2014年湖南农业大学外国语学院811综合知识(语言学基础知识、翻译理论、现代汉语)考研真题【圣才出

2016年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分，多做依作答前5题记分)1. design features2. prescriptive linguistics3. assimilation4. inflection5. semantics6. trace theory7. speech act二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed P_________.2、P_________ function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.3、If a single movement from one element to a second element of the tongue is involved, the combing vowels are called d_________.4. P_________ refers in the sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language.5. B_________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.7. “Words are names of labels for things”. This view is called N_________ theory in semantic studies.8. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of u_________ is concrete and context-dependent.9. C_________ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.10. Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by o_________.共4页第1页。

2015年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：综合知识 811适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

Section A: Linguistics (60 points)I. Translate the following linguistic terms into English. (5 points, 1 point each)1.应用语言学2.音位变体3.述谓分析4.输入假设5.派生词素II. Define FIVE of the following terms, giving examples if necessary. (10 points，2 points each )1. Displacement2. Back clipping3. Minimal pair4.Morphological rule5. Perlocutionary act6. Sociolinguistics7. Subordinate constructionIII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given.(10 points, 1 point each)1. D___________ refers to an area of human activity in which one particularspeech variety or a combination of several speech varieties is regularly used，for instance, situations in which the persons talking to one another are members of the family, e.g. mother and children.2. B ___________is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formedby combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of the which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like brunch.3. H___________ structure is the sentence structure that group words into structuralconstituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.4. M__________ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure ofwords, and the rules by which words are formed.5. C _________are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action.6. T___________ theory is a theory about trace left by movement. This theoryassumes that a moved constituent leaves behind a phonologically null element in its original site.7.P___________ are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state and are notverifiable, in other words, they are utterances that perform an act.8. I___________ is the language system of an individual as expressed their way heor she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.9. S___________ is the study of meaning communicated through language. Thebasic task is to show how people communicate meanings with pieces of language.10. A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producingthe sounds of speech.IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )1. （）Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the factthat language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and thesystem of meanings.2. （）Saussurs’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallingusitics.3. （）Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’sconcept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhatdifferent from Saussure’s langue.4. （）If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they willacquire the native-like competence in the target language.5. （）Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP,VP,and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.6. （）Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’sunderlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situation.7. （）Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8. （）Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.9. （）Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.10. （）The right ear advantage(REA)is true to no matter whether people havethe left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech.V. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)1. Who put forward the concept of langue and parole? What is the differencebetween them?2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?3. Decide which way of word formation is used to form the following words.Motel lase ROM mew/miaow4. What is word? What is lexicon? What is lexeme? What is vocabulary?5. Can you make some comments on IC analysis?6. What is X-bar theory?7. What is discourse analysis?Section B: Translation (60 points)1．Translate the following into Chinese (30 points)The sublime paradox of the spiritual life is repeated in all true development of personal gift and power. In order to find his life a man must first lose it; in order to keep his soul a man must first give it. The beginning of all education is self-conscious; at the start every effect must be calculated, every skill, method, or dexterity carefully studied. Training involves a rigid account of oneself based on searching self-knowledge. To become an effective speaker one must know his defects of bearing, gesture, voice; one must bring his whole personality into clear light, and study it as if it were an external thing; one must become intensely self-conscious. The initiation to every art is through this door of rigid scrutiny of self and entire surrender of self to the discipline of minute study and exacting practice. The pianist knows the artistic value of every note, and strikes each note with carefully calculated effect. The artist gives himself up to a patient study of details, and is content with the monotony of laborious imitation; subjecting every element of material and manner to the most thorough analysis.The first stage in the education of the true worker is self-conscious; the final stage is self-forgetful. No man can enter the final stage without passing through the initial stage; no man can enter the final stage without leaving the initial stage behind him. One must first develop intense self-consciousness, and then one must be able to forget and obliterate himself. One must first accept the most exacting discipline of the school, and then one must forget that schools exist. The apprentice is the servant of detail; the master is the servant of the idea: the first accepts methods as if they were the finalities of art; the second uses them as mere instruments. Tennyson's attention was once called to certain very subtle vowel effects in one of his later poems; he promptly said that he had not thought of them. That was undoubtedly true, for he had become a master; but there was a time, in his days of apprenticeship, when he had studied the musical qualities and resources of words with the most searching intelligence. The transition from apprenticeship to mastery is accomplished when a man passes through self-consciousness into self-forgetfulness, when his knowledge and skill become so much a part of himself that they become instinctive. When the artist has gained, through calculation, study, and, practice, complete command of himself and his materials, he subordinates skill to insight, and makes his art the unconscious expression of his deepest nature. When this stage is reached the artist can pour his whole soul into his work almost instinctively; his skill and methods have become so completely a part of himself that he can use them almost without being conscious of them.2．Translate the following into English. (30 points)“诺诺”者，唯命是从，凡事好好好，是是是，逢人点头哈腰，遇事不辨青红皂白，正所谓“唯唯诺诺”。

