In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
上世纪60年代，
Douglas McGregor是管理艺术重要的思想家之一，他提出了现在著名的
X理论和Y理论。X理论是一种想法，即人们本能的51 工作，并且做任何事情避免工作。理念Y是另一个概念，即每个人都有在工作中寻找满足感的潜力。
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
无论何种情况，尽管52 都有很多证据，
许多管理人员仍然相信理论X。53 ，他们认为如果他们想要工作高效，员工就需要指导，或者在无咨询的情况下，决策由54 施加。当然，这会导致专制的管理人员。
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
不同的文化有不同的方式
55 人。一些文化和专制管理不一样，特别是在亚洲，，这些文化以决策制定协商性质著称--一个部门或者工作小组所有的成员都被要求56 过个过程。这是一种集思广益的管理。许多西方公司尝试模仿类似亚洲方面工作，而这种方法是基于普遍的57 之上。一些专家称女性将成为比男性更有效的管理者，因为她们有能力用一种方法达到共同的目标，而传统的58 管理者通过这种方法无法做到。
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing:
60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has
62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
最近的趋势鼓励员工使用他们计划独立做决策，而不需要一开始就
59 管理者。此授权也是缩编裁员趋势的一部分：60 公司管理层级的数量。在用这种减少层级后，一个公司可能只61 顶层几个高级管理人员，一线管理人员和直接面对公众的员工。授权对委托概念的运用远远超过了62 管理。授权和委托意味着新的管理控制形式以63 整个公司计划可以被推行，并且在新组织机构下，运作利润可以更高，而不是更少。
Another trend is off-site or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
另一种趋势是异地或
64管理，这种工作方式下，小组员工在自己家里通过电子邮件和互联网参与项目。项目经理根据他们对项目的产出而不是根据他们在这个项目上花费时间来评估小组成员的65。
51. A. desire需要
B. seek寻找
C. lose 失去
D. dislike 讨厌
52. A. Contrary相反，反面。对立面
