2009 EUROPACAT- Ru(CuIn)xZn2(1-x)S2 Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution via Water-Splitting

Copyright Protected Material 2009. All rights reserved.R/Evolution and the R/Evolution logo are trademarks of Dot Hill Systems Corp. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are proprietary to their respective owners.The material in this document is for information only and is subject to change without notice. While reasonable efforts have been made in the preparation of this document to assure its accuracy, changes in the product design can be made without reservation and without notification to its users.Dot Hill assumes that the person using these instructions is qualified in the servicing and installation of storage products.Before you begin•Verify that the installation site meets the enclosure’s requirement for:•Space and airflow •Temperature •PowerFor detailed information regarding installationrequirements, see 2322/2332 information within the web-posted R/Evolution 2002 Series Setup Guide (setup guide hereafter).•Considering your system configuration and weightdistribution in the rack or cabinet, determine where you will install each enclosure within the rack or cabinet.•Confirm that you have cables of appropriate type and length (described herein) to connect to hosts and to power outlets.CAUTION: T wo people are needed to lift and move the enclosure. Use care to avoid injury.CAUTION: Electrostatic discharge can damage sensitive components. Be sure you are properly grounded before touching a static-sensitive component or assembly.Required tools•#2 Phillips screwdriver •Standard screwdriver •Antistatic protection devicesController/drive enclosure installation hardware•Controller enclosure•Controller enclosure ear caps (2 per enclosure)•Drive enclosure(s)•Micro-DB9 serial cable (1 per controller module)•Ethernet cables (1 per controller; not included)•Power cords (2 per enclosure)•SAS cables (1 per expansion module)IMPORTANT: Before installing, see the “Installation Checklist” in the web-posted setup guide.1. Install and secure enclosures into the rackUse the R/Evolution Rackmount Bracket Kit Installation instructions provided with your rail kit when installing and securing enclosures into the rack.2. Install hardware optionsInstall any additional disk drives and options. Refer to the installation instructions provided with your option.3. CablingCommon cabling configurations address hosts, switches, controller modules (featuring Internet SCSI (iSCSI) host interface protocol), and expansion modules.Direct connectionThe 2322 and 2332 each support four server connections, two per controller. Fault tolerance and performance requirements determine whether to optimize theconfiguration for high availability or high performance when cabling.Connect the appropriate cable type from the host ports on each controller to the corresponding Ethernet port on each server. Several examples follow.One server/single pathCable required: 1 - Ethernet (CAT5-E minimum)One server/dual pathCables required: 2 - Ethernet (CAT5-E minimum)Two servers/dual pathCables required: 4 - Ethernet (CAT5-E minimum)Switch connectionThe 2322 and 2332 support four switch connections, two per controller. Connect Ethernet cables from controller host ports to switch ports, and from switch ports to hosts. See the web-posted setup guide for details.Two servers/two switchesCables required: 8 - Ethernet (CAT5-E minimum)Connecting remote management hostsThe management host directly manages systems out-of-band over an Ethernet network:1.Connect an Ethernet cable to the network port on each controller.2.Connect the other end of each Ethernet cable to a network accessible by your management host (preferably on the same subnet).Drive enclosure cable requirementsFollow the guidelines and cabling table below when installing SAS cables connecting controller and drive enclosures:•Use R/Evolution or OEM-qualified SAS 4x cables with 3Gb connectors to connect a controller enclosure to drive enclosures as specified below:•Up to three 2122s per 2322/2332 •Up to six 2130s per 2322•Up to seven 2130s per 2332•Y ou may need to order additional or longer cables if you are cabling a fault-tolerant configuration.•Reverse cabling ensures the highest level of fault tolerance, enabling controllers to access remainingdrive enclosures, if a drive enclosure fails.Rear panel rack mounted component locator view2322/2332 Installation© <Copyright>Revision A edition August 2009Printed in <the US>.P/N: 83-00004621-10Revision A August 2009NOTE: Cabling diagrams use simplified graphics and reference the table below.2322 or 2332 single-controller enclosure and one 2130 drive enclosureCable required: 1 per table above2322 or 2332 dual-controller enclosure and one 2122 drive enclosureCables required: 2 per table above2322 or 2332 dual-controller enclosure and multiple 2130 drive enclosuresCables required: 8 per table at left4. Power cordsIMPORTANT: See “Electrical Requirements” in the web-posted setup guide for additional information.AC models1.Turn off all power switches.ing the provided AC power cords, connect each power supply module to one power source in the rack.3.Connect the primary power cords from the rack to separate external power sources.DC models1.Before making any DC connections, shut off the main circuit breaker in the rack.2.Turn off all enclosure power switches.3.Connect a DC power cable to each power supply using the D-shell connector. Use the up arrow on the connector shell to ensure proper positioning.4.Tighten the screws at the top andbottom of the shell, applying a torque between 1.7 N-m (15 lb-in) and 2.3 N-m (20 lb-in), to securely attach the cable to the DC power supply module.5.To complete each required DC connection, secure the other end of each DC power cable to the target DC power source.IMPORTANT: Check the DC cable labels before connecting each cable to its power source. One wire is labeled ground ; the other two are labeled positive and negative .6.Turn on the main circuit breaker to the rack.5. Powering upIMPORTANT: When powering up, make sure to power up the enclosures and servers in proper sequence.Power up sequence:•Drive enclosure(s) first;•Controller enclosure(s) next;•Switches (if applicable), followed by servers (if they are powered down for maintenance).To power on the storage system:1.Press the power switches on the back of each drive enclosure to the On position. Wait several minutes to ensure that all drives have had time to spin up, so that they can be recognized by the controller.2.Press the power switches on the back of the controller enclosure to the On position.6. Next stepsPerform the following steps to finish the installation and configure/provision the storage system:plete the hardware installation.For additional hardware installation information, see the web-posted setup guide.e the storage system’s web-based management interface, RAIDar, to configure and provision the system.For information about accessing and using RAIDar, see the “Getting Started ” section in the web-postedR/Evolution 2002 Series RAIDar User Guide . To sign in to RAIDar, use the default user name manage and password !manage .After signing in to RAIDar, you can use its online help as an alternative to consulting the user guide.NOTE: For a complete list of related documentation, see the “Preface” in the web-posted setup guide.See Dot Hill’s customer resource center (CRC) web site for additional information . Select R/Evolution Products and go to R/Evolution 2002 Series.SAS Cable RequirementsItem23222332212221302322N/A N/A mini-SAS to mini-SAS mini-SAS to SAS 2332N/A N/A mini-SAS to mini-SAS mini-SAS to SAS 2122mini-SAS tomini-SAS mini-SAS tomini-SAS mini-SAS to mini-SAS mini-SAS to SAS 2130mini-SAS toSASmini-SAS to SASmini-SAS to SASSAS to SASProduct Models:2322 - Small form factor 24-drive controller enclosure (2.5”)2332 - Large form factor 12-drive controller enclosure (3.5”)2122 - Small form factor 24-drive enclosure (expansion)2130 - Large form factor 12-drive enclosure (expansion)Cable Designators:Mini-SAS to mini-SAS denotes SFF-8088 to SFF-8088Mini-SAS to SAS denotes SFF-8088 to 8470SAS to SAS denotes 8470 to 84700A1ADrive enclosure1Controller enclosureController enclosure0A 0BDrive enclosure11A 1B2A 2B3A 3B4A 4B0A0B1A 1BDrive enclosure2Controller enclosureDrive enclosure1Drive enclosure3Drive enclosure4AC model PSUPower switch Power cordconnectDC model PSUPower switch Power cableconnect。

2009版Oeko-Tex~ Standard 100标准出台
佚名
【期刊名称】《合成纤维》
【年(卷),期】2009()2
【摘要】据Oeko—Tex 国际环保纺织协会中国官方代表TESTEX 瑞士纺织检定有限公司介绍，在综合市场情况和相关国家及国际法律法规的变化的情况下，Oeko-Tex 国际环保纺织协会于2009年1月1日发布了2009版纺织品有害物质测试Oeko—Tex Standard 100标准。