学科教学（英语）专业学生攻读硕士学位入学考试2014《考试大纲》科目名称：英语语言文学专业基础二本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础50分、英美文学基础知识40分，英语国家概况30分，英汉互译30分。

英语语言学基础（50分）一、考试要求考生应全面掌握语言学主要分支学科的基本知识、基本理论和基本方法。

二、考试内容考生应掌握以下方面的内容：●导论：语言的定义、特征、功能，语言学的主要分支学科，语言学中描写与规定、共时与历时、语言和言语、能力与表现等概念。

●语音与音系：语音的发生与感知、发音器官、语音的描写、协同发音、音位理论、音位变体、音系规则、区别特征、音节和重音。

●词汇：词的概念，词的构成，词的变化。

●句法：传统语法、结构语法、生成语法、功能语法的基本概念和基本方法。

●语义和语用：语义和语用的基本概念和基本理论，语义关系、语义演变、言语行为理论、合作原则。

●语言和社会：语言与文化的关系，语言的社会变体。

●第一及第二语言习得：基本概念、主要研究方法和领域等三、考试题型填空题、名词解释题、简答题、论述题。

四、参考书目《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002英美文学基础知识（40分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。

二、考试内容1、英国文学部分1）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。

2）新古典主义时期（18世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。

3）浪漫主义时期（19世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。

2009年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：综合知识（811）适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生注意事项：1. 所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；2. 按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

Section A: Linguistics (55points)I. Define the following terms. (10 points，2 points each )1.prescriptive/descriptive2. displacement3. phonemic contrast4. bound morpheme5. IC AnalysisII. Fill in each blank with a suitable term, with some of the initial letters given . (10 points, 1 point each)1. In modern linguistics, s_________ study seems to enjoy priority over ________ study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of language would be the foundations of a history study. .2. In English, the study of phonology has so far mainly found three phonological rules. They are _________, assimilation and d________.3.A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings: _________meaning and grammatical meaning.4. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of asentence is l________..5. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r________ opposites.6.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p_________.7.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of ________.8. An e_________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.III. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (15 points，1.5 points each )1. Animals cannot talk about the things except those about food, danger, enemy, etc. because the communicative signals of animals do not have the property of displacement..2. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.3. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent..5. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.6. The part of a sentence which comprise an infinite verb or an infinite verb phrase is grammatically called a clause.7. X-bar theory is a typical instance of principle in terms Chomsky’s UG..8. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.9. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.10. The London School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology..IV. Choose FIVE of the following questions to answer. (20 points，4 points each)1. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?2. Draw a diagram for each of the following two sentences to reveal the difference.a. The cat ran up the tree.b. The cat ate up the fish.3. What do you think of the position of grammar in language learning?4. How do you understand Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?.5. What is special about Systemic-Functional linguistics?6. Make a comment on the Prague School.Section B: Translation (50 points)I. Translate the following into Chinese (20 points)What I Have Lived ForThree passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life ---the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy —ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of living for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness —that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature（缩影¹）, the prefiguring visionof the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life，this is what, at last, I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.Ⅱ.Translate the following into English. (30 points)1.古之学者，必有师。

