的逻辑形式是_ _______ ，其中逻辑常项是___ ，逻辑变项是_ _________ 。 2.驳倒对方的论据和 _ ________并不等于驳倒对方的论题。 3.当SAP 与SIP 两种判断都假时，S 与P 的外延具有___________ 关系。 4.反证法是通过确定与原论题相_ 的论题的虚假，然后根据____ __ 由假推真，从而间接确定原论题真实性的方法。 5.与“张三和李四都不是罪犯”相矛盾的必要条件假言判断是 。 6.“附加刑”可概括为_____ __。 7.“这个村庄没有一个人是罪犯”这一判断的是性质判断中的______ 判断。 8. 根据普通逻辑基本规律中的 律，若“甲是法官而不是党员”为假，则充分条件假言判断 真。 9.“某单位发现，半年内有四次重要的内容被泄露，经调查，把这七次会议参加者的名单全部加以对照，结果发现，凡是有王某参加的四次会议，内容均被泄露，而他未参加的三次会议，内容均未被泄露。其他人员没有和王某相同的情况。调查人员由此断定：王某是四次会议内容的泄密者。”这里调查人员运用了穆勒五法中的 法。（4分） A 或者 B ”这两个命题的逻辑形式包含着（ ）。 B.相同的逻辑常项，不同的变项 C.不同的逻辑常项，相同的变项 D.不同的逻辑常项，不同的变项 2. 当“p →q ”、“p →q ”与“p →q ”均为真时，p 、q 取值应为（ ）。 A.都真 B. p 真q 假 C. p 假q 真 D.都假 3. “甲班所有同学都学法律逻辑”和“甲班有的同学不学法律逻辑”这两个判断,具有（ ）。 A.相同的逻辑常项,相同的变项 B.相同的逻辑常项,不同的变项 C.不同的逻辑常项,相同的变项 D.不同的逻辑常项,不同的变项 4. 根据不同的标准,“非法组织”这个概念可以归类于（ ） A.单独概念 集合概念 正概念 B.单独概念 非集合概念 负概念 C.普遍概念 集合概念 负概念 D.普遍概念 非集合概念 负概念 5. 已知“甲班有的同学是法律爱好者”为真,可以推出（ ）。 A. “甲班所有同学是法律爱好者”为假 B. “甲班有的同学不是法律爱好者”为真 C. “甲班有的同学不是法律爱好者”为假 D. “甲班所有同学不是法律爱好者”为假 6. A 与B 是交叉关系，B 和C 也是交叉关系，则A 与C 之间不可能（ ）. A.可能是全异关系 B.可能是真包含关系 C.必然是交叉关系 D.可能是全同关系 7. 下列各题中,限制和概括均正确的是（ ）。 A.将“共产党”限制为“共产党员”，概括为“政党” B.将“违法行为”限制为“犯罪行为”，概括为“受贿” C.将“故意犯罪”限制为“正当防卫”，概括为“犯罪” D.将“大学生”限制为“文科大学生”，概括为“学生” 8. 以“只有受贿，才犯法”为前提进行假言推理，其另一前提可以是（ ）。 A. 未受贿 B.未犯法 C. 受贿 D.并没有犯法 9.“中国的法官是公平断案的”中的“中国的法官”这个概念与“公平断案的”这个概念在外延上可能具有（ ）关系。 A.真包含 B.真包含于 C.交叉 D.反对 10. 若“A 可以分为B 、C 、D ”是一正确的划分，则B 与D 的外延可以是（ ）。 A.属种关系 B.反对关系 C.矛盾关系 D.交叉关系 ） 并不是说甲可能不懂刑法 C.并非甲不可能懂刑法 D.并非甲不必然不懂刑法 2. 与“并非如果你来，他就不来”等值的判断是（ ）。 A ．你来，他也来 B ．或者你不来，或者他来 C ．并非只有你不来，他才来 D ．只有你来，他才来 16分） 二、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 三、多项选择题（每小题2分，共14分） 装 订 线 内 不 要 答 题
Lesson Three Comparing Civil and Criminal Law I.Discuss the following questions: 1.What are the two objectives of criminal law? 2.What is civil law concerned with? 3.What are the two main branches of civil law? 4.In terms of duties or obligations, what are the differences between contract law and tort law? 5.How many kinds of torts are mentioned in the text? What are they? What are the difference and relationship between them? 6.Are compensatory damages and punitive damages the same in nature? Why or why not? Why are punitive damages seldom awarded? 7.Is it justified to say that a certain person can file a criminal charge against someone else? Why? II.Read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false: 1.As for criminal law, there is just one purpose: to prevent antisocial behavior. F 2.Prevention of bad behavior may be more the consequence of civil law than the purpose. T 3.The primary purpose of civil law is the compensation of those injured by someone else’s behavior. T 4. A agreed to lease an apartment from a landlord for one year and A paid the rent for one year shortly after he moved in. Half a year later A moved out for unknown reasons, and then the landlord had the right to sue A for breach of contract. F 