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Unit1Exercises(1)Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in the circuit the lower the Q and,accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance.对于串联谐振，电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低，相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。
2. A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as it does when itis not carrying a current.一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。
3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulse repetition rate, or directly enter anew value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged.在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率，或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值，而保持脉冲宽度不变。
4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage of charged particles in a gas, in avacuum, or in a semiconductor. Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics.电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。
Unit 5 多址技术Unit 5-1第一部分：多址技术：频分多址、时分多址、码分多址多址方案用于使许多用户同时使用同一个固定带宽的无线电频谱。
在任何无线电系统中分配的带宽总是有限的。
移动电话系统的典型总带宽是50MHz ，它被分成两半用以提供系统的前向和反向连接。
任何无线网络为了提高用户容量都需要共享频谱。
频分多址（FDMA ）、时分多址（TDMA ）、码分多址（CDMA ）是无线系统中由众多用户共享可用带宽的三种主要方法。
这些方法又有许多扩展和混合技术，例如正交频分复用（OFDM ），以及混合时分和频分多址系统。
不过要了解任何扩展技术首先要求对三种主要方法的理解。
频分多址在FDMA 中，可用带宽被分为许多个较窄的频带。
每一用户被分配一个独特的频带用于发送和接收。
在一次通话中其他用户不能使用同一频带。
每个用户分配到一个由基站到移动电话的前向信道以及一个返回基站的反向信道，每个信道都是一个单向连接。
在每个信道中传输信号是连续的，以便进行模拟通信。
FDMA 信道的带宽一般较小（30kHz ），每个信道只支持一个用户。
FDMA 作为大多数多信道系统的一部分用于初步分割分配到的宽频带。
将可用带宽分配给几个信道的情况见图5.1和图5.2。
时分多址TDMA 将可用频谱分成多个时隙，通过分配给每一个用户一个时隙以便在其中发送或接收。
图5.3显示如何以一种循环复用的方式把时隙分配给用户，每个用户每帧分得一个时隙。
TDMA 以缓冲和爆发方式发送数据。
因此每个信道的发射是不连续的。
待发送的输入数据在前一帧期间被缓存，在分配给该信道的时隙中以较高速率爆发式发送出去。
TDMA 不能直接传送模拟信号因为它需要使用缓冲，因而只能用于传输数字形式的数据。
由于通常发送速率很高，TDMA 会受到多径效应的影响。
这导致多径信号引起码间干扰。
TDMA 一般与FDMA 结合使用，将可用的全部带宽划分为若干信道。
这是为了减少每个信道上的用户数以便使用较低的数据速率。
存储器是计算机存储程序和数据的一部分。
专业术语“memory”经常指的是位于计算机内部的存储。
它也被称为实际存储器或主存储器，并且表现为大量的KB。
每一KB相当于1024字节，并且每一字节相当于8比特。
主存储器的主要功能是作为CPU和计算机系统其他组件的媒介。
它类似一个桌面，你可以把干活急需的东西放在上面。
CPU只使用存储在主存储器的软件指令和数据。
正如你所知道的，主存储器是一个随机存储器，或者称为RAM。
这命名鉴于这么一个事实——数据在电子主芯片中可以随意存放和恢复，而且不管数据在何处，存放和恢复的时间差不多是相同的。
主存储器是一个电子设备生产的不稳定的状态。
当电脑关机了，主存储器就清空了；当打开时，主存储器能够接收和保留一份软件指令和所需处理的数据。
由于主存储器是一种波动形式，它取决于电源并且电源也可能在处理过程中断电，用户通常将他们的工作保存到永久性存储设备，如磁盘或硬盘。
通常来说，主存储器主要是用于如下几个目的：Storage of a copy of the main software program that controls the general operation of the computer（储存一份用于控制计算机一般操作的主要的软件程序）。
当计算机打开时，这份拷贝被加载到主存储器中，并且它一直在那里只要计算机打开。
临时存储的应用程序指令由CPU检索用于解释和执行t emporary storage of data that has been input from the keyboard or other input device until instructions call for the data to be transferred into the CPU for processing（临时存储的数据已经从键盘或其他输入设备输入，直到指令调用的数据被转移到CPU迚行处理）t emporary storage of data that has been produced as a result of process until instructions call for the data to be used again in subsequent process or to be transferred to an output device such as the screen,a printer,or a disk storage device（由于处理的结果，临时存储的数据已经产生了，在接下来的迚程或将被转移到一个输出设备例如显示器，打印机，或者一块磁盘存储设备，直到指令调用数据将再次被使用）几种半导体存储器芯片被用于主存储器中。
1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。
4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。
5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。
1.As data networks advanced…also grew more complex.由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展, 执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。
2.An additional bit called a parity bit…during transmission.在每个字符的后面有时还包括一个称为奇偶校验位的附加位, 它们测试数据位在传输过程中是否被意外改变。
3.As already stated, with…downlink（FDD paired bands）.如前所述, 在非对称通信量应用中, TD-SCDMA利用可用频谱的效率比其他3G标准高, 因为它在只利用一个频带（TDD单一频带）而不是两个独立的频带（FDD成对频带）进行上行与下行通信。
4.Although often simpler to implement, …digital modulation.虽然光纤系统的模拟调制易于实现, 但其效率较低, 且要求在接收端有比数字调制高得多的信噪比。
5.At present, the bandwidth…electronics （）is possible.目前传输100km的几吉赫兹的调制信号和传输300km的几百兆赫兹的调制信号都是可能的, 因此光纤系统的可用带宽并没有得到充分利用。
6.Both TD-SCDMA deployments-TSD…unpaired bands awarded.TD-SCDMA的两种部署——TSM和TDDCLR的数据速率、频谱利用率、覆盖率、移动性和可靠性等性能是一样的, 并基本上为所有取得非成对TDD频段牌照的运营商所采用。
7.Crossbar sw itching was carried…selection for all calls.纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制, 标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。
1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scannedin the desired sequence．电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。
2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。
这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。
3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency．渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。