2018年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业(领域）：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：语考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分)1、arbitrariness 5、deep structure2、IPA 6、informative function3、manners of articulation 7、encoding4、grammatical category二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound thus produced is a f_________2、Language exist in time and change through time. The description of a language at some point of time iscalled s_________ study of language.3、IC analysis emphasizes the h _________ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groupsfirst.4、Pitch variation is known as i_________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.5、According to its position in the new word, a _________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.6、P _________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.7、There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and i_________ relation.8、The u_________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.9、H_________ refers to the phenomenon that words with different meanings have the same form.10、C_________ holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to, rather, inthe interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. .三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)1、（）Free morphemes can be further classified into the inflectional and derivational morphemes.2、（）The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning, therefore theyare said to be in complementary distribution.3、（）Relations of co-occurrence partly belongs to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.4、（）One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.5、（）Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations whilelinguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.6、（）In the sentence John loves Mary, John is the argument, loves Mary is the predicate.7、（）When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one modeof thinking into the other.8、（）The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.9、（）Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of thesame objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.10、（）Structuralists suggested that errors are unavoidable in learning and should be tolerated.四、问答题：从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分，每小题4分)1、How do you understand "duality", a design feature of language?2、Do you prefer descriptive linguistics to prescriptive linguistics ? Give your reasons.3、Illustrate the differences between morpheme, phoneme and allomorph with example.4、What is predicate analysis? What is a no-place, one-place, two-place, or three-place predicate?5、Explain the following remarks with examples or make some comments.“Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the difference between them can be traced to two different uses of the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mean by X?”6、Explain the following statement with examples: Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.7、Some students may use the incorrect forms in the left column below instead of the correct ones in the五、英译汉：将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分)When I am experiencing a complex story or novel, the broader planes, and also details, tend to fall away. Rereading them, certain sentences are what greet me as familiars. You have visited before; they say when I recognize them. We encounter books at different times in life, often appreciating them, apprehending them, in different ways. But their language is constant. The best sentences orient us, like stars in the sky, like landmarks on a trail.They remain the test, whether or not to read something. The most compelling narrative, expressed in sentences with which I have no chemical reaction, or an adverse one, leaves me cold. In fiction, plenty do the job of conveying information, rousing suspense, painting characters, enabling them to speak. But only certain sentences breathe and shift about, like live matter in soil. The first sentence of a book is a handshake, perhaps an embrace. Style and personality are irrelevant. They can be formal or casual. They can be tall or short or fat or thin. They can obey the rules or break them. But they need to contain a charge. A live current, which shocks and illuminates.Knowing – and learning to read in – a foreign tongue heightens and complicates my relationship to sentences. For some time now, I have been reading predominantly in Italian. I experience these novels and stories differently. I take no sentence for granted. I am more conscious of them. I work harder to know them. I pause to look something up, I puzzled over syntax I am still assimilating. Each sentence yields a twin, translated version of itself. When the filter of a second language falls away, my connection to these sentences, though more basic, feels purer, at times more intimate, than when I read in English.The urge to convert experience into a group of words that are in a grammatical relation to one anotheris the most basic, ongoing impulse of my life. It is a habit of antiphony: of call and response. Most days begin with sentences that are typed into a journal no one has ever seen. There is a freedom to this; freedom to write what I will not proceed to wrestle with. The entries are mostly quotidian, a warming up of the fingers and brain. On days when I am troubled, when I am grieved, when I am at a loss for words, the mechanics of formulating sentences, and of stockpiling them in a vault, is the only thing that centers me again.六、汉译英：将下列段落翻译成英语(共计30分)三十多年前，我们开始改革开放时，突然认识到，市场是个好东西，认为以前之所以没搞好，根本原因就是没有尊重市场调节。

2012年7月翻译实践总结英语专业翻译实践是一门专业知识实践课。

我们通过这样的实践来考察和提高自己对翻译理论及翻译常用方法、技巧的掌握从而提高自己的翻译技能以适应未来实践的需要。

英语专业翻译实践通过对各类题材的文章翻译实践掌握各种文体的语言特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析使我们在了解翻译基本理论的基础上在实践中提高自己的翻译能力是自己的翻译能力增强。

一、实习目的全面地将所学的各项英语知识结合起来并在翻译实践中进一步运用翻译技巧来提高翻译水平，巩固专业知识的基础上努力扩大自己的知识面这样才有助于我们成为全面发展的人才在未来的工作领域中一展风采。

另外此次实习经历也让我们学到了许多为人处世的道理并对自己的人生道路有了更明确的规划。

二、实习基本情况从大三开始我们开了翻译课第一学期的英译汉以及本学期的是汉译英，经过了整整两个学期的英语翻译，我觉得自己在翻译方面能力有所提高。

将近一个月的翻译实践课程即将结束，指导老师精心的为我们挑选了具有代表性的翻译资料，资料内容丰富涉及经济、科研、实事新闻、历史、医学、心理等各个方面方面以及保护等方面。

在实习起步阶段,我们先是由魏老师指导向我们进行本次实习的内容、安排以及意义并将我们分组。

要求了每周的具体工作以及我们第一周要进行的翻译材料，汉译英材料是《唐朝皇后棺椁被追回》，英译汉是《extra weight in early childhood foretells later disease risk》，并要求我们将《唐朝皇后棺椁被追回》做成课件，详细的列出翻译过程中所遇到困难以及感受。

第二周的翻译材料是《设备维修中心》和《exhaustion syndrome leaves measurable changes in the brain》万事开头难，翻译实习的开始是比较头疼的，在正式动笔对《唐朝皇后棺椁被追回》进行翻译之前我们不得不复习之前所学过的翻译理论知识点了解在翻译过程中所应该注意的各种事项。

