德国破产法(E)

第1篇一、引言随着全球化进程的不断加快，跨国经济活动日益频繁，企业破产现象也随之增多。

在国际破产关系中，涉及多个国家和地区的法律适用问题成为一个复杂且重要的议题。

本文旨在探讨国际破产关系的法律适用问题，分析其原则、冲突解决机制以及我国的相关法律规定。

二、国际破产关系的法律适用原则1. 破产能力原则破产能力原则是指破产程序应适用于具有破产能力的债务人。

在国际破产关系中，破产能力原则要求债务人在不同国家均具有破产能力。

然而，不同国家的破产法对破产能力的认定标准存在差异，可能导致法律适用上的冲突。

2. 破产程序优先原则破产程序优先原则是指破产程序在处理债务人的财产时具有优先权。

在国际破产关系中，破产程序优先原则要求各国在处理债务人财产时，应尊重其他国家的破产程序。

3. 公平原则公平原则是指在国际破产关系中，各国应公平对待债务人和债权人。

公平原则要求各国在处理破产案件时，既要保障债务人的合法权益，又要维护债权人的利益。

4. 国际协调原则国际协调原则是指在国际破产关系中，各国应加强合作，共同解决法律适用问题。

国际协调原则要求各国在制定和实施破产法时，应充分考虑国际破产法律体系。

三、国际破产关系的法律适用冲突解决机制1. 破产管辖权冲突在国际破产关系中，破产管辖权冲突是常见的法律适用问题。

解决破产管辖权冲突的方法主要有以下几种：（1）债务人所在地原则：以债务人的住所地或主要营业地为破产管辖地。

（2）债权所在地原则：以债权人的住所地或主要营业地为破产管辖地。

（3）法院选择原则：由债务人或债权人选择某一国家的法院进行破产程序。

2. 破产程序冲突在国际破产关系中，破产程序冲突主要表现为不同国家的破产程序在适用范围、程序规则、债权申报等方面存在差异。

解决破产程序冲突的方法主要有以下几种：（1）承认与执行外国破产程序：一国法院承认和执行另一国破产程序的结果。

（2）相互协助：各国在处理破产案件时，相互提供协助，如交换信息、提供证据等。

德国破产法全法条中文【最新版】目录I.德国破产法概述1.德国破产法的定义和适用范围2.德国破产法的历史和演变II.破产程序1.破产程序的启动2.破产程序的法律程序3.破产程序中的债权人权利III.破产管理人1.破产管理人的职责和权利2.破产管理人的选拔和任命3.破产管理人的监督和管理IV.破产财产1.破产财产的定义和范围2.破产财产的管理和使用3.破产财产的分配和清偿V.破产救济和保护1.破产救济的种类和条件2.破产保护的措施和程序3.破产救济和保护的法律监督正文一、德国破产法概述1.德国破产法的定义和适用范围：德国破产法是指德国联邦和各州法院在处理债务人财产纠纷时所适用的法律。