相比2008版，新版标准有如下变化。

【总页数】1页(P51-51)
【关键词】标准;Oeko-Tex;纺织品;公司介绍;法律法规;市场情况;有害物质;国际【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TS107;TU564
【相关文献】
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2.2019年STANDARD 100 by OEKO-TEX及LEATHER STANDARD by OEKO-TEX的新检测标准解读(待续) [J], 陈荣圻
3.2019年STANDARD 100 by OEKO-TEX及LEATHER STANDARD by OEKO-TEX的新检测标准解读(续一) [J], 陈荣圻
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

CAT ALOG OF REPLACEMENT PARTSA product of HOBART CORPORATION 701 S. RIDGE AVENUE TROY, OHIO 45374-0001FORM 43056 (January 2002) Supersedes F15337MODEL N50 MIXER(INCLUDES MOTOR PARTS)ML-33777- 2 -N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)© HOBART CORPORATIONPLANETARY , TUMBLER AND AGITATOR SHAFT UNITILLUS.PART NO.NAME OF PARTAMT.PL-56195121625-3 Cup – Drip...................................................................................................................................1261473 Agitator Shaft Assy. (Incls. Item 3)............................................................................................13PG-6-11 Groove-Pin 1/4 x 5/8 Type D..........................................................................................................14270718 Spring – Agitator Shaft ...............................................................................................................15WS-8-2 Washer.......................................................................................................................................169038 Bearing – Planetary (Lower).....................................................................................................17477123-2 Planetary & Lower Bearing Assy. (Incls. Items 6 & 14)............................................................18274427 Pinion – Agitator Shaft (18T) (19)274444-1 Pin – Agitator Shaft (1)- 3 -N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)PLANETARY, TUMBLER AND AGITATOR SHAFT UNIT (Cont.)ILLUS.PART NO.NAME OF PARTAMT.PL-56195107595 Bearing – Planetary (Upper)......................................................................................................111SC-9-25 Mach. Screw 10-24 x 5/8 Rd. Hd................................................................................................4125428 Gear – Internal (59T)..................................................................................................................113290257 Trans. Case & Brg. Assy. (Incls. Item 20).................................................................................1144378 Washer – Cupped ......................................................................................................................115PT-3-29 Taper Pin – #1 x 1 In. Lg.............................................................................................................1167602 Screw – Bearing Retaining........................................................................................................117124945 Washer (0.010 In. Thk.)...........................................................................................................AR 18124946 Washer (1/32 In. Thk.)................................................................................................................AR 19124947 Washer (1/16 In. Thk.)................................................................................................................AR 209039 Bearing – Planetary Shaft..........................................................................................................121SC-8-58 Mach. Screw 12-24 x 2 3/4 Rd. Hd.............................................................................................722WS-2-30 Washer.......................................................................................................................................723124945 Washer (0.010 In. Thk.)...........................................................................................................AR 24124946 Washer (1/32 In. Thk.)................................................................................................................AR 25124947 Washer ( 1/16 In. Thk.)...............................................................................................................AR 269040 Shaft – Planetary .......................................................................................................................12720661-2 Gear – Zerol Bevel (23T)...........................................................................................................128PT-3-40 Taper Pin – #2 x 1 In. Lg.............................................................................................................12912430-23 Key – Transmission Shaft (Upper)............................................................................................130WS-3-7 Washer.......................................................................................................................................131SC-8-51 Mach. Screw 12-24 x 3/4 Rd. Hd................................................................................................1329090 Stop – Tumbler Yoke ..................................................................................................................133SC-46-27 Set Screw 1/4-20 x 1/4 Hdls., Cup Pt...........................................................................................1349043 Shaft – Transmission (Lower)..................................................................................................1359047 Transmission Gear Assy. (15T & 31T)......................................................................................136NS-13-22 Nut -16 Hex Fin...........................................................................................................................1376021 Washer (Copper).......................................................................................................................1389088 Shaft – Eccentric .......................................................................................................................139SC-46-27 Set Screw 1/4-20 x 1/4 Hdls., Cup Pt...........................................................................................14017864 Flange Ring & Hub Assy.............................................................................................................141SC-13-29 Mach. Screw 8-32 x 1/2 Flat Hd..................................................................................................642SC-13-26 Mach. Screw 8-32 x 3/8 Flat Hd..................................................................................................14310973 Spring – Tumber Yoke................................................................................................................1449042 Washer – Retaining....................................................................................................................145SC-13-48 Mach. Screw 10-24 x 1/2 Flat Hd................................................................................................1469392 Gear – Main Drive (49T) (60 Hz.)..............................................................................................14716758 Gear – Main Drive (47T) (50 Hz.)..............................................................................................14816747 Washer – Motor Pinion ...............................................................................................................14916777 Pin ...............................................................................................................................................15016759 Pinion – Motor (17T) (50 Hz.).....................................................................................................1519421 Pinion – Motor (15T) (60 Hz.).....................................................................................................1525247-2 Screw – Pinion Retaining ...........................................................................................................153WS-8-4 Washer.......................................................................................................................................154RR-4-25 Retaining Ring.............................................................................................................................155WS-8-2 Washer.......................................................................................................................................1569052 Shaft – Tumbler..........................................................................................................................157PC-3-36 Cotter Pin 3/32 x 1.........................................................................................................................1589050 Sleeve – Shifter..........................................................................................................................1599051 Retainer – Shifter Sleeve ...........................................................................................................1609048 Gear – Transmission (31T)........................................................................................................16112430-22 Key .............................................................................................................................................162107342 Tumbler Yoke & Shifter Pin Assy...............................................................................................1639047 Transmission Gear Assy. (15T & 31T)......................................................................................164115148 Shaft – Transmission (Upper)...................................................................................................16511800-187 Dowel .........................................................................................................................................166104040-2 Zerol Bevel Gear Assy. (23T)....................................................................................................167WS-12-12 Washer (0.008 Thk.)................................................................................................................AR 68WS-12-13 Washer (1/64 Thk.).....................................................................................................................AR 69WS-12-14 Washer (1/31 Thk.).....................................................................................................................AR 74676 Tumbler Yoke & Gear Assy. (Incls. Items 56 thru 63)...............................................................1274602 Planetary, Gear, Shaft & Bearing Assy. (Incls Items 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, & 16). (1)N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)COLUMN AND BASE UNIT- 4 -- 5 -N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)COLUMN AND BASE UNITILLUS.PART NO.NAME OF PARTAMT.PL-56194116951-4 Thumb Screw Assy...................................................................................................................12274288 Cap – Attachment Hub ...............................................................................................................139094 Screw – Adjusting .....................................................................................................................14SC-46-59 Set Screw 5/16-18 x 1/2 Hdls., Cup Pt..........................................................................................1511800-215 Dowel .........................................................................................................................................26271547 Column & Dowel Assy. (Incls. Item 5)........................................................................................17SC-62-63 Cap Screw 5/16-18 x 3/4 Hex Hd..................................................................................................38271663 Bracket – Bowl Lift ....................................................................................................................19SC-13-48 Mach. Screw 10-24 x 1/2 Flat Hd................................................................................................210271662 V-Washer ...................................................................................................................................111WS-3-23 Washer.......................................................................................................................................112271667 Spring..........................................................................................................................................113NS-48-25 Stop Nut 1/4-28 Elastic .................................................................................................................114274614 Screw – Pivot.............................................................................................................................215291263 Washer – Belleville.....................................................................................................................616291444-2 Bowl Clamp (RH)........................................................................................................................117291444-1 Bowl Clamp (LH)........................................................................................................................11800-437161Latch – Bowl Spring...................................................................................................................119SC-7-72 Mach. Screw 10-24 x 1/4 Rd. Hd................................................................................................220271552 Pin – Bowl Retaining ..................................................................................................................221271551 Bowl Support Assy. (Incls. Item 20)..........................................................................................122477061 Base & Foot Support Assy........................................................................................................123271650 Foot – Rubber.............................................................................................................................424SD-8-43 Self-Tapping Screw 8 x 3/8 Phil. Rd. Hd., Type B .......................................................................425SC-100-12Special Screw 5/16-18 x 3/4 Pan Hd..............................................................................................42678815 Screen – Air ...............................................................................................................................127PC-3-32 Cotter Pin 3/32 x 1/2........................................................................................................................128271665 Rod – Bowl Lift...........................................................................................................................129241764 Arm – Bowl Lift ..........................................................................................................................130117542-26 Cord & Plug Assy. (3 Cond., 115 V.)..........................................................................................131117542-27 Cord & Plug Assy. (3 Cond., 220/230 V.)..................................................................................132117542-28 Cord & Plug Assy. (I.E.C.)...........................................................................................................133FE-17-41 Strain Relief (Use with Items 30, 31, & 32)................................................................................134PC-3-32 Cotter Pin 3/32 x 1/2........................................................................................................................135RP-2-10 Roll Pin 3/16 Dia. x 1 Lg.................................................................................................................136SC-15-22 Mach Screw 8-32 x 3/8 Oval Hd.................................................................................................23700-437310Handle – Bowl Lift......................................................................................................................138FE-6-17 Connector – Wire .......................................................................................................................239SC-18-50 Mach. Screw 6-32 x 1/4 Pan Hd.................................................................................................140WL-10-20 Lockwasher #6 External Shakeproof.......................................................................................141120433-1 End Cover (Use with Items 30, 31, & 32)..................................................................................142278367-2 Motor Housing Assy. (143)477880-2 Bolt – Special (1)N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)SWITCH UNITILLUS.PART OF PART AMT. PL-56196177401 Knob (1)2290196-3Shift Handle Assy. (Incls. Item 1) (1)3123109 Screw 6-32 Serrated Hd (6)4SC-81-41 Mach. Screw 4-40 x 5/16 Rd. Hd (2)5WS-3-3 Lockwasher #4 Medium (2)6NS-9-2 Mach. Nut 4-40 Hex (2)7291980-1Control Box Plate Assy (1)8291982 Plunger – Interlock (1)9291981 Bracket – Switch (1)1087711-184-1Switch (1)11291985 Insulator – Switch (1)129091 Screw – Cam Plate Retaining (2)13WL-3-28 Lockwasher #12 Light (2)149062 Plate – Cam (1)1511800-19Dowell (1)1610335 Fork – Shifter (1)177433-1Spring (1)18WS-4-47 Washer (1)19PC-6-34 Cotter Pin 7/64 x 1 (1)209059 Disc – Interlock (1)- 6 -- 7 -N50 REPLACEMENT PARTSF-43056 (January 2002)7THRU 5 MOTOR PARTSILLUS.PART NO.NAME OF PARTAMT.PL-561931812450 Bracket – Motor Bearing ............................................................................................................1269563 Insulator – Back Plate.................................................................................................................1322216-2 Stud.............................................................................................................................................4423383-14 Sleeve (Elec. Leads Protection) (60 Hz.)..................................................................................4523383-18 Sleeve (Elec. Leads Protection) (50 Hz.)..................................................................................46NS-9-12 Mach. Nut 8-32 Hex ...................................................................................................................8765477-8-1 Stator Assy. (115 V., 60 Hz., 1 Ph.)...........................................................................................1865477-8-2 Stator Assy. (230 V., 60 Hz., 1 Ph.)...........................................................................................1965477-28-1 Stator Assy. (115 V., 50 Hz., 1 Ph.)...........................................................................................11065477-28-2 Stator Assy. (220 V., 50 Hz., 1 Ph.)...........................................................................................11122275-149 Rotor Assy. (60 Hz.)..................................................................................................................11222275-148 Rotor Assy. (50 Hz.)..................................................................................................................113290659 Bearing – Sleeve (Pulley End)...................................................................................................114WS-7-21 Washer.......................................................................................................................................215WS-7-19 Washer.....................................................................................................................................AR 16278367 Field Ring Assy. (Incls. Item 13).................................................................................................117SC-7-20 Mach. Screw 6-32 x 1/4 Rd. Hd..................................................................................................21866085 Switch – Starting (Stationary Part)............................................................................................119511813 Wicking 1/4 In. Dia. x 1 In. Lg.....................................................................................................AR 20290659 Bearing – Sleeve (Switch End).................................................................................................1113034-5 Sleeve – Motor Wire (2 In. Lg.). (1)N50 REPLACEMENT PARTS。