5.Negligent tort has occurred when one fails to act reasonably and unintentionally injury someone. T 6.Many intentional torts are also crimes and this is where civil law and criminal law has much in common. T 7.Criminal law is concerned with the immorality of an act while tort law is not. F https://www.doczj.com/doc/6417614570.html,plete the sentences below using the words or phrases given: undesirable; nonconformity; monetary; compensation; liability; restitution; tortfeasor; battery; fraternity; damages 1.The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold. 2.Civil law actually acts to prevent nonconformity to society’s behavior. 3.The court estimated the compensation in money for damages sustained by the plaintiff in the contract. 4.Since A has not breached the contract, he holds no liability for damage. 5.Restitution means the act of making good or compensating for loss, damage, or injury, or a return to or restoration of previous state or position. 6.If one at a party heaves a beer bottle and strikes another present either unintentionally or on purpose, he has committed a tort and he is known as a
第一部分选择题（40分） 一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）在每小题列出的四个备 选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选，多选或未选均无分。 1．在阶级社会中，法的实施主要依靠 A．自觉遵守B．领导威信 C．社会舆论D．国家强制力保证【】 2．刑法规定：“共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。”它属于法的构成要素中的A．法律规范B．法律概念 C．法律原则D．法律技术性规定【】 3．在当代中国社会，正义和利益是 A．一致的B．对立的 C．矛盾的D．对等的【】 4．在社会主义初级阶段法制建设中一个突出问题是 A．无法可依B．法律滞后 C．不依法办事D．违法不纠【】 5．法的预测作用的对象是 A．一般人的行为B．人们相互的行为 C．每个人本人的行为D．违法者的行为【】 6．法的消亡是 A．国家领导人废除B．自行消亡 C．由国家公布法律予以废除D．全民公决废除【】 7．社会主义法是 A，在没有自己的经济基础的条件下产生的 B．在已有自己的经济基础的条件下产生的 C．以资本主义作为自己的经济基础而建立起来的 D．不需要有自己的经济基础的【】 8．美国法属于 A．大陆法系B．法典法系 C．罗马一日耳曼法系D．普通法系【】 9．资产阶级法律的核心是 A．维护资本主义私有制B．维护资产阶级专政 C．维护资产阶级民主D．维护资产阶级自由和平等【】 10．下列哪项不是法治所蕴涵的法律精神? A．依法办事B．法律至上 C．权力制约D．权利本位【】 11．中国古代儒家主张
A．主要依靠圣君贤人通过道德感化治理国家 B．应当由掌权者通过强制性法律来治理国家 C．贤人政治 D．法治优于一人之治【】 12．对法律与商品经济关系的表述错误的是 A．商品经济越发展，社会对法律的需求就越多 B．法律保证商品生产和流通 C．商品经济越发展，政府对经济的干预增强，法律作为一种重要手段，其作用也日益增强 D．商品经济发展，经济手段日益重要，法律因为其稳定性而使自身作用大为削减【】 13．法律面前人人平等的对立面是 A．自由主义思想B．个人主义思想 C．封建特权思想D．官僚主义思想【】 14．我国法制的民主化是指在法制的各个环节上都坚持 A．自由原则B．民主原则 C．平等、公平原则D．发展【】 15．培养和提高社会主义法律意识的前提条件是 A．提高人民文化水平B．加强普法教育 C．强化精神文明建设D．加强社会主义法制【】 16．资产阶级在夺取政权以后，对待宗教一般采取 A．政教分离政策B．政教合一政策 C．政教并重政策D．宗教信仰自由政策【】 17．科技进步的可靠保障是 A．优越的经济环境B．稳定的政治环境 C．良好的法律环境D．卓越的人文环境【】 18．法的制定是 A．国家专有的活动 B．国家机关和社会组织共有的活动 C．统治阶级的一般活动 D．统治阶级政党特有的活动【】 19．在全部立法程序中，具有决定意义的是 A．法律议案的提出B．法律议案的审议 C．法律议案的通过D．法律的公布【】 20．省、自治区、直辖市的规章要报国务院和下列哪些机关备案? A．全国人大B．全国人大常委会 C．本级人大D．本级人大常委会【】 21．调整社会保险和社会福利关系的法律应该划归为
2013-2014学年第二学期 华侨大学法学院期末考试试卷 考试科目：法律英语考核类型：A卷考试时间：120 分钟 学号姓名授课教师骆旭旭 (注意：所有的答案（包括选择题）应做在空白答题纸上) Exercise 1: Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(30%) The dominant purpose in starting the public enterprises had been public good and profit motive was secondary; however, of late the scenario has changed. With the liberalisation of markets the public undertakings are in direct competition with the private players and have to have profit motive in mind. If not, there have been criticisms by industry on the unequal treatment meted out to the private players. Here it is important to note the definition of "enterprise" under the Competition Act. It makes no distinction between a private and a public enterprise/undertaking. In fact it even includes a department of the Government which does not perform a "sovereign function". Functionally, the public undertakings have been broadly classified into four heads: ?Financial Institutions, such as Life Insurance Corporation of India, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit and Guarantee Corporation Ltd, Film Finance Corporation Ltd, Unit Trust of India, Industrial Reconstruction Bank, etc. ?Promotional and Development Undertakings, such as Rehabilitation Housing Corporation Ltd, National Research Development Corporation Ltd, Food Corporation of India, Central Warehousing Corporation, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd, etc. ?Commercial and Industrial Undertakings, such as State Trading Corporation, Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd, Indian Airlines Corporation, Air India, etc. ?Public Utilities are those undertakings which render certain essential services to the people, like transportation, electricity, communications, energy, etc. The objective of such undertakings is to provide services to the community economically and efficiently and making profit is not the primary aim.
《法律英语》课程教学教案 （Legal English） 适用专业：外语（专科） 总学时数：88课时学分：6分 编制单位：外语系法律英语教研室 编制时间：2005年11月30日 一、课程的地位、性质和任务(The Status, Character and the Teaching Purpose) 《法律英语》是依据《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语应用提高阶段在专业英语方面的教学要求，适应中国加入世贸组织后进一步扩大对外交流形式的需要，以培养更多既有扎实法律专业知识又精通外语的法律人才的需求，所开设的课程。 本课程历时一个学期，其教学目的旨在培养和提高学生在法律领域里应用英语的能力。在教师的指导下，学生通过阅读一些精选的法律类英语文章掌握法学基本概念和基本理论以及专业术语。在教学过程中着重于扩大学生的专业词汇量，提高学生的英语阅读理解水平。同时，本课程采用个人发言和小组讨论等多种形式以增加学生的语言实践机会，使他们能将专业知识与英语知识很好地结合，最终具有较强的英语口头交流能力和翻译能力 According to the Teaching Criteria of the College English, Legal English, as a required course for the law school students, is aimed at training much more law experts whom are familiar with the foreign legal system. Legal English lasts one semester with its purpose of developing students’ability to take use of English in the legal field. With help of the teachers, the students can successfully master some basic legal terminology and theories, and in Law by reading some well-selected English legal essays. In process of teaching and learning, the emphasis is placed on enlarging students’vocabulary in legal English and on raising their English reading comprehensive levels. Meanwhile, the course adopts