电子信息工程专业英语Part 1第一课关于电子技术一、课文习题参考答案Ⅰ. （1）alternating current circuits （2） semiconductor diodes（3） passive component（4） the combinatorylogic electric circuit（5） rectification（6） Laplace transform（7） inductor（8） Fourier series andFourier transformⅡ.（1）控制理论（2）场效应管三极管（3）布尔代数（4）稳压（5）相关性和功率谱密度（6）滤波器类型（7）模/数转换器（8）时序逻辑电路的分析与综合Ⅲ.(1)Electronics is a part of the largerfield of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics.Modern advances in the field of computer,control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The field of electronics includes the electron tube,transistor, integrated circuit and so on.(2) Direct current circuits & Alternating current circuits,Analog electronics,Digital electronics,signal and systems,Circuit theory and design, Control theory, Microcontroller systems,Computer programming for engineering applications.(3) This curriculum mainly introduces the characteristics of semiconductor devices in linear application scope.The content involved in semiconductor diodes (PN junction diodes, special purpose diodes), transistors (field effects and bipolar transistors), signal amplifiers, practical amplifiers, biasing circuits, operational amplifiers circuit and other circuits (rectification, regulation and DC power supplies).(4) This partial studies take the basic electric circuit theory and the operational amplifier knowledge as the foundation. The main study goal is to enhance understanding of the electric circuit theory. Its main contentincludes the elementary theory in circuit theory (network functions, characteristic frequencies), types of filter (lowpass,bandpass), review of operational amplifiers (design of first and second order using operational amplifiers, cascade design), filter characteristics(Butterworth, Chebyshev, frequency transformations in design, sensitivity design of passive LC ladder filters and a brief introduction to switched capacitor filters).(5) Perfect.二、参考译文电子学的发展电子学是电学的一部分。
Unit3 computer architecture and microprocessors3--1 Computer Architecture1) Computer architecture , in computer science , is a general term referring to the structure of all or part of computer system . The term also covers the design of system software , such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer) , as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network . Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional . Thus , computer architecture covers computer systems , microprocessors , circuits , and system programs . Typically the term does not refer to application programs , such as spreadsheets or word processing , which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run .2)1.Design Elements3) In designing a computer system , architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware : the arithmetic /logic unit , control unit , memory , input , and output . The arithmetic /logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values . The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions andtransforming them into electrical signals that the computer 's circuitry can understand . The combination of the arithmetic /logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU) . The memory stores instructions and data . The input input and output sections allow the computer to receive and send data , respectively .4) Different hardware architectures are required because of the specialized needs of systems and users . One user may need a system to display graphics extremely fast , while another system may have to be optimized for searching a database or conserving battery power in a laptop computer .5) In addition to the hardware design , the architects must consider what software programs will operate the system . Software , such as programming languages and operating systems , makes the details of the hardware architecture invisible to the user . For example , computers that use the C programming language or a UNIT operating system may appear the same from the user's viewpoint , although they use different hardware architectures .6)2.Processing Architecture7) When a computer carries out an instruction , it proceeds through five steps . First ,the control unit retrieves theinstruction from memory , for example , an instruction to add two numbers . Second , the control unit decodes the instruction into electronic signals that control the computer . Third , the control unit fetches the data (the two numbers) . Fourth , the arithmetic/logic unit performs the specific operation ( the addition of the two numbers ) . Fifth , the control unit saves the result ( the sum of the two