|j2009欧洲卫星宽带市场的新发展截止2009年9月底，ASTRA 2Connect 服务已推广到14个欧洲国家，其用户终端超过5万套，上网最高速度（下载）从原先2Mb ps 提高到4Mb p s ；而Too w ay 服务已推广到22个欧洲国家，上网速度（下载）从2009年7月起提高到3.6Mbps 。

另外，在今年8、9月间，ASTRA2Connect 卫星宽带服务开始进入了欧洲某些工业应用领域及海事市场。

AS TR A2Co n n e c t 宽带服务由SES Astra 公司通过多颗Astra 卫星Ku 波段在欧洲推广的ASTRA2Co nne ct 服务是一种新型交互式高速卫星宽带服务，具有低成本、服务费用适中、非常可靠、始终在线等优点，是居住在没有地面网络设施的乡村及偏僻地区的家庭用户获得宽带通信服务的一种理想解决方案。

ASTRA2Connect 服务的家庭终端设备包括一台卫星碟形天线和一台调制解调器，安装十分简便。

ASTRA2Co nnect 服务扩展到14个欧洲国家ASTRA2Co nn ect 服务自2007年4月在欧洲市场上推出以来，已先后在德国、奥地利、瑞士、爱尔兰、法国、意大利、比利时、荷兰多个国家中通过批发商和因特网服务供应商（ISP ）进行推广。

进入2009年，这项卫星宽带服务又先后进入了捷克、斯洛伐克、西班牙、英国、波兰等国家的市场。

2009年4月16日，S ES Astra 公司与斯洛克电信及电视运营商Tow ercom 公司签订了一项在捷克和斯洛伐克推广分销ASTRAConnece 服务的协议，这意味着这项双向高速卫星宽带服务在中欧和东欧市场上获得新的拓展。

目前，Towercom 公司透过23.5OE 轨位的Astra 卫星所运营的Skyli nk 直播卫星电视平台已拥有60多万捷克、斯洛伐克家庭订户，协议的签订使居住在乡村及偏僻地区的家庭解决了无法上网和打电话的难题。