该法适用于德国境内的所有企业和个人。

2.德国破产法的历史和演变：德国破产法起源于19世纪末，经历了多次修订和完善。

近年来，随着经济全球化和数字化的发展，德国破产法也在不断适应新的经济形势和技术变革。

二、破产程序1.破产程序的启动：当债务人无法偿还债务时，债权人可以向法院申请启动破产程序。

法院将启动破产程序，并指定一名破产管理人负责管理债务人的财产。

2.破产程序的法律程序：在破产程序中，法院将根据法律规定，对债务人的财产进行清算和分配。

同时，法院还将对债权人进行登记和审核，确保债权人的合法权益得到保障。

3.破产程序中的债权人权利：在破产程序中，债权人的权利受到法律保护。

债权人可以通过法院申请参与破产程序的清算和分配过程，并获得相应的清偿。

三、破产管理人1.破产管理人的职责和权利：破产管理人负责管理债务人的财产，并代表债务人参与破产程序的清算和分配过程。

破产管理人有权对债务人的财产进行管理和处置，并代表债务人签署相关文件。

2.破产管理人的选拔和任命：破产管理人由法院指定或任命，通常由专业的会计师、律师或资产管理人等人员组成。

法院根据债务人的具体情况，选择合适的破产管理人负责管理债务人的财产。

3.破产管理人的监督和管理：法院对破产管理人进行监督和管理，确保其依法行使职权，保障债务人和债权人的合法权益。

《德国破产法导论》读书笔记目录一、德国破产法概述 (3)1.1 德国破产法的立法体系 (4)1.1.1 德国破产法的主要法律 (5)1.1.2 相关配套法律 (6)1.2 德国破产法的历史发展 (8)1.2.1 早期的破产法律和实践 (9)1.2.2 破产法的现代化改革 (10)二、德国破产法的基本原则 (11)2.1 破产程序的启动 (12)2.1.1 破产申请的条件 (13)2.1.2 破产申请的程序 (14)2.2 债权人保护 (15)2.2.1 债权人的权利 (16)2.2.2 债权人的义务 (17)2.3 破产管理人 (19)2.3.1 破产管理人的职责 (21)2.3.2 破产管理人的选任 (22)三、德国破产法的实践 (23)3.1 破产案件的受理与审理 (25)3.1.1 受理程序 (26)3.1.2 审理程序 (27)3.2 破产财产的清算与分配 (28)3.2.1 清算程序 (30)3.2.2 分配程序 (31)3.3 破产救济措施 (33)3.3.1 债务人保护令 (34)3.3.2 破产重整与和解 (36)四、德国破产法的特色与创新 (37)4.1 德国破产法的国际化趋势 (38)4.1.1 国际条约的影响 (40)4.1.2 国际合作的实践 (41)4.2 数字化技术在破产法中的应用 (42)4.2.1 电子诉讼的推广 (44)4.2.2 大数据在破产预测中的作用 (46)4.3 绿色破产制度的发展 (47)4.3.1 环境保护与破产程序的结合 (48)4.3.2 可持续发展理念在破产法中的体现 (50)五、总结与展望 (51)5.1 《德国破产法导论》的核心内容总结 (52)5.2 对德国破产法未来发展的展望 (53)一、德国破产法概述德国破产法，作为现代破产法律体系中的重要组成部分，历经多年的发展和完善，形成了独具特色的法律制度。

破产法被分为债务清偿法和破产法两大部分，债务清偿法主要规定了个人和合伙企业的债务清偿程序，而破产法则主要适用于法人企业的破产清算。

德国破产法中文版摘要：1.德国破产法的概述2.德国破产法的主要内容3.德国破产法的特点4.德国破产法对我国的启示正文：【德国破产法的概述】德国破产法是一部具有深厚历史渊源的法律体系，其破产法律制度构建完善，具有明显的特点和优势。

德国破产法旨在保护债权人、债务人和整个社会的利益，通过规范破产程序，实现资产的有效配置和合理利用。

【德国破产法的主要内容】德国破产法主要包括以下几个方面：1.破产申请和受理：德国破产法规定，只有具备破产申请资格的人可以向法院提出破产申请。

法院在接到申请后，需对申请进行审查，决定是否受理。

2.破产管理人：德国破产法规定，破产程序中需设立破产管理人，负责管理和处置破产财产。

破产管理人由法院指定，一般为具有相关专业知识和经验的律师或会计师。

3.破产财产：德国破产法规定，破产财产包括债务人的全部资产和在未来应得的收益。

破产财产在破产程序中，用于清偿债务。

4.破产清算：德国破产法规定，破产清算分为三个阶段。

第一阶段为财产清理阶段，第二阶段为财产变现阶段，第三阶段为分配阶段。

破产清算的目的是在保证债权人利益的前提下，使破产财产的价值最大化。

5.重组：德国破产法允许债务人在满足一定条件下进行重组。

重组是指债务人与债权人达成协议，对债务人的债务进行调整，以帮助债务人恢复经营能力。

【德国破产法的特点】德国破产法具有以下特点：1.严格的法律程序：德国破产法对破产程序的各个环节进行了详细规定，确保破产程序的公平、公正、公开。

2.破产管理人的独立性：德国破产法强调破产管理人的独立性，保证破产财产得到有效管理和处置。

3.重组与清算并重：德国破产法既重视破产清算，又支持债务人进行重组，力求实现债权人、债务人和社会的多方共赢。

4.保障债权人利益：德国破产法通过设立各种制度，保障债权人在破产程序中的合法权益。

【德国破产法对我国的启示】德国破产法的成功经验和制度设计为我国立法和实践提供了有益的借鉴：1.完善破产法律制度：我国应借鉴德国破产法的成功经验，完善破产法律制度，提高法律的适应性和实施效果。

第1篇一、引言破产是指债务人因无法清偿到期债务，经法定程序宣告破产，由法院指定管理人对其财产进行清算、处理，以偿还债务的行为。

破产制度旨在保障债权人的合法权益，维护市场经济秩序，同时给予债务人重生的机会。

世界各国关于破产的法律规定各具特色，本文将探讨各国破产法律制度的基本原则、程序、法律责任等方面的规定。

二、破产法律制度的基本原则1. 公平原则：破产法律制度要求在破产过程中，各方当事人享有平等的权利和义务，确保债权人和债务人的合法权益得到公平保护。

2. 保护债权人利益原则：破产法律制度强调保护债权人的利益，确保债权人能够从破产程序中获得尽可能多的清偿。

3. 债务人利益保护原则：破产法律制度在保护债权人利益的同时，也关注债务人利益，给予债务人重生的机会。

4. 公共利益原则：破产法律制度旨在维护市场经济秩序，保障社会公共利益。

三、各国破产法律制度概述1. 美国美国破产法律制度以《美国破产法》为核心，分为破产重组和破产清算两种程序。

破产重组旨在通过债务人与债权人协商，制定债务重组方案，使债务人得以继续经营；破产清算则是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人。

2. 英国英国破产法律制度以《破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产管理两种程序。

破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产管理是指债务人无力偿还债务，但具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。

3. 德国德国破产法律制度以《德国破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产重整两种程序。

破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产重整是指债务人具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。

4. 日本日本破产法律制度以《日本破产法》为核心，分为破产清算和破产重整两种程序。

破产清算是指债务人无力偿还债务，法院指定清算人对其财产进行清算，偿还债权人；破产重整是指债务人具有重整可能性，法院指定管理人对其财产进行管理，以期恢复其偿债能力。