numbers ) .8) Early computers used only simple instructions because the cost of electronic capable of carrying out complex instructions was high . As this cost decreased in the 1960s , more complicated instructions became possible . Complex instructions ( single instructions that specify multiple operations ) can save time because they make it unnecessary for the computer to retrieve additional instructions . For example , if seven operations are combined in one instruction , then six of the steps that fetch instructions are eliminated and the computer spends less time processing that operation . Computers that combine several instructions into a single operation are called complex instruction set computers ( CISC ) .9) However , most programs do not often use complexinstructions , but consist mostly of simple instructions . When these simple instructions are run on CISC architectures , they slow down processing because each instruction--whether simple or complex --takes longer to decode in a CISC design . An alternative strategy is to return to designs that use only simple , single--operation instruction sets and make the most frequently used operations faster in order to increase overall performance . Computers that follow this design are called reduced instruction set computers ( RISC ) .10) RISC designs are especially fast at the numerical computations required in science , graphics , and engineering applications . CISC designs are commonly used for non-numerical computations because they provide special instruction sets for handling character data , such as text in a word processing program . Specialized CISC architectures , called digital signal processors , exist to accelerate processing of digitized audio and video signals .11)3.Open and Closed Architectures12) The CPU of a computer is connected to memory and to the outside world by means of either an open or a closed architecture . An open architecture can be expanded after the system has been built , usually by adding extra circuitry ,such as a new microprocessor computer chip connected to the main system . The specifications of the circuitry are made public , allowing other companies to manufacture these expansion products .13) Closed architectures are usually employed in specialized computers that will not require expansion , for example , computers that control microwave ovens . Some computer manufacturers have used closed architectures so that their customers can purchase expansion circuitry only from them . This allows the manufacture to charge more and reduces the options for the consumer .14)work Architecture15) Computers communicate with other computers via networks . The simplest network is a direct connection between two computers . However , computers can also be connected over large networks , allowing users to exchange data , communicate via electronic mail , and share resources such as printers .16) Computers can be connected in several ways . In a ring configuration , data are transmitted along the ring and each computer in the ring examines this data to determine if it is the intended recipient . If the data are not intended fora particular computer , the computer passes the data to the next computer in the ring . This process is repeated until the data arrive at their intended destination . A ring network allows multiple messages to be carried simultaneously , but since each message is checked by each computer , data transmission is slowed .17) In a bus configuration , computers are connected througha single set of wires , called a bus . One computer sends data to another by broadcasting the address of the receive and the data over the bus . All the computers in the network look at the address simultaneously , and the intended recipient accepts the data . A bus network , unlike a ring network , allows data to be sent directly from one computer to another . However , only one computer at a time can transmit data . The others must wait to send their messages .18) In a star configuration , computers are linked to a central computer called a hub . A computer sends the address of the receiver and the data to the hub , which then links the sending and receiving computers directly . A star network allows multiple messages to be sent simultaneously , but it is more costly because it uses an additional computer , the hub , to direct the data .19)5.Recent Advances20) One problem in computer architecture is caused by the difference between the speed of the CPU and the speed at which memory supplies instructions and data . Modern