ASTMA6912009Designation:A691/A691M–09Standard Speci?cation forCarbon and Alloy Steel Pipe,Electric-Fusion-Welded forHigh-Pressure Service at High Temperatures1This standard is issued under the?xed designation A691/A691M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(′)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope*1.1This speci?cation2covers carbon and alloy steel pipe,electric-fusion-welded with?ller metal added,fabricated frompressure-vessel-quality plate of several analyses and strengthlevels and suitable for high-pressure service at high tempera-tures.Heat treatment may or may not be required to attain thedesired mechanical properties or to comply with applicablecode requirements.Supplementary requirements are providedfor use when additional testing or examination is desired.1.2The speci?cation nominally covers pipe16in.[400mm]in outside diameter and larger with wall thicknesses up to3in.[75mm]inclusive.Pipe having other dimensions may befurnished provided it complies with all other requirements ofthis speci?cation.1.3Several grades and classes of pipe are provided.1.3.1Grade designates the type of plate used as listed inTable1.1.3.2Class designates the type of heat treatment performedin the manufacture of the pipe,whether the weld is radio-graphically examined,and whether the pipe has been pressuretested as listed in1.3.3.1.3.3Class designations are as follows(Note1):Class Heat Treatment on Pipe Radiography,see SectionPressure Test,see Section10none none none 11none9none 12none98.3 13none none8.3 20stress relieved,see5.3.1none none 21stressrelieved,see5.3.19none 22stress relieved,see5.3.198.3 23stress relieved,see5.3.1none8.3 30normalized,see5.3.2none none 31normalized,see5.3.29none 32normalized,see5.3.298.3 33normalized,see5.3.2none8.3 40normalized andtempered,see5.3.3none none 41normalized and tempered,see5.3.39noneClass Heat Treatment on PipeRadiography,see SectionPressure Test,see Section 42normalized and tempered,see5.3.398.343normalized and tempered,see5.3.3none8.350quenched and tempered,see5.3.4none none51quenched and tempered,see5.3.49none52quenched and tempered,see5.3.498.353quenched and tempered,see5.3.4none8.3N OTE1—Selection of materials should be made with attention to temperature of service.For such guidance,Speci?cationA20/A20M may be consulted.1.4Optional requirements of a supplementary nature are provided,calling for additional tests and control of repair welding,when desired.1.5The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore,each system shall be used independently of the /doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html bining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation of this speci? cation is speci?ed in the order.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3A20/A20M Speci?cation for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure VesselsA204/A204M Speci?cation for Pressure Vessel Plates,Al-loy Steel,MolybdenumA299/A299M Speci?cation for Pressure Vessel Plates,Car-bon Steel,Manganese-SiliconA370Test Methods and De?nitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA387/A387M Speci?cation for Pressure Vessel Plates,Al-loy Steel,Chromium-MolybdenumA435/A435M Speci?cation for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates1This speci?cation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.09on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.Current edition approved Oct.1,2009.Published November2009.Originallyapproved /doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html st previous edition approved in2007as A691–98(2007).DOI: 10.1520/A0691_A0691M-09.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications,see related Speci?-cation SA-691in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html ,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html .For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright(C)ASTM International,100Barr Harbour Drive,P.O.box C-700West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959,United StatesA530/A530M Speci?cation for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel PipeA537/A537M Speci?cation for Pressure Vessel Plates,Heat-Treated,Carbon-Manganese-Silicon SteelE165Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE709Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing 2.2ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code:4Section II,Material Speci?cations Section III,Nuclear Power Plant Components Section VIII,Un?red Pressure Vessels Section IX,Welding Quali?cations3.Terminology3.1De?nitions of Terms Speci?c to This Standard:3.1.1A lot shall consist of 200ft [60m]or fraction thereof of pipe from the same heat of steel.3.1.1.1The description of a lot may be further restricted by use of Supplementary Requirement S12.4.Ordering Information4.1The inquiry and order for material under this speci?ca-tion should include the following information:4.1.1Quantity (feet,metres,or number of lengths),4.1.2Name of the material (steel pipe,electric-fusion-welded),4.1.3Speci?cation number,4.1.4Grade and class designations (see 1.3),4.1.5Size (inside or outside diameter,nominal or minimum wall thickness),4.1.6Length (speci?c or random),4.1.7End ?nish,4.1.8Purchase options,if any (see5.2.3,11.3,11.4,13.1),and4.1.9Supplementary requirements,if any (refer to S1through S12).5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Materials —The steel plate material shall conform to the requirements of the applicable plate speci?cation for the pipe grade ordered as listed in Table 1.5.2Welding :5.2.1The joints shall be double-welded full-penetration welds made in accordance with procedures and by welders or welding operators quali?ed in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section IX.5.2.2The welds shall be made either manually or automati-cally by an electric process involving the deposition of ?ller metal.5.2.3The welded joints shall have positive reinforcement at the center of each side of the weld,but no more than 1?8in.[3mm].This reinforcement may be removed at the manufactur-er’s option or by agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.The contour of the reinforcement shall be smooth,and the deposited metal shall be fused smoothly and uniformly into the plate surface.5.2.4When radiographic examination in accordance with 9.1is to be used,the weld reinforcement shall be governed by the more restrictive provisions of UW-51of Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code instead of 5.2.3of this speci?cation.5.3Heat Treatment —All classes other than 10,11,12,and 13shall be heat treated in a furnace controlled to 625°F [15°C]and equipped with a recording pyrometer so that heating records are available.Heat treating after forming and welding shall be to one of the following:5.3.1Classes 20,21,22,and 23pipe shall be uniformly heated within the post-weld heat-treatment temperature range indicated in Table 2for a minimum of 1h/in.[0.4hr/cm]of thickness or for 1h,whichever is greater.5.3.2Classes 30,31,32,and 33pipe shall be uniformly heated to a temperature in the austenitizing range and not exceeding the maximum normalizing temperature indicated in Table 2and subsequently cooled in air at room temperature.5.3.3Classes 40,41,42,and 43pipe shall be normalized in accordance with 5.3.2.After normalizing,the pipe shall be reheated to the tempering temperature indicated in Table 2as a4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),ASME International Headquarters,Three Park Ave.,New York,NY 10016-5990,/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html .TABLE 1Plate MaterialsPipe Grade Type of SteelASTM Speci?cation HB,max ANumber Grade CM-65carbon-molybdenum steel A204/A204M A 201CM-70carbon-molybdenum steel A204/A204M B201CM-75carbon-molybdenum steelA204/A204M C 201CMSH-70carbon-manganese-silicon steel,normalized A537/A537M 1CMS-75carbon-manganese-silicon steelA299/A299M ......CMSH-80carbon-manganese-silicon steel,quenched and tempered A537/A537M 21?2CR 1?2%chromium,1?2%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 22011CR 1%chromium,1?2%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 1220111?4CR 11?4%chromium,1?2%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 1120121?4CR 21?4%chromium,1%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 222013CR 3%chromium,1%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 212015CR 5%chromium,1?2%molybdenum steel A387/A387M 52259CR 9%chromium,1%molybdenum steelA387/A387M 9241919%chromium,1%molybdenum,vanadium,columbiumA387/A387M91241AHardness values listed are applicable toS3.2minimum and held at temperature for a minimum of 1?2h/in.[0.2hr/cm]of thickness or for 1?2h,whichever is greater,and air cooled.5.3.4Classes 50,51,52,and 53pipe shall be uniformly heated to a temperature in the austenitizing range,and not exceedingthe maximum quenching temperature indicated in Table 2and subsequently quenched in water or oil.After quenching,the pipe shall be reheated to the tempering tem-perature indicated in Table 2as a minimum and held at that temperature for a minimum of 1?2h/in.[0.2hr/cm]of thickness or for 1?2h,whichever is greater,and air cooled.5.4Grade 91shall be produced only to classes 4X and 5X.In addition,post-weld heat treatment is required after weld repair.6.General Requirements6.1Material furnished to this speci?cation shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of Speci?-cation A530/A530M ,unless otherwise provided herein.7.Chemical Requirements7.1Product Analysis of Plate —The pipe manufacturer shall make an analysis of each mill heat of plate material.The product analysis so determined shall meet the requirements of the plate speci?cation to which the material was ordered.7.2Product Analysis of Weld —The pipe manufacturer shall make an analysis of ?nished deposited weld metal from each 200ft [60m]or fraction thereof.Analysis shall conform to the welding procedure for deposited weld metal.7.3Analysis may be taken from the mechanical test speci-mens.The results of the analyses shall be reported to the purchaser.7.4If the analysis of one of these tests speci?ed in 7.1or 7.2does not conform to the requirements speci?ed,analyses shall be made on additional pipes of double the original number from the same lot,each of which shall conform to the requirements speci?ed.Nonconforming pipe shall be rejected.8.Mechanical Requirements8.1Tension Test :8.1.1Requirements —Transverse tensile properties of the welded joint shall meet the minimum requirements for ultimate tensile strength of the speci?ed plate material.8.1.2Number of Tests —One test specimen shall be made to represent each lot of ?nished pipe.8.1.3Test Specimen Location and Orientation —The test specimen shall be made transverse to the weld at the end of the ? nished pipe and may be ?attened cold before ?nal machining to size.8.1.4Test Method —The test specimen shall be made in accordance with QW-150in Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.The test specimen shall be tested at room temperature in accordance with Test Methods and De?-nitions A370.8.2Transverse-Guided-Weld-Bend Tests :8.2.1Requirements —The bend test shall be acceptable if no cracks or other defects exceeding 1?8in.[3mm]in any direction be present in the weld metal or between the weld and the pipe metal after bending.Cracks that originate along the edges of the specimens during testing,and that are less than 1?4in.[6mm]in any direction shall not be considered.8.2.2Number of Tests —One test (two specimens)shall be made to represent each lot of ?nished pipe.8.2.3Test Specimen Location and Orientation —Two bend test specimens shall be taken transverse to the weld at the end of the ?nished pipe.As an alternative,by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer,the test specimens may be taken from a test plate of the same material as the pipe,the test plate being attached to the end of the cylinder and welded asa prolongation of the pipe longitudinal weld seam.8.2.4Test Method —Bend tests shall be made in accordance with Test Methods and De?nitions A370,A 2.5.1.7.For wall thicknesses over 3?8in.[10mm]but less than 3?4in.[19mm]side-bend tests may be made instead of the face and root-bend TABLE 2Heat Treatment Parameters APipe GradeASTM Speci?cationPost-Weld Heat-Treat Temperature Range (StressRelieving),°F (°C)Normalizing Temperature,max unless otherwise noted,°F (°C)Quenching Temperature,max unless otherwise noted,°F (°C)Tempering Temperature,min,°F (°C)CM-65A204/A204M 1100to 1200[590to 650]1700[925]......CM-70A204/A204M 1100to 1200[590to 650]1700[925]......CM-75A204/A204M 1100to 1200[590to 650]1700[925]......CMSH-70A537/A537M 1100to 1200[590to 650]1700[925]......CMS-75A299/A299M 1100to 1200[590to 650]1700[925]......CMSH-80A537/A537M 1100to 1200[590to 650]B1700[925]1100to 1250[590to 675]1?2CR A387/A387M 1100to 1300[590to 705]1850[1010]1700[925]1150to 1375[620to 745]1CR A387/A387M 1100to 1350[590to 730]1850[1010]1700[925]1150to 1375[620to 745]11?4CR A387/A387M 1100to 1375[590to 745]1850[1010]1700[925]1150to 1375[620to 745]21?4CR A387/A387M 1200to 1400[650to760]1850[1010]1700[925]1250to 1400[675to 760]3CR A387/A387M 1200to 1400[650to 760]1850[1010]1700[925]1250to 1400[675to 760]5CR A387/A387M 1200to 1400[650to 760]1850[1010]1650[900]1300to 1400[705to 760]9CR A387/A387M 1325to 1375[715to 745]C...1325to 1375[715to 745]91A387/A387M1350to 1420[730to 770]1900to 2000[1040to 1095]1900min [1040min]1350to 1440[730to 780]A Where ellipses (...)appear in the table,there is no requirement.BRequires quenching and tempering.C9CR steel is an air-hardenable steel,at times retaining austenite down to near atmospheric temperature.Good practice is to allow the steel to cool to 150°F or lower before subjecting the steel to a tempering treatment or post-weld heattreatment.3tests.For wall thicknesses3?4in.[19mm]and over both specimens shall be subjected to the side-bend test.8.3Pressure Test—Classes X2and X3,pipe shall be tested in accordance with Section20of Speci?cation A530/A530M.9.Radiographic Examination9.1The full length of each weld of classes X1and X2shall be radiographically examined in accordance with requirements of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section VIII, Paragraph UW-51.9.2Radiographic examination may be performed prior to heat treatment.10.Rework10.1Elimination of Surface Imperfections—Unacceptable surface imperfections shall be removed by grinding or machin-ing.The remaining thickness of the section shall be no less than the minimum speci?ed in Section11.The depression after grinding or machining shall be blended uniformly into the surrounding surface.10.2Repair of Base Metal Defects by Welding:10.2.1The manufacturer may repair,by welding,base metal where defects have been removed,provided the depth of the repair cavity as prepared for welding does not exceed1?3of the nominal thickness,and the requirements of10.2.2,10.2.3, 10.2.4,10.2.5,and10.2.6are met.Base metal defects in excess of these may be repaired with prior approval of the customer.10.2.2The defect shall be removed by suitable mechanical or thermal cutting or gouging methods and the cavity prepared for repair welding.10.2.3The welding procedure and welders or welding operators are to be quali?ed in accordance with Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.10.2.4The full length of the repaired pipe shall be heat treated after repair in accordance with the requirements of the pipe class speci?ed.10.2.5Each repair weld of a defect where the cavity, prepared for welding,has a depth exceeding the lesser of3?8in.[10mm]or10%of the nominal thickness shall be examined by radiography in accordance with the methods and the acceptance standards of Section9.10.2.6The repair surface shall be blended uniformly into the surrounding base metal surface and examined and accepted in accordance with Supplementary Requirements S6or S8.10.3Repair of Weld Metal Defects by Welding:10.3.1The manufacturer may repair weld metal defects if he meets the requirements of10.2.3,10.2.4,10.3.2,10.3.3,and 10.4.10.3.2The defect shall be removed by suitable mechanical or thermal cutting or gouging methods and the repair cavity examined and accepted in accordance with Supplementary Requirements S7or S9.10.3.3The weld repair shall be blended uniformly into the surrounding metal surfaces and examined and accepted in accordance with9.1and with Supplementary Requirements S7 or S9.10.4Retest—Each length of repaired pipe of a class requir-ing a pressure test shall be hydrostatically tested following repair.11.Dimensions,Mass,and Permissible Variations11.1The wall thickness and weight for welded pipe fur-nished to this speci?cation shall be governed by the require-ments of the speci?cation to which the manufacturer ordered the plate.11.2Permissible variations in dimensions at any point in a length of pipe shall not exceed the following:11.2.1Outside Diameter—Based on circumferential mea-surement,60.5%of the speci?ed outside diameter.11.2.2Out-of-Roundness—The difference between major and minor outside diameters,1%.11.2.3Alignment—Using a10-ft[3-m]straightedge placed so that both ends are in contact with the pipe,1?8in.[3mm].11.2.4Thickness—The minimum wall thickness at any point in the pipe shall not be more than0.01in.[0.3mm]under the speci?ed nominal thickness.11.3Circumferential welded joints of the same quality as the longitudinal joints shall be permitted by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.11.4Lengths with unmachined ends shall be within?0,+1?2 in.[?0,+13mm]of that speci?ed.Lengths with machined ends shall be as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser.12.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance12.1The?nished pipe shall be free of injurious defects and shall have a workmanlike?nish.This requirement is to mean the same as the identical requirement that appears in Speci?-cation A20/A20M with respect to steel plate surface?nish.13.Product Marking13.1The marking shall be stenciled using a suitable heat-resistant paint or metal stamped using low-stress stamps.Wall thicknesses under0.500in.[13mm]shall not be metal stamped without prior approval.The purchaser may specify that mate-rial0.500in.[13mm]and over shall not be metal stamped.13.2In addition to the marking provision of Speci?cation A530/A530M,the class marking in accordance with1.3.3shall follow the grade marking,for example,3CR-33.13.3Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in13.1 and13.2,bar coding is acceptable as a supplemental identi?-cation method.The purchaser may specify in the order a speci?c bar coding system to beused. 4SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when speci?ed by the purchaser in the inquiry,contract,or order.Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser,Supplementary requirements shall in no way negate any requirement of the speci?cation itself.S1.Tension and Bend TestsS1.1Tension tests in accordance with8.1and bend tests in accordance with8.2shall be made on specimens representing each length of pipe.S2.Charpy V-Notch Test(for pipe with nominal wall thickness of1?2in.[13mm]and greater)S2.1Requirements—The acceptable test energies shall be as shown in Table number A1.15of Speci?cation A20/A20M for the applicable plate speci?cation unless otherwise stated in the order.As an alternative,the test temperature may be10°F [? 12°C].S2.2Number of Specimens—Each test shall consist of at least three specimens.S2.2.1One base-metal test shall be made from one pipe length per heat,per heat-treat charge,and per nominal wall thickness.S2.2.2One weld-metal and one heat-affected zone(HAZ) metal test shall be made in accordance with NB4335of Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.S2.3Test Specimen Location and Orientation:S2.3.1Base-metal specimens of stress-relieved,normalized, and normalized and tempered pipe shall be taken in accordance with the provisions for tension specimens in the body of this speci?cation.S2.3.2Base-metal specimens of quenched and tempered pipe shall be taken in accordance with the provisions of NB 2225of Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.S3.Hardness TestsS3.1Hardness determination shall be made on both ends of each length of pipe to the parent metal,weld,and the heat-affected zone and must meet the hardness requirements in Table1.S4.Product AnalysisS4.1Product analysis shall be made on each length of pipe. Individual lengths failing to conform to the chemical require-ments prescribed in the applicable speci?cation listed in Table 1shall be rejected.S5.MetallographyS5.1The manufacturer shall furnish one photomicrograph to show the microstructure at1003magni?cation of the weld metal or base metal of the pipe in the as-?nished condition.The purchaser shall state in the order:the material,base metal or weld,and the number and locations of tests to be made.This test is for information only.S6.Magnetic Particle Examination of Base MetalS6.1All accessible surfaces of the pipe shall be examined in accordance with Practice E709.Accessible is de?ned as:Alloutside surfaces,all inside surfaces of pipe24in.[600mm]in diameter and greater,and inside surfaces of pipe less than24 in. [600mm]in diameter for a distance of one pipe diameter from the ends.S6.2Butt-weld end preparations are to be completely magnetic-particle examined in accordance with Practice E709.S6.3Acceptance Standards,shall be by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.S7.Magnetic Particle Examinations of Weld MetalS7.1All accessible welds shall be examined in accordance with Practice E709.Accessible is de?ned as:All outside surfaces,all inside surfaces of pipe24in.[600mm]in diameter and greater,and inside surfaces of pipe less than24in.[600 mm]in diameter for a distance of one pipe diameter from the ends.S7.2Butt-weld end preparations are to be completely magnetic-particle examined in accordance with Practice E709.S7.3Acceptance Standards,shall be by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.S8.Liquid Penetrant Examination of Base MetalS8.1All accessible surfaces of the pipe shall be examined in accordance with Test Method E165.Accessible is as de?ned in S7.1.S8.2Butt-weld end preparations are to be completely liquid penetrant examined in accordance with Test Method E165.S8.3Acceptance Standards,shall be by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.S9.Liquid Penetrant Examination of Weld MetalS9.1All accessible surfaces of the pipe shall be examined in accordance with Test Method E165.Accessible is as de?ned in S6.1.S9.2Acceptance Standards,shall be by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser.S10.Ultrasonic TestS10.1Plate in Flat:S10.1.1One hundred percent on one surface shall be scanned.S10.1.2Straight search shall be used in accordance with Speci?cation A435/A435M A435/A435M.S10.1.3Acceptance standards shall be in accordance with Speci?cation A435/A435M or as by agreement between the manufacturer and thepurchaser. 5S11.Repair WeldingS11.1Repair of base metal defects by welding shall be done only with customer approval.S12.Description of TermS12.1lot—all pipe of the same mill heat of plate material and wall thickness(within61?4in.[6mm])heat treated in one furnace charge.For pipe that is not heat treated or that is heat treated in a continuous furnace,a lot shall consist of each200 ft[60m]or fraction thereof of all pipe of the same mill heat of plate material and wall thickness(within61?4in.[6mm]), subjected to the same heat treatment.For pipe heat treated in a batch-type furnace that is automatically controlled within a50°F[30°C]range and is equipped with recording pyrometers so that heating records are available,a lot shall be de?ned the same as for continuous furnaces.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01has identi?ed the location of selected changes to this speci?cation since the last issue, A691–98(2007),that may impact the use of this speci?cation.(Approved October1,2009)(1)Revised the standard as a dual units speci?cation.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this /doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every?ve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),orservice@/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html (e-mail);or through the ASTM website(/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html ).Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website(/doc/1a9b9db81a37f111f1855bfd.html /COPYRIGHT/).6。

The European chemical industry in a worldwide perspective:2009Chapter 1 Profile of the Chemical Industry1.1 World chemicals salesThe European chemical industry can still be portrayed as vibrant and strong. However, worldwide competition is getting fiercer. In 2007, world chemicals sales were estimated at €1820 billion, an increase of 4% compared to last year. With €537 billion, the EU chemical industry is still in a top position, but has lost its first place in the ranking to Asia (including China and Japan), mainly due to the rise of China and India. Taken together, the EU, Asia and NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) account for almost 90% of the world turnover.1.2 World chemicals sales (cont’d)Developments in the last 10 years show that the EU was the leader in world chemicals sales but has lost ground against Asia. Comparing 2007 to 1997, the contribution of the EU to world chemical sales was reduced by 2.7 percentage points. In fact, Europe’s sales have been growing continuously, but world chemical sales are growing faster. The value of word chemicals sales has increased by 60% in 2007 compared to 1997.1.3 World network of chemicals trade flowsIn 2007, the key trading regions were the EU, Asia (including China and Japan) and NAFTA. The EU was the world's leading exporter and importer of chemicals, accounting for half of global trade. This includes intra EU trade, mainly for reasons of comparison with other regions, as their figures include this trade as well.1.4 Geographic breakdown of EU chemical industry salesGermany is still the largest chemicals producer in Europe, followed by France, Italy and the UK. Together, those four countries generate almost two thirds of the EU’s chemicals sales (€329 billion). Adding the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and Ireland raises the share to 88% (€475 billion). Poland is the biggest new EU country, representing 2.3% of total EU chemicals sales.1.5 Sectoral breakdown of EU chemical industry salesThe output of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry covers four wide ranges of products: base chemicals, speciality chemicals, pharmaceuticals and consumer chemicals.•Base chemicals cover petrochemicals and derivatives and basic inorganics.They are produced in large volumes, and are sold to the chemical industry itself or to other industries. They represented nearly 45% of total EU chemicals sales in 2007.•Specialty chemicals cover the auxiliaries for industry, paints & inks, crop protection, and dyes and pigments. Specialty chemicals are produced in small volumes but nevertheless represented 17% of total EU chemicals sales in 2007.•Pharmaceuticals represent both basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations. They accounted for 27% of total EU chemicals sales in 2007.•Finally, consumer chemicals are sold to final consumers: soaps and detergents, perfumes and cosmetics. They represented 11% of total EU chemicals sales in 2007.1.6-1.7 EU chemical industry sales structureEU chemicals sales were estimated at €537 billion in 2007. Sales to EU partner countries have more than doubled over the last ten years. The European internal market has had a very positive effect on chemicals. Removing both trade and non-trade barriers inside the EU area has been a key driver for the growth and competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry. The internal market of 495 million consumers is a key factor of competitiveness. With the accession of the ten new Member States the internal market has received an important push. By 2007, nearly half of sales were intra EU (excluding domestic sales). While intra EU sales are rising, the importance of domestic sales is decreasing, accounting only for 28% of EU sales. The traditional domestic preference is becoming a preference for European products. 23% of chemicals sales are exported outside of the EU area. NAFTA, neighbour countries of the EU and Asia are the key markets.1.8 EU chemical industry consumption structureThe chemical industry underpins virtually all sectors of the economy and its strategies impact directly on the downstream users of chemicals.The consumption structure of chemicals by downstream users gives the following picture:•The big industrial customers of chemicals are the metals, mechanical & electrical industries, textiles & clothing, the automotive industry and paper & printing products, accounting together for 25.1% of chemical consumption by downstream users.•30.3% of chemicals consumption is absorbed by end users in private households, government and non-profit organisations, 16.4% goes to services, 6.4% to agriculture, 5.4% to construction, 6.1% to the rest of manufacturing and 10.3% to other industries.1.9 Added value in EU chemicals and other manufacturing sectorsChemicals is the second leading manufacturing sector (after pharmaceuticals) in terms of "value added per employee" in Europe, followed by the “office machinery and computers”, “radio, television and communication”, basic metals”, “automotives” and “pulp and paper”. The chemical industry’s value added per employee is 86% higher than the average of manufacturing sectors.1.10 The EU manufacturing industry: gross operating surplus/ turnoverWith regard to its gross operating profit, chemicals compares favourably to other manufacturing sectors as well. The ratio of gross operating profits to sales is the 7th highest in industry and is well above the manufacturing average.1.11 Contribution of the chemical industry to the EU economyThe chemical industry's contribution to the EU gross domestic product amounts to 1.2%. When pharmaceuticals are added this figure rises to 1.9%. This may seem small at first sight, but should be re-assessed taking into consideration both the shrinking contribution of industry as a whole to GDP in advanced economies (-1.5% over the last 5 years in the EU) along with a rise in services. Additionally, there is a wide contribution of chemical products into all branches of the economy; for example in Germany chemicals are the most important supplier of innovative materials for the industry. Chemicals represent 10% of the supply of input and intermediary products and they show an above average R&D content.1.12 Top 30 chemical companies in the worldIn 2007, twelve of the 30 world chemicals majors had their headquarters in the EU - representing 10% of world chemical sales. These 30 companies had a combined sales turnover of €577 billion. This is a significant increase compared to the previous year and reflects not only the positive sales development in 2006 but also the ongoing consolidation in the chemicals sector.Sources: ICIS Chemical Business and Cefic Chemdata International1.13 The EU chemical industry: number of enterprises, sales and employment by size-classThe EU chemical industry comprises 29 000 enterprises (data covering firms with no employees are excluded), 96% of which have less than 250 employees and may be considered as small and medium sized enterprises. These account for 28% of sales and 35% of employment. Only 4% of the EU enterprises employ more than 249 employees and generate 72% of total chemicals sales.1.14 Public image of the European chemical industryIn a pan European poll on the image of the EU chemical industry, chemicals in 2008 are in 6th position out of 8 benchmark industries and rank below the average. Apart from Nuclear Energy which registered a slight improvement, most sectors experienced no significant changes or followed in some cases a negative trend such as Food, Electricity and Petrol/Oil. The image of the chemical industry in 2008 is still at the same level as in 2006. This result is also in line with the average of all industries where no improvement has been perceived during the last two years.Chapter 2 International Trade2.1 External trade of EU chemicalsThe EU has always been an important player in the global chemicals market and so far it has been in a position to benefit from trade opportunities. The EU has a very substantial trade surplus in chemicals (€35.4 billion in 2007). It has a surplus with each main trading region and has broadly retained its market share in global chemicals sales over the last decade.However, the trade surplus of 2007 was the lowest one generated since 2001. Furthermore, the Trade Competitiveness Indicator (TCI), an indicator that compares the trade balance to the total trade (exports plus imports) of a region, reveals a deteriorating competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry since 2003: the TCI declined from 25% to 17% in 5 years. This shows that imports are growing faster than exports.2.2 External EU chemicals trade with major geographic blocsThe three major geographic blocs trading with the European Union in 2007 were North America, Rest of Europe and Asia (excluding Japan). Rest of Europe plays a major role thanks to Turkey and Russia. A look at the EU’s trade balance in relation to a number of key countries and regions shows that the EU position is deteriorating with certain key countries in Asia. Japan, China and India are the three only Asian countries with which the EU currently has a trade deficit for chemicals. In 2007, the EU chemicals trade balance with Asia (including Japan) was negative for the first time since nearly 20 years (Chart 2.2).2.3 External EU chemicals trade with major geographic blocs (cont’d)The external EU chemical trade surplus in 2007 was mainly attributable to North and South America (36%), other European countries (not belonging to the EU) (29.7%), Africa (13.8%).The EU chemical industry has a positive trade balance with all regions, although for Asia (excluding Japan) it should be added that the trade surplus is very small and is diminishing over time (Chart 2.3).2.4 Sectoral breakdown of EU chemicals trade surplusIn 2007, the trade surplus amounted to €35.4 billion. Specialty chemicals accounted for 41% of the EU chemicals trade surplus (excluding pharmaceuticals), with a trade surplus of €14.7, billion. With €13.6 billion consumer chemicals are the second strongest sector on the world markets, followed by polymers (€5.8 billion) and petrochemicals (€4.3 billion). Basic inorganics is the only sector with a trade deficit of €3 billion. Pharmaceuticals would account for a trade surplus of €38.3 billion which would have to be added to the €35.4 billion.2.5 EU trade balance in chemicals and other manufacturesIn 2007, the overall extra-EU chemical trade surplus decreased compared to the previous year, which is against the trend of the extra-EU trade surplus in manufacturing. The chemical sector is performing less than the manufacturing sector and accounts now for 26% of the total manufacturing trade surplus, a decrease of 5 percentage points in comparison to last year.2.6 Chemicals trade balance comparisonTo put the EU chemicals trade (including pharmaceuticals) into an international context, in comparison with the USA and Asia (including Japan), the EU is the only region with a trade surplus in chemicals and it is also the extent of the trade surplus that marks the difference. The USA has had a negative trade balance in chemicals since 2002 and the Asian trade deficit in chemicals (including Japan) has been continuously reducing since 2004 (Chart 2.6).2.7 Chemicals trade balance comparison (cont’d)In 2007, the share of EU chemicals sales exported outside the region was 26%, compared with 21% for the USA and 28% for Japan. Only 18% of the EU chemicals consumption was imported from non-EU regions. US imports accounted for almost one quarter of its consumption (22%) whereas Japan imports accounted for 20% of its consumption. (Chart 2.7)Chapter 3 Growth of the Chemical Industry3.1 Growth of production, trade and apparent consumptionOver the years 2002-2007, chemicals sales grew slightly slower than consumption (4.5% versus 5.2%). The average growth rate of imports over the last five years (7.0%) exceeded considerably that of exports (3.6%).3.2 Chemicals growth performance against total industryIn addition to providing for customers' present needs, the chemical industry is constantly developing new and improved products and processes, creating and serving completely new markets. This enables other industries to be more efficient and productive by using more effective substitute materials and products. Chemicals serve as input into basically all sectors of the economy and consequently depend on their economic performance.In the period 1997-2007, the chemical industry had an average growth rate of 1.3% whereas total industry and GDP grew by 2.2% and 2.5% respectively on average per year. These averages mask however quite different yearly growth rates in chemicals, from -2.5% in 2001 to 6.7% in 1997. The range for yearly industrial growth is much smaller, from -0.1% in 2002 to 4.8% in 2000. For 2008, the Cefic Economic Outlook Task Force expects a negative growth of 0.6% for chemicals.3.3 Sectoral production growth of EU chemicalsAll chemical sub sectors showed positive growth in 2007. Consumer chemicals were the growth leader with 5.5%, followed by petrochemicals (3.9%) and basic inorganics (1.8%). Polymers and specialty chemicals registered a very modest