2017年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码：811 综合知识适用专业：外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具：考生注意事项：①所有答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题纸上一律无效；②按试题顺序答题，在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、解释题：从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分，每小题2分)1、langue and parole 5、Inflection2、minimal pairs 6、speech community3、auxiliary verb 7、linguistic relativity4、locutionary act二、填空题：在下面每空填一个词，其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分，每空1分)1、If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use it is said to bed_________2、Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o_________3、An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an a _________ is pronounced as a word.4、Clear [l] and dark [ɬ] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They never take the same position insound combinations, thus they are said to be in c_________ distribution.5、C _________ is a term used in lexicology by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items. For example, we can “correct” a “mistake”, “read” a “book” and “watch TV”.No one can “correct” a television or “read” a mistake.6、Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: a _________ and predicate.7、G _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.8、C _________ Principle proposed by J.Grice is the general principle, in making conversation, that allparticipants are expected to observe.9、A c _________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and ”, “but”, “or”.10、Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s_________ attitude connoted in the languagethat is sexist.三、判断题：根据语言学常识判明正误，对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分，每小题1.5分)1、（）Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, orother people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.2、（）In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.3、（）Stem is the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.4、（）Move-αrule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in grammatical strings.5、（）Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind ofspeech is identical with the speaker’s intention.6、（）Women in western countries at least appear to be more status-conscious and sensitive to the socialsignificance of certain linguistic variables.共3页第1页。

2012年湖南农业大学硕士招生自命题科目试题科目名称及代码:811 综合知识适用专业:外国语言学及应用语言学考生需带的工具:考生注意事项:①所有答案必须做在答题纸上,做在试题纸上一律无效;②按试题顺序答题,在答题纸上标明题目序号。

一、解释题:从下面挑选5个术语进行简单解释并可根据需要举例说明(共计10分,每小题2分1. competence2. minimal pair3. assimilation rule4 morpheme 5. reference6. illocutionary act7. syntax二、填空题:在下面每空填一个词,其中部分首字母已给出(共计10分,每空1分1. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules, this feature is usually termed p _________.2. A_________ phonetics is a branch of phonetics concerns the production ofspeech sounds.3. A syllable consists of three parts: the onset, the p______ and the coda, e.g. [men].4. E___________ refers to the process of construction where one clause is includedin the sentence (main clause in syntactic subordination.5. P ___________refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. .6. Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breakingdown of predication into their constituents: A________ and Predicate.7.The Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic d ________ andlinguistic relativity.8. “The man put on his hat” is transformed into “The man put his hat on”, the rule iscalled r ________ according to Transformational Generative Grammar.9. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants expected to共4页第1页observe is called the C________ Principle proposed by J.Grice.10. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an_____ is concrete and context- dependent.三、判断题:根据语言学常识判明正误,对者在该题括号里标T,错者在该题括号里标F. (共计15分,每小题1.5分1. (Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.2. (Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historicallinguistics.3. (Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties ofunits larger than the segment- phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. (We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means becausethe meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.5. (A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme,and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.6. (The linguistic context considers the probability of one word’s co-occurrenceor collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.7. (Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary actbecause this kind of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.8. (If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind oflanguage exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will acquire the native-like competence in the target language.9. (Fossilization refers to a process that sometimes occurs in second languagelearning in which incorrect linguistics features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern become a permanent part of the way of a person speaks or writes in the target language.10. (The word “denationalization” is made up of 4 morphemes.四、问答题:从下面各题挑选5题做简单回答(共计20分,每小题4分1. What are design features of language?共4页第2页2. Why do linguists say language is human specific?3. Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?What is communicative competence?4. What are broad transcription and narrow transcription? How are they manifestedin the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA?5. What is a semantic field? Can you illustrate it?6. What do you think of Halliday’s Systemic Grammar?7. Make a comment on ONE of the following linguists’ contribution to linguisticstudy: (1Chomsky’s ; (2 Bloomfield’s; (3 J. Grice’s; (4Firth’s (5 Ma Jianzhong’s; (马建忠五、英译汉:将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分(1 BeautyBeauty means this to one and that to the other. And yet when anyone of us has seen that which to him is beautiful he has known an emotion which is in every case the same in kind.A ship in sail, a blooming flower, a town at night, a lovely poem, leaf shadows, a child's grace, the starry skies, apple trees in spring--the thought of beauty--these are the drops of rain that keep the human spirit from death by draught. They are a stealing and a silent refreshment that we perhaps do not think about but which goes on all the time. Beauty is the smile on the earth's face, open to all, and needs but the eyes to see, mood to understand.(2And the US continues to contribute to Asia's growth as a major trade and investment partner, a source of innovation that benefits Asia's companies, a host to 350,000 Asian students every year, a champion of open markets, an advocate for universal human rights, and a guarantor of stability and security across the Asia Pacific. The Obama Administration has made a comprehensive commitment to reinvigorate our engagement as a Pacific power - shoring up alliances and friendships, reaching out to emerging partners, and strengthening multilateral institutions.These efforts reflect our optimism and enthusiasm for what is happening in Asia today. Of course, countries in this region are grappling with challenges. We all are. But we are bullish(行情看涨on Asia's future, and while the United States is facing its own difficulties, make no mistake: We are bullish on America's future too.六、汉译英:将下列段落翻译成汉语(共计30分(1共4页第3页庆历四年春,滕子京谪守巴陵郡。