CPUs can process instructions in 3 nanoseconds ( 3 billionths of a second ) . A typical memory access , however , takes 100 nanoseconds and each instruction may require multiple accesses . To compensate for this disparity , new computer chips have been designed that contain small memories , called caches , located near the CPU . Because of their proximity to the CPU and their small size , caches can supply instructions and data faster than normal memory . Cache memory stores the most frequently used instructions and data and can greatly increase efficiency .21) Although a large cache memory can hold more data , it also becomes slower .To compensate , computer architects employ designs with multiple caches . The design places the smallest and fastest cache nearest the CPU and locates a second large and slower cache farther away . This arrangement allows the CPU to operate on the most frequently accessed instructions and data at top speed and to slow down only slightly when accessing the secondary cache . Using separatecaches for instructions and data also allows the CPU to retrieve an instruction and data simultaneously .22) Anther strategy to increase speed and efficiency is the use of multiple arithmetic/logic units for simultaneous operations , called super scalar execution . In this design , instructions are acquired in groups . The control unit examines each group to see if it contains instructions that can be performed together . Some designs execute as many as six operations simultaneously . It is rare , however , to have this many instructions run together ,so on average the CPU does not achieve a six-fold increase in performance . 23) Multiple computers are sometimes combined into single systems called parallel processors . When a machine has more than one thousand arithmetic/logic units , it is said to be massively parallel . Such machines are used primarily for numerically intensive scientific and engineering computation .Parallel machines containing as many as sixteen thousand computers have been constructed .3-3 VLIW Microprocessors24) When Transmeta Corp. revealed its new Crusoe of processors last month ,experts weren’t surprised to learn that the chips are based on Very Long Instruction Word(VLIW)technology .VLIW has become the prevailing philosophy of microprocessor design , eclipsing older approaches such as RISC and complex instruction set computing(CISC) .25) All microprocessor designs seek better performance within the limitations of their contemporary technology. In the 70s of 20th century ,for example ,memory was measured in kilobytes and very expensive .CISC was the dominant approach because it conserved memory .26) In the CISC architecture . there can be hundreds of program instructions-simple commands that tell the system to add numbers, store values and display results. If all instructions were the same length , the simple ones would waste memory .Simple instructions require as little as 8 bits of storage space , while the most complex consume 120 bits .27) Variable-length instructions are more difficult for a chip to process, though, and the longer CISC instructions are especially complex. nonetheless ,to maintain software compatibility, modern chips such as Intel’s Pentium III and Advanced Micro Devices Inc.’s Athlon must still work with all troublesome CISC instructions that were designed in the 1980s , even though their original advantage-memory conservation-isn’t as important .28) In the 1980s , RAM chips got bigger and bigger in capacity while their prices dropped . The emphasis in CPU design shifted to relatively simple , fixed-length instructions , always 32 bits long .Although this wastes some memory by making programs bigger ,the instructions are easier and faster to execute .29) The simplicity of RISC also makes it easier to design superscalar processors-chips that can execute more than one instruction at a time .This is called instruction-level parallelism. Almost all modern RISC and CISC processors are superscalar. But achieving this capability introduced significant new levels of design complexity.30) VLIW chips can cost less , burn less power and achieve significantly higher performance than comparable RISC and CISC chips But there are always trade-offs. One is code expansion-programs grow larger , requiring more memory. Far more important , though , is that compilers must get smarter .A poor VLIW complier will have a much greater negative impact on performance than would a poor RISC or CISC compiler .31) VLIW isn’t a magic bullet , but it’s the new wave in microprocessor design .Within a few years , it’s certain that at least some of your software will be running on VLIW chips .单元3 电脑体系和微处理器3-1 电脑体系电脑体系，在电脑科技中，是一个依据整个或部分电脑结构的通用术语，这个术语也包含软件系统的设计，例如这个操作系统（控制电脑的程序），以及依据这个在电脑网络中连接主机的硬件和基本的软件的结合体。