growth. This led to a growth rate of 2.6% for chemicals in 2007. For 2008, the outlook for most sub sectors shows a downward trend in comparison to 2007,3.4 International comparison of production growth of the chemical industryOver the past five years (2002-2007), the EU chemical industry showed the lowest growth rate compared to the biggest world regions and it is, with 1.7%, well below the world average growth of chemicals of 4.6%. Latin America and the Asia Pacific region are booming, with average growth rates in chemicals of 4.9% and 8.1% respectively over the last five years. The latter region is heavily influenced by the extraordinary performance of the Chinese chemicals sector and a booming economy and industrial sector. The relationship between chemicals growth and industry growth is in most cases the same among the regions over the last five years (industry grew faster than the chemicals sector)3.5 International comparison of production growth of the chemical industry (cont’d)The long- term trend shows that also over the years (1997-2007), the European chemical industry showed the lowest growth, whereas Asia Pacific and Latin America started their steep rise at the end of the 90’s and the growth shows no signs of stopping yet.3.6 International comparison of sales growth of the chemical industryOn a worldwide level, chemicals sales grew yearly by 4.8% over the years (1997-2007). The EU with an average sales growth rate of 3.9% is below world growth. Japan shows a meagre sales growth rate of 0.1%. The high growth countries and regions are China, Mexico, India, Taiwan, Korea and Brazil with sales growth rates between 16.5% (China) and 6.8% (Brazil)Chapter 4 Cost and prices4.1. Cost structureIn 2005, purchases by the EU chemical industry accounted for 76% of the sales value. The remaining 24% constitutes the gross value added of the sector, which comprises gross operating surplus and payroll. Among purchases, it is possible to single out the costs of trading and energy. Trading represents the cost of chemicals purchased from third parties and resold in their original condition, and amounts to 11% of the sales value. Energy costs from the purchase of feedstock and fuel and power currently account for 8% of the sales value. However, it needs to be underlined that this is an average. Certain sub sectors are much more sensitive to energy cost as for them it represents a more important input factor, for example the Chlor Alkali industry. In 2005, the payroll accounted for some 14% of the chemicals sales value. The gross operating surplus is defined as profits before taxes, financial charges and depreciation and amounts to 10%.4.2 Producer prices and overall pricesConsumer prices have on average risen more than chemical prices (including pharmaceuticals) over the years (1997-2007), 2.8% the former and 1.5% the latter. One can conclude that EU chemical industry is not boosting prices and inflation in the EU.4.3 Labour cost per employee and productivityThe payroll accounts for a significant share of chemicals production costs (14%) and is therefore a major factor in competitiveness. Labour cost per employee in the EU chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) has increased by an average 3.5% per annum over the years (1997-2007). People in the chemical industry are highly qualified and the chemical industry redistributes part of its profit to its employees through competitive salaries. As a consequence, labour cost per employee has been increasing more than the industry average over the same period.4.4 Labour cost per employee and productivityProductivity of EU chemicals (including pharmaceuticals) is still increasing at a considerable pace - 4.1% on an average over the years (1997-2007) - and is therefore rising faster than the labour cost per employee.Chapter 5 Energy5.1 Energy use by sourceThe chemical industry upgrades energy and raw materials into products required by other industrial sectors as well as by final consumers. The cost of these inputs is a prime factor in competitiveness on world markets.From the energy sector, it consumes coal, oil products, natural gas, electricity and renewable, using them both as raw materials (feedstock) and as power and fuel. In 2006, the European chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) used a total of 137 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) of energy. Feedstock accounted for almost 60% of total energy products and fuel and power for a little bit more than 40%, taking all sources of energy into account. This implies that most of the energy used by the chemical industry as feedstock is stored in the products and through recycling can still be reused.Regarding other raw materials the chemical industry also uses a broad variety of natural or processed starting materials, e.g. metals, minerals and agricultural raw materials (sugar, starch, fats, etc.).5.2 Efficiency in energy consumptionFor many years, the EU chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) has made strenuous efforts to improve energy efficiency, reducing its fuel and power energy consumption per unit of production. In 2006, energy consumption per unit of production in the chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals)-energy intensity-was 53% lower than in 1990. Energy efficiency is subject to decreasing returns: the higher the level of energy efficiency attained, the more difficult it becomes to make further improvements.However, over the last 16 years the chemical industry has succeeded in increasing continuously its output and at the same time keeping its energy input constant, and consequently lowered its energy intensity significantly by 4.6% per year on average.Chapter 6 Employment6.1 Employment and productionIn the EU, some 29,000 chemical and pharmaceutical companies employ a total staff of about 1.84 million, or 6% of the overall workforce in the manufacturing industry. Chemicals alone account for 1.26 million employees. Employment in the EU chemical industry has decreased by 2% over the last 10 years. Employment in the USA has experienced a steeper decline for chemicals over the same period with a decrease of 2.8%.6.2 Labour productivityThe EU chemical industry is a leading industry with high skills and productivity, due to high investment per employee and highly educated and trained employees. As a consequence, labour productivity in the EU chemical industry rose by 3.3% p.a. over the period 1997-2007.6.3 Investment per employee and personnel costsInvestment per employee and personnel cost are two important factors for the international competitiveness of the European chemical industry. The equipment of workplaces in the chemical industry is top quality and investment per employee is rather high, double the manufacturing average. Chemicals are the first manufacturing sector in terms of investment per employee.6.4 Investment per employee and personnel costs (cont’d)Additionally, the labour force employed in the chemical industry is more qualified, trained and better paid than the average industrial worker. Personnel costs for the EU chemical industry are almost 50% higher than the average of other manufacturing sectors. After pharmaceuticals, tobacco products, and automotive, the chemical industry has the fourth highest labour cost per employee of all manufacturing sectors.6.5 Labour productivity: Chemical industry versus total industryDue to strengthening global competition, the EU chemical industry has taken vigorous restructuring and cost-saving steps in order to improve competitiveness over the last decade. As a consequence labour productivity in the chemical industry is growing faster than labour productivity in total industry: 3.3% and 2.5% average annual growth 1997-2007 respectively.6.6 Level of education of workers in the chemical industryEmployees with medium and high education account for around 80% of workers in the chemical industry. While the percentage of people with lower and medium education has been decreasing since 2001, workers with a high level of education are gaining importance, accounting for almost 27% in 2005. The success of the European chemical industry depends on its well trained employees. Skills and education are an important factor in international competitiveness and the European chemical industry is facing a global challenge for talent.Chapter 7 Investment and R&D7.1 Chemical industry capital spending in the EUInvestments in innovation (including research & development R&D) are key elements in securing the future of the chemical industry. They not only promote the adaptation to and the development of new technologies and innovation, but are necessary prerequisites for the continuous adjustment of corporate structures to the needs of the market-place. It is important to notice, that the currently available figures on R&D investments give only some part of the picture as R&D is only the starting point in the path to successful innovation. Innovations spending in the companies are more and more included under business development. After some up and down movements in previous years, the ratio of investment in R&D to sales of the chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) in the EU has been declining almost steadily since 1999. In absolute figures investment had been growing steadily between 1994 and 1999 and then declined almost continuously till 2004, with a slight recovery in the next three years.7.2 International comparison of capital spending in the chemical industryComparing the ratio of capital spending to sales of the chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) in Europe, NAFTA and the Asia Pacific region, Asia Pacific clearly attracts most investment in R&D. NAFTA has a slightly higher investment to sales ratio than the EU over all the years (1997-2007). The heavy investment in new capacities in the Asia Pacific region is reflected in the high investment to sales ratio. Between 1997 and 2007 it was around twice the ratio of the EU, but the gap between the regions has been increasing in recent years.7.3 International comparison of research and development spendingThe high value added products of the chemical industry continuously open up new fields of application and pave the way to progress and innovation in other industries. Typical examples are the health, food, consumer goods, aerospace industry, the car industry, telecommunications, electrical engineering and electronics. Wide variations in R&D efforts are observed across the chemical industry. Turning R&D into innovation is increasingly getting importance in relation to the competitiveness of the region.Analysing the ratio of R&D spending to sales of the chemical industry it can be observed that the USA had a slightly higher ratio than the EU, but has decreased to similar levels in recent years whereas Japan has a ratio around twice as high as the other two trading regions. Japan was also the only country to barely show a decline in the ratio between 1995 and 2003.7.4 Research and development spending in EU manufacturingChemicals account for 8% of total EU manufacturing spending in R&D of €98.5 billion. They represent the 5th largest spending sector. If the R&D spending of the pharmaceutical sector is included, chemicals are the top investor in R&D in European manufacturing, accounting for almost one fourth of total R&D investment of manufacturing.Chapter 8 Sustainable Development8.1 Energy usage and greenhouse gas emissionsThe chemical industry works to develop cleaner and safer technologies, waste-recycling processes and new products to safeguard the environment (biotechnology processes, catalysts, membranes, desulphurisation plants, etc.). One aspect is increased energy efficiency. In addition to increasing the energy efficiency of its own processes, the chemical industry also helps to increase the energy efficiency of downstream users and their products through innovative inputs Between 1990 and 2006, production in the EU chemical industry (including pharmaceuticals) rose by 67%, while total energy consumption was rather stable and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions fell by almost 32%.8.2 Energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions (cont’d)Hence, GHG emissions per unit of energy consumption have been reduced by more than 31% and GHG emissions per unit of production have been reduced by nearly 60% since 1990. This shows the enormous effort that the chemical industry is making to minimise the environmental impact of its production.8.3 Greenhouse gas emission intensity: EU versus US chemical industryIn comparison to the US, the EU has reduced its GHG emission intensity (emissions per unit of production) much more and is today more GHG emission- efficient. The US chemical industry has decreased its emission intensity by 36% since 1990, the EU by 60%.。

海关总署公告2009年第60号－－对申报进口原产于俄罗斯、日本和韩国的进口丁苯橡胶继续征收反倾销税的公告
【法规类别】倾销与反倾销
【发文字号】海关总署公告2009年第60号
【发布部门】海关总署
【发布日期】2009.09.04
【实施日期】2009.09.08
【时效性】现行有效
【效力级别】部门规范性文件
海关总署公告
(2009年第60号)
2003年，国务院关税税则委员会决定对原产于俄罗斯、日本和韩国的进口丁苯橡胶征收反倾销税，征税时间自2003年9月9日起，期限为5年。

根据反倾销措施期终复审调查结果，国务院关税税则委员会决定自2009年9月8日起对原产于俄罗斯、日本和韩国的进口丁苯橡胶继续征收反倾销税，实施期限为
1 / 1。