德国破产法全法条中文
德国破产法是指管理和解决企业破产问题的一套法律体系，旨在保护债权人的权益、维护经济秩序和社会稳定。

德国破产法总共有1175条法规，涉及破产程序、破产清算、破产债权人和债务人的权益等方面。

以下是其中一些主要的法规：
1.第一章：破产程序的目的和实施
包括破产程序的目标、程序的开启条件、法院的管辖权等内容。

2.第二章：破产申请及审查
包括破产申请的条件、申请的程序、法院对申请的审查等内容。

3.第三章：破产程序的开启和破产管理人的任命
包括法院对破产程序的开启、破产管理人的任命程序、破产管理人的职责等内容。

4.第四章：破产债权人会议
包括破产债权人会议的组织、召开和决议的程序等内容。

5.第五章：破产清算
包括债务人财产的清算、清算程序的进行、清算费用的支付等内容。

6.第六章：债权计算和债权债务的确定
包括债权债务的申报和认可、债务人的财产清算等内容。

7.第七章：破产诉讼
包括债权和债务纠纷的诉讼程序、债务人的财产保全等内容。

8.第八章：破产权益的掩盖
包括破产权益的限制、债务人的保护等内容。

9.第九章：破产和破产程序的后果
包括破产程序的终结、破产从业人员的责任等内容。

总的来说，德国破产法的目标是保护债权人的权益，同时促进债务人的破产重整和再生。

该法律体系着重于破产程序的透明、公正和高效，确保所有相关利益方的利益得到公正的处理。

这有助于保护经济秩序的稳定发展和社会的和谐稳定。

请注意，上述只是德国破产法的概览，详细的法规内容需要参考正式的法律文件。

德国破产法中文版摘要：I.引言- 介绍德国破产法的背景和重要性II.德国破产法的定义和适用范围- 破产法的定义- 破产法的适用范围III.破产程序的启动- 破产申请的提出- 破产法院的审查和受理IV.破产管理人和破产财产- 破产管理人的任命和职责- 破产财产的定义和范围V.破产债权人会议- 债权人会议的召集和决策- 债权人会议的权利和义务VI.破产财产的分配- 破产财产分配的原则和顺序- 债权人的清偿比例和方式VII.破产程序的终结- 破产程序终结的条件和程序- 破产程序终结后的法律后果VIII.德国破产法与其他国家破产法的比较- 德国破产法与其他国家破产法的异同- 德国破产法在国际上的影响和地位正文：德国破产法是一部关于债务人破产的法律规定，旨在保护债权人的合法权益，促进市场经济的稳定和发展。

本文将对德国破产法的定义、适用范围、破产程序的启动、破产管理人和破产财产、破产债权人会议、破产财产的分配以及破产程序的终结等方面进行详细阐述。

首先，德国破产法定义了破产的概念，即当债务人无法偿还到期债务时，法院可以根据债权人或债务人的申请启动破产程序。

破产法的适用范围包括自然人、法人和其他组织，不仅适用于公司企业，也适用于个人。

其次，破产程序的启动需要提出破产申请。

一般情况下，破产申请可以由债权人或债务人提出。

破产法院在收到破产申请后，会对申请进行审查，如果符合破产条件，法院将受理破产申请并启动破产程序。

在破产程序中，破产管理人扮演着重要角色。

破产管理人的职责包括接管破产财产、调查债务人的财产状况、制定破产财产分配方案等。

破产财产是破产程序的核心，包括债务人的全部财产和权益。

此外，破产债权人会议是破产程序的重要组成部分。

债权人会议由破产管理人召集，旨在讨论和决定破产财产的分配问题。

债权人会议有权决定是否同意破产管理人的财产分配方案，以及是否申请法院对破产管理人的行为进行审查。

在破产程序中，破产财产的分配是关键环节。

德国破产法（英）Insolvency Statute (Insolvenzordnung, InsO)Promulgated on 5 October 1994, as last amended on 1 January 2002.Insolvency Statute - ContentsPart One: General Provisions1. Section 1: Objectives of the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 2: Jurisdiction of the Local Court as Insolvency Court3. Section 3: Local Jurisdiction4. Section 4: Applicability of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung)5. Section 4a: Deferment of the Cost of the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 4b: Repayment and Adjustment of the Deferred Amounts7. Section 4c: Rescission of Deferment8. Section 4d: Legal recourse9. Section 5: Principles of the Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 6: Immediate Appeal11. Section 7: Appeal on Points of Law12. Section 8: Service13. Section 9: Publication14. Section 10: Hearing of the DebtorPart Two: Opening of Insolvency Proceedings. Involved Assets and PartiesChapter One: Prerequisites of Opening and Opening Proceedings1. Section 11: Admissibility of Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 12: Corporations under Public Law3. Section 13: Request to Open Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 14: Request by the Creditor5. Section 15: Entitlement to Request the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings for Assets Owned by Corporations and for the Assets Owned by Companies without Legal Personality6. Section 16: Reason to Open Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 17: Illiquidity8. Section 18: Imminent Illiquidity9. Section 19: Overindebtedness10. Section 20: Obligation of Disclosure During the Opening Proceeding, Reference to Discharge of Residual Debt11. Section 21: Decisions Ordering Arrestment12. Section 22: Legal Status of the Temporary Insolvency Administrator13. Section 23: Publication of Restriction on Property Transfers14. Section 24: Effects of Restrictions on Property Transfers15. Section 25: Repeal of Measures of Arrestment16. Section 26: Refusal for Lacking Assets17. Section 27: Order Opening the Insolvency Proceedings18. Section 28: Requirements Incumbent on the Creditors and Debtors19. Section 29: Docketing of Meetings20. Section 30: Publication of the Order Opening the Insolvency Proceedings.21. Section 31: Commercial Register, Register of Cooperatives and Register of Associations22. Section 32: Land Register23. Section 33: Ship/Aircraft Register24. Section 34: AppealChapter Two: Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings. Classification of Creditors1. Section 35: Definition of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 36: Objects not Subject to Attachment3. Section 37: Joint Marital Property of a Community4. Section 38: Definition of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 39: Lower ranking Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 40: Claims to Maintenance7. Section 41: Immature Claims8. Section 42: Claims Subject to a Resolutory Condition9. Section 43: Liability Incumbent on Several Persons10. Section 44: Rights of Obligors Liable Jointly and Severally and of Guarantors11. Section 45: Conversion of Claims12. Section 46: Recurring Payments13. Section 47: Right to Separation14. Section 48: Right to Separation Extending to the Consideration Received as a Substitute for the Object of Separation15. Section 49: Separate Satisfaction from Immovables16. Section 50: Separate Satisfaction of Pledgees17. Section 51: Other creditors with a Claim to Separate Satisfaction18. Section 52: Elimination of Creditors with a Right to Separate Satisfaction19. Section 53: Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings20. Section 54: Costs of the Insolvency Proceedings21. Section 55: Other Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsChapter Three: Insolvency Administrator Bodies Representing the Creditors1. Section 56: Designation of an Insolvency Administrator2. Section 57: Election of a Different Insolvency Administrator3. Section 58: Supervision by the Insolvency Court4. Section 59: Dismissal of the Insolvency Administrator5. Section 60: Liability of the Insolvency Administrator6. Section 61: Nonperformance of Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 62: Period of Limitation8. Section 63: Remuneration of the Insolvency Administrator9. Section 64: Determination by the Insolvency Court10. Section 65: Empowerment to issue an Order11. Section 66: Rendering of Accounts12. Section 67: Establishment of the Creditors' Committee13. Section 68: Election of Different Members14. Section 69: Duties Incumbent on the Creditors' Committee15. Section 70: Dismissal16. Section 71: Liability of the Members of the Creditors' Committee17. Section 72: Decisions of the Creditors' Committee18. Section 73: Remuneration of the Members of the Creditors' Committee19. Section 74: Convening the Creditors' Assembly20. Section 75: Request to Convene a Creditors' Assembly21. Section 76: Decisions of the Creditors' Assembly22. Section 77: Determination of Voting Right23. Section 78: Repeal of a Decision taken by the Creditors' Assembly24. Section 79: Information to the Creditors' AssemblyPart Three: Effects of the Opening of Insolvency ProceedingsChapter One: General Effects1. Section 80: Right to Manage and Transfer the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings Vested in the Insolvency Administrator2. Section 81: Transfers of Property by the Debtor3. Section 82: Performance in Favour of the Debtor4. Section 83: Decedent's Estate. Continued Community5. Section 84: Liquidation of a Company or a Community6. Section 85: Joinder of Pending Actions as Plaintiff7. Section 86: Joinder of Certain Pending Actions as Defendant8. Section 87: Claims Held by the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings9. Section 88: Execution prior to the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 89: Prohibition of Execution11. Section 90: Prohibition of Execution under Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 91: Exclusion of other Acquisition of Rights13. Section 92: General Damage14. Section 93: Unlimited Liability of Partners15. Section 94: Preservation of the Right to Set Off a Claim16. Section 95: Acquisition of the Right to Set Off a Claim During the Proceedings17. Section 96: Prohibition of Set-Off18. Section 97: The Debtor's Obligation to Disclosure and Cooperation19. Section 98: Imposition of the Duties of the Debtor20. Section 99: Interception of the Debtor's Mail21. Section 100: Maintenance Payments using the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings22. Section 101: Members of the Body Representing the Debtor. Employees23. Section 102: Restriction of a Basic RightChapter Two: Performance of Transactions. Cooperation of the Works Council1. Section 103: Option to be Exercised by the Insolvency Administrator2. Section 104: Fixed-date Transactions. Financial Futures3. Section 105: Severable Contracts4. Section 106: Priority Notice5. Section 107: Retention of Title6. Section 108: Continuity of Severable Contracts7. Section 109: Debtor's Status as Tenant or Lessee8. Section 110: Debtor's Status as Landlord or Lessor9. Section 111: Sale of Property Let by the Debtor10. Section 112: Prohibition to Terminate Tenancy or Lease Contracts11. Section 113: Termination of a Service contract12. Section 114: Emoluments from a Service contract13. Section 115: Expiry of Mandates14. Section 116: Expiry of Management Contracts15. Section 117: Expiry of Proxies16. Section 118: Liquidation of Companies17. Section 119: Invalidity of Agreements Derogating from the Foregoing Provisions18. Section 120: Termination of Plant Agreements19. Section 121: Plant Modifications and Conciliatory Proceeding20. Section 122: Judicial Approval of a Plant Modification21. Section 123: Scope of the Social Plan22. Section 124: Social Plan Established prior to the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings23. Section 125: Reconciliation of Interests and Dismissals Protection24. Section 126: Judicial Orders Deciding on Dismissal Protection25. Section 127: Action brought by the Employee26. Section 128: Sale of PlantChapter Three: Contest of the Debtor's Transactions in Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 129: Policy2. Section 130: Congruent Coverage3. Section 131: Incongruent Coverage4. Section 132: Transactions Immediately Disadvantaging the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 133: Wilful Disadvantage6. Section 134: Gratuitous Benefit7. Section 135: Loans Replacing Equity Capital8. Section 136: Silent Partnership9. Section 137: Payments on Bills of Exchange and Cheques10. Section 138: Persons with a Close Relationship to the Debtor11. Section 139: Calculation of Time Periods prior to the Request to Open Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 140: Date of Performance of Transaction13. Section 141: Executable Deed14. Section 142: Cash Transactions15. Section 143: Legal Consequences16. Section 144: Claims of the Party to the Contested Transaction17. Section 145: Transactions Contested and Enforced against Legal Successors18. Section 146: Limitation of the Right to Contest19. Section 147: Transactions carried out subsequent to the Opening of Insolvency ProceedingsPart Four: Management and Disposition of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsChapter One: Arrestment of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 148: Transfer of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 149: Objects of Value3. Section 150: Sealing4. Section 151: Record of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 152: Record of Creditors6. Section 153: Survey of Property7. Section 154: Deposit with the Registry of the Insolvency Court8. Section 155: Accounting under Commercial and Fiscal LawsChapter Two: Decision on Disposition1. Section 156: Report Meeting2. Section 157: Decision on the Further Proceedings3. Section 158: Measures taken prior to the Decision4. Section 159: Disposition of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings5. Section 160: Transactions of Particular Importance6. Section 161: Provisional Prohibition of the Transaction7. Section 162: Sale of Plant to Persons with Specific Interests8. Section 163: Sale of Plant below Value9. Section 164: Legal Validity of the TransactionChapter Three: Objects Subject to a Right to Separate Satisfaction1. Section 165: Disposition of Immovables2. Section 166: Disposition of Movables3. Section 167: Notification of the Creditor4. Section 168: Notification of Envisaged Sale5. Section 169: Protection of the Creditor Against Delayed Disposition6. Section 170: Distribution of Proceeds7. Section 171: Calculation of the Contribution to Costs8. Section 172: Other Use of Movables9. Section 173: Disposition by the CreditorPart Five: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings. Discontinuation of the proceedingsChapter One: Determination of Claims1. Section 174: Filing of Claims2. Section 175: Schedule3. Section 176: Proceedings of the Verification Meeting4. Section 177: Subsequent Filings5. Section 178: Prerequisites and Effects of Determination of Claims6. Section 179: Denied Claims7. Section 180: Competence for the Determination of Claims8. Section 181: Scope of Determination9. Section 182: Value of Action10. Section 183: Effect of the Decision11. Section 184: Action to Enforce a Claim Denied by the Debtor12. Section 185: Special Jurisdiction13. Section 186: Restitutio in IntegrumChapter Two: Distribution1. Section 187: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 188: Distribution Record3. Section 189: Consideration of Denied Claims4. Section 190: Consideration of Creditors with a Right to Separate Satisfaction5. Section 191: Consideration of Conditional Claims6. Section 192: Subsequent Consideration7. Section 193: Amendments to the Distribution Record8. Section 194: Objections to the Distribution Record9. Section 195: Determination of a Fraction10. Section 196: Final Distribution11. Section 197: Final Meeting12. Section 198: Deposit of Retained Funds13. Section 199: Surplus Resulting from Final Distribution14. Section 200: Termination of the Insolvency Proceedings15. Section 201: Rights of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings subsequent to Termination16. Section 202: Jurisdiction for Actions to Enable Execution17. Section 203: Judicial Order to Hold Delayed Distribution18. Section 204: Appeal19. Section 205: Implementation of a Delayed Distribution20. Section 206: Exclusion of the Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsChapter Three: Discontinuation of Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 207: Discontinuation for Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 208: Notification of Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings3. Section 209: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 210: Prohibition of Execution5. Section 211: Discontinuation upon Notification of Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings6. Section 212: Discontinuation for Subsequent Lack of Grounds to Open Insolvency Proceedings7. Section 213: Discontinuation with the Creditor's Consent8. Section 214: Discontinuation Procedure9. Section 215: Publication and Legal Effects of Discontinuation10. Section 216: AppealPart Six: Insolvency PlanChapter One: Establishment of the Plan1. Section 217: Policy2. Section 218: Submission of the Insolvency Plan3. Section 219: Breakdown of the Plan4. Section 220: Declaratory Part5. Section 221: Constructive Part6. Section 222: Formation of Groups7. Section 223: Rights of Creditors Entitled to Separate Satisfaction8. Section 224: Rights of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings9. Section 225: Rights of Lower-ranking Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings10. Section 226: Equal Treatment of Parties Involved11. Section 227: Debtor's Liability12. Section 228: Modification of Conditions under Property Law13. Section 229: Survey of Assets. Earnings and Finance Plan14. Section 230: Further Attachments15. Section 231: Refusal of the Plan16. Section 232: Comments on the Plan17. Section 233: Suspension of Disposition and Distribution18. Section 234: Laying Out of PlanChapter Two: Acceptance and Confirmation of the Plan1. Section 235: Discussion and Voting Meeting2. Section 236: Coincidence with the Verification Meeting3. Section 237: Voting Right of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 238: Voting Right of Creditors Entitled to Separate Satisfaction5. Section 239: Voting List6. Section 240: Modification of the Plan7. Section 241: Separate Voting Meeting8. Section 242: Voting in Writing9. Section 243: Voting by Groups10. Section 244: Necessary Majorities11. Section 245: Prohibition to Obstruct12. Section 246: Consent of Lower-ranking Creditors of the Insolvency proceedings13. Section 247: Debtor's Consent14. Section 248: Confirmation by the Court15. Section 249: Conditioned Plan16. Section 250: Contravention of procedural Provisions17. Section 251: Protection of Minorities18. Section 252: Publication of Decision19. Section 253: AppealChapter Three: Effects of the Confirmed Plan. Surveillance of Implementation of the Plan1. Section 254: General Effects of the Plan2. Section 255: Proviso of Revival3. Section 256: Denied Claims. Remaining Claims4. Section 257: Execution under the Plan5. Section 258: Termination of the Insolvency proceedings6. Section 259: Effects of Termination7. Section 260: Surveillance of Implementation of the Plan8. Section 261: Tasks and Rights of the Insolvency Administrator9. Section 262: Obligation to Disclosure incumbent on the Insolvency Administrator10. Section 263: Transaction requiring Consent11. Section 264: Loan Ceiling12. Section 265: Lower-ranking Status of New Creditors13. Section 266: Consideration of Lower-ranking Status14. Section 267: Publication of Surveillance15. Section 268: Termination of Surveillance16. Section 269: Costs of SurveillancePart Seven: Personal Management1. Section 270: Prerequisites2. Section 271: Subsequent Order3. Section 272: Repeal of the Order4. Section 273: Publication5. Section 274: Legal Status of the Custodian6. Section 275: Consent of the Custodian7. Section 276: Consent of the Creditors' Committee8. Section 277: Ordering the Requirement of Consent9. Section 278: Funds for the Debtor's Livelihood10. Section 279: Mutual Contracts11. Section 280: Liability. Contest of the Debtor's Transactions in Insolvency Proceedings12. Section 281: Notification of Creditors13. Section 282: Disposition of Securities14. Section 283: Satisfaction of the Creditors of the Insolvency Proceedings15. Section 284: Insolvency Plan16. Section 285: Lacking Assets Involved in the Insolvency ProceedingsPart Eight: Discharge of Residual Debt1. Section 286: Policy2. Section 287: Debtor's Request3. Section 288: Right of Proposal4. Section 289: Decision by the Insolvency Court5. Section 290: Refusal of Discharge of Residual Debt6. Section 291: Notification of Discharge of Residual Debt7. Section 292: Legal Status of Trustee8. Section 293: Trustee's Remuneration9. Section 294: Equal Treatment of Creditors10. Section 295: Obligations of the Debtor11. Section 296: Contravention of Obligations12. Section 297: Insolvency Offences13. Section 298: Coverage of the Trustee's Minimum Remuneration14. Section 299: Expiry before Date15. Section 300: Decision on Discharge of Residual Debt16. Section 301: Effect of Discharge of Residual Debt17. Section 302: Excepted Claims18. Section 303: Retraction of Discharge of Residual DebtPart Nine: Consumer Insolvency Proceedings and other Minor ProceedingsChapter One: Scope of Application1. Section 304: PrincipleChapter Two: Plan for the Settlement of Debts1. Section 305: Debtor's Request to open Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 305: a Failure of Out-of-Court Debt Settlement3. Section 306: Suspension of Proceedings4. Section 307: Service on the Creditors5. Section 308: Acceptance of the Plan for the Settlement of Debts6. Section 309: Replacement of Approval7. Section 310: CostsChapter Three: Simplified Insolvency Proceedings1. Section 311: Initiation of the Proceedings concerning Opening of Insolvency Proceedings2. Section 312: General Procedural Simplifications3. Section 313: Trustees4. Section 314: Simplified DistributionPart Ten: Special Types of Insolvency ProceedingChapter One: Insolvency Proceeding of a Decedent's Estate1. Section 315: Local Jurisdiction2. Section 316: Admissibility of the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings3. Section 317: Persons Entitled to Request the Opening of Insolvency Proceedings4. Section 318: Entitlement to Make the Request for the Joint Marital Property5. Section 319: Request Deadline6. Section 320: Reasons for Opening7. Section 321: Execution following Succession8. Section 322: Contestable Transactions on the Part of' the Heir9. Section 323: The Heir's Expenses10. Section 324: Debts incumbent on the Assets Involved in the Insolvency Proceedings11. Section 325: Obligations incumbent on the Estate12. Section 326: The Heirs' Claims13. Section 327: Lower-ranking Obligations14. Section 328: Restituted Objects15. Section 329: Revisionary Succession16. Section 330: Purchase of a Decedent's Estate17. Section 331: Simultaneous Insolvency of the HeirChapter Two: Insolvency Proceedings relating to the Joint Marital Property with Continued Community1. Section 332: Transfer to Insolvency Proceedings opened for an EstateChapter Three: Insolvency Proceedings relating to the Jointly Administered Joint Marital Property of a Community1. Section 333: Right to file a Request. Grounds for Opening Proceedings2. Section 334: Personal Liability of the SpousesPart Eleven: Entering into Force1. Section 335: Referral to Introductory ActInsolvency Statute (Insolvenzordnung, InsO)Part One: General ProvisionsSection 1: Objectives of the Insolvency ProceedingsThe insolvency proceedings shall serve the purpose of collective satisfaction of a debtor's creditors by liquidation of the debtor's assets and by distribution of the proceeds, or by reaching an arrangement in an insolvency plan, particularly in order to maintain the enterprise. Honest debtors shall be given the opportunity to achieve discharge of residual debt.Section 2: Jurisdiction of the Local Court as Insolvency Court(1) The Local Court in whose district a Regional Court is located shall have exclusive jurisdiction for insolvency proceedings as the insolvency court for the district of such Regional Court.(2) The governments of the L?nder shall be empowered to designate other or additional Local Courts as insolvency courts by means of a legal ordinance for the purposes of expedient furtherance or expedited conduct of proceedings, and to determine different districts of insolvency courts. The governments of the L?nder may delegate such power to the judicial administrations of the L?nder.Section 3: Local Jurisdiction(1) The insolvency court in whose district the debtor has his usual venue shall have exclusive local jurisdiction. If the centre of the debtor's self-employed business activity is located elsewhere, the insolvency court in whose district such place is located shall have exclusive jurisdiction.(2) If several courts have jurisdiction, the court first requested to open the insolvency proceedings shall exclude any other jurisdiction.Section 4: Applicability of the Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung)Unless this statute provides otherwise the provisions contained in the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply to the insolvency proceedings mutatis mutandis.Section 4a: Deferment of the Costs of the Insolvency Proceedings(1) If the debtor is an individual and if he has made a request for discharge of residual debt, the cost of the insolvency proceedings shall be deferred on request until such time as discharge of residual debt is awarded, insofar as his assets are likely not to be sufficient to cover these costs. Deferment in accordance with the first sentence shall also cover the costs of the proceedings regarding the plan for the settlement of debts and the proceedings for discharge of residual debt. The debtor shall enclose with the request a declaration as to whether one of the grounds for refusal contained in section 290 subs. 1 Nos. 1 and 3 pertains. Deferment shall be ruled out if such a reason pertains.(2) If the cost of the proceedings are deferred to the debtor, on request a lawyer of his choice shall be appointed who is willing to represent him if representation by counsel appears to be necessary in spite of the duty of assistance incumbent on the court.Section 121 subs. 3 to 5 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.(3) The effect of deferment shall be as follows:1. the Federal or Land cash office may claima) court costs in arrears and those arising,b) the claims of the appointed lawyer which transfer to the cash office against the debtor only in accordance with the provisions made by the court;2. the appointed lawyer is unable to assert claims for fees against the debtor. Deferment shall be effected separately in respect of each stage of the proceedings. Until such time as a decision is made regarding deferment, the effects specified in the first sentence shall apply on an interim basis. Section 4b subs. 2 shall apply mutatis mutandis.Section 4b: Repayment and Adjustment of the Deferred Amounts(1) If the debtor is unable once discharge of residual debt has been awarded to pay the deferred amount from his income and his assets, the court may extend deferment and set the monthly instalments to be paid. Section 115 subs. 1 and 2, as well as section 120 subs. 2, ofthe Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis.(2) The court may alter the ruling regarding the deferment and the monthly instalments at any time insofar as any personal or economic circumstances relevant to the deferment have undergone major changes. The debtor shall be obliged to report to the court a major change in these circumstances without delay. Section 120 subs. 4 first and second sentences of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis. A change placing the debtor at a disadvantage shall be ruled out if four years have passed since termination of the proceedings.Section 4c: Rescission of DefermentThe court may rescind deferment if1. the debtor intentionally or with gross negligence has provided incorrect information regarding circumstances relevant to the opening of the insolvency proceedings or to the deferment, or has not submitted a declaration required by the court regarding his circumstances;2. the personal or economic preconditions for deferment did not apply; in such a case, rescission shall be ruled out if four years have passed since termination of the proceedings;3. the debtor is more than three months in arrears in respect of payment of a monthly instalment or of the payment of another amount and such arrears are his fault;4. the debtor is not in suitable gainful employment and, if he is unemployed, is not looking for employment or rejects acceptable employment; section 296 subs. 2 second and third sentences shall apply mutatis mutandis;5. discharge of residual debt is refused or revoked.Section 4d: Legal recourse(1) Immediate complaint shall be available to the debtor against refusal to defer or rescission of deferment, as well as against refusal to appoint a lawyer.(2) If deferment is approved, the state cash office shall be entitled to file an immediate complaint. The latter may only be based on the fact that deferment should have been rejected given the personal or economic circumstances of the debtor.Section 5: Principles of the Insolvency Proceedings(1) The insolvency court shall investigate ex officio all circumstances relevant to insolvency proceedings. In particular, the court may hear witnesses and experts for this purpose.(2) The court may take decisions without an oral hearing. If an oral hearing takes place, section 227 subs. 3 first sentence of the Code of Civil Procedure shall not apply.(3) Tables and records may be prepared and processed using computer equipment. Section 6: Immediate Appeal(1) Decisions of the insolvency court may be only appealed if this statute provides for an immediate appeal.(2) The period within which an immediate appeal has to be brought shall begin on the day when the court promulgates its decision or when a decision is served on the parties if not promulgated.(3) The decision regarding the appeal shall only be effective when it becomes final. However, the court hearing the appeal may order immediate effectiveness of the decision.Section 7: Appeal on Points of LawAn appeal on points of law may lie against the decision on the immediate appeal.Section 8: Service(1) Documents shall be served ex officio. They may be served by mail. The documents to be served shall not require certification.(2) Service shall not be made to persons with unknown residence. If such persons have a representative empowered to receive any documents to be served, the documents shall be served on such representative.(3) The insolvency court may instruct the insolvency administrator to serve the documents. Section 9: Publication(1) Publication shall by made by notification in the gazette or in an electronic information and communication system intended for the court; such publication maybe restricted to excerpts. Documents to be published shall mention the debtor's particulars with special reference to his address and his branch of business. Such publication shall be deemed to have been effected。

德国破产法中文版摘要：一、德国破产法概述二、破产申请与受理三、破产程序中的债权人权益四、破产程序中的债务人权益五、破产法的改革与完善正文：一、德国破产法概述德国破产法，又称破产和解法（Insolvenzrecht），是德国法律体系中一项重要的法律制度。

其主要目的是对债务人陷入财务困境时，通过破产程序实现债务的公平清偿，保护债权人和社会整体利益。

同时，破产法还关注债务人的再生和重生，以维护市场经济秩序的稳定。

二、破产申请与受理在德国，破产申请可由债务人自行提出，也可由债权人提出。

破产申请需提交至破产法院，法院在收到申请后，将对债务人的财务状况进行审查。

若法院认定债务人确实无法清偿债务，将受理破产案件并指定破产管理人。

三、破产程序中的债权人权益在破产程序中，债权人享有以下权益：1.申报债权：债权人可通过破产管理人申报其对债务人的债权，并参加破产财产分配。

2.会议参与：债权人有权参加破产债权人会议，参与讨论破产财产分配方案和相关事项。

3.监督权：债权人可对破产管理人进行监督，确保其履行职责。

四、破产程序中的债务人权益在破产程序中，债务人享有以下权益：1.破产财产分配：债务人有权参与破产财产的分配，以清偿其债务。

2.继续经营：在破产程序中，债务人如有继续经营的可能，经破产法院批准，可暂时继续经营，直至破产程序结束。

3.保护个人隐私：债务人在破产程序中的个人信息受到法律保护，不得随意泄露。

五、破产法的改革与完善近年来，德国针对破产法进行了多次改革，旨在提高破产程序的效率，减轻债务人和债权人的负担。

改革措施包括：1.简化破产程序：缩短破产程序的周期，降低破产成本。

2.强化破产预防机制：加强对债务人的监控，提前发现财务风险，预防破产事件的发生。

3.促进债务重组：鼓励债务人和债权人通过协商达成债务重组协议，避免破产程序对双方造成损失。

总之，德国破产法为陷入财务困境的债务人和债权人提供了一种公平、高效的解决方案。

德国破产法中文版摘要：一、德国破产法的背景与概述1.德国破产法的历史发展2.德国破产法的主要目的二、破产程序的启动1.破产申请的提出2.破产法院的审查与受理3.破产程序的启动三、破产财产的管理与清算1.破产财产的管理2.破产财产的清算3.破产财产的分配四、破产债权的处理1.破产债权的确认2.破产债权的清偿顺序3.破产债权的清偿方式五、破产程序的终结1.破产程序终结的条件2.破产程序终结的后果3.破产程序的恢复六、德国破产法与其他国家破产法的比较1.德国破产法与我国破产法的异同2.德国破产法在国际上的影响正文：德国破产法是一部关于债务人破产清算的法律规范，旨在保护债务人的合法权益，同时兼顾债权人利益。

本文将对德国破产法的背景、破产程序的启动、破产财产的管理与清算、破产债权的处理以及破产程序的终结等方面进行详细阐述。

一、德国破产法的背景与概述德国破产法起源于罗马法，经过数百年的发展，现行的德国破产法主要遵循的是德国民法典的规定。

德国破产法的主要目的是通过破产程序，实现债务人的经济再生或者财产的公平分配，以保护债务人和债权人的合法权益。

二、破产程序的启动破产程序的启动需要满足一定条件，如债务人不能清偿到期债务、财产明显不足等。

破产申请可以由债务人、债权人或者破产管理人提出，破产法院在审查破产申请后，如认为符合破产条件，将受理破产申请并启动破产程序。

三、破产财产的管理与清算破产财产的管理与清算由破产管理人负责。

破产管理人在破产程序中，有权对债务人的财产进行接管、管理和变卖，以清偿债务。

破产财产的清算主要包括对破产财产的核实、估价、变现和分配等环节。

四、破产债权的处理破产债权的处理涉及债权的确认、清偿顺序和清偿方式等方面。

破产债权的确认是指破产法院对债权人的债权进行审查，确认其债权的真实性、合法性和有效性。

破产债权的清偿顺序一般按照债权的发生时间、性质等因素确定。

破产债权的清偿方式包括现金清偿、实物清偿、抵销等。