1。
"In most cases, these signals originate as sensory data from the real world：seismic vibrations visual images， sound waves， etc。
DSP isthe mathematics，the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate these signals after they have been converted into a digital form.”在大多数情况下，这些信号来源于人对真实世界的感觉，比如地震的震动，视觉图像,声音波形等。
数字信号处理是一种数学工具,是一种用来处理那些将上述信号转换成数字形式后的信号的算法和技术.2.Fourier’s representation of functionsas a superposition of sines and cosines has become Ubiquitous for both the analytic and numerical solution of differential equations and for the analysis and treatment of communication signals 函数的傅里叶表示,即将函数表示成正弦和余弦信号的叠加，这种方法已经广泛用于微分方程的解析法和数值法求解过程以及通信信号的分析和处理。
3。
If f （t ） is a nonperiodic signal, the summation of the periodic functions ,such as sine and cosine, does not accurately represent the signal. You couldartificially extend thesignal to make it periodicbut it would requireadditional continuity at the endpoints . 如果f(t)是非周期信号，那么用周期函数例如正弦和余弦的和，并不能精确的表示该信号f(t).你可以人为的拓展这个信号使其具有周期性，但是这要求在端点处附加连续性4。
Unit 4 通信和信息论Unit 4-1第一部分：远程通信远程通信是远距离通信的信号传输，在现代，通常这个过程需要电子发射机发射电磁波，但是在早期远程通信包括使用烟火信号，鼓或旗语或日光仪。
今天，远程通信很普遍的，助推这一过程的设备如电视，无线电和电话在世界的许多地区都已很普遍。
还有连接这些设备的许多网络，包括计算机网络，公共电话网，无线电网和电视网络。
互联网上的计算机通信是众多通信的一个例子。
通信系统通常由通信工程师设计。
在这个领域中早期的发明家有Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi 和John Logie Baird。
通信在当今的世界经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用，通信产业的税收在世界总产值的比例已接近百分之三。
基本要素每个通信系统包括三个基本要素：采集信息并能将其转换为信号的发射机，传输信号的传输媒介，接收信号并能将其还原为有用信息的接收机。
考虑一个无线电广播的例子。
广播塔是发射机，收音机是接收机，传输媒介是自由空间。
通常通信系统都是双向的，一个设备既做发射机又做接收机，即收发器。
例如，移动手机就是一个收发器。
电话线上的通信称为点对点通信，因为只在一个发射机和一个接收机之间。
通过无线电广播的通信称为广播（一对多）通信，因为通信是在一个大功率的发射机和许多接收机之间。
模拟或数字信号可以是模拟的，也可以是数字的。
在模拟信号中，信号根据信息而连续变化。
在数字信号信息被编码为一组离散值（如，1和0）。
在传输过程中，模拟信号中的信息会因噪声而退化。
相反，只要噪声不超过一定的阈值，数字信号中的信息是不会丢失的。
这是数字信号相对于模拟信号一个关键的优点。
网络网络是由一个相互通信的发射机、接收机或收发机的集合。
数字网络由一个或多个路由器组成，路由器正确地将数据发送给用户。
模拟网路由一个或多个交换器组成，交换器在两个或多个用户间建立连接。
这两种网络都需要中继器，用于远距离传输时的放大或重建信号。
1.The use of vacuum tubes declined rapidly when a semiconductor device was invented that could perform many of the functions previously associated with vacuum tubes.发明了半导体器件后,真空二极管的使用呈迅速下降趋势,因为半导体器件具有真空管的许多功能.2.Silicon transistors began to replace germanium transistors in the late1950s,which made possible the next revolutionary step in electronics.硅晶体管于20世纪50年代末代替了锗晶体管,它为电子学带来了又一次的革命性进步.3.The commercial success of the integrated circuit industry was based on standard products representing digital logic families.集成电路工业的商业成就是在以数字逻辑家族为代表的标准产品的基础上取得成功的。
4.This curriculum includes the elementary theory of passive component(resistor,capacitor and inductor)and electrical networks which supplies power with a DC source,then an introduction to the effects of alternating voltage and current in passive electrical circuits is given.这门课程包括无源器件（电阻、电容和电感）的基本理论和用直流电源供电的电路网络，无源电路中的交流电流和交流电压的作用5.The content involved in semiconductor diodes(PN-junction diodes,special purpose diodes),transistors(field effects and bipolar transistors),signal amplifiers,practical amplifiers,biasing circuits,operational amplifiers circuits and other circuits(rectification,regulation and DC power supplies).内容包括二极管（半导体二极管、PN结二极管、特殊二极管）、三极管（场效应管三极管、晶体三极管）、信号放大电路、实际放大电路、偏置电路、运算放大器电路、其他电路（整流、稳压、直流电压源电路）。
6.Fourier series and Fourier transform(definition,properties,frequency response and analysis of linear time-invariant systems based on Fourier transform,sampling,correlation and power spectral density)傅立叶级数和傅立叶变换（定义、性质、频率响应和基于傅立叶变换的线性时不变系统的分析、采样、相关性和功率谱密度）7.Its main content includes the elementary theory in circuit theory(network functions,characteristic frequencies), types of filter(lowpass,bandpass,etc.),review of operational amplifiers(design of first and second order using operational amplifiers其主要内容有电路理论的基本理论（网络函数、特征频率）、滤波器类型（低通、带通滤波器）、运算放大器的讨论（用运算放大器设计的一级、二级滤波器8.This course includes the history of control,modeling of physical processes,design specifications in the time domain, design using the root locus,frequency response and an introduction to state space design for single-input single-output systems.本课程主要内容包括控制理论的历史、物理过程的模块化方法、时域系统的设计方法、用根轨迹法的设计方法、频率响应，以及单一输入/输出系统状态方程设计方法的介绍。
词组hitting the market风靡市场large-scale integration超大集成passive component无源器件combinatory logic electric circuit组合逻辑系统analysis and synthesis分析与综合succession logic electric circuit时序逻辑电路differentiation and integration时分和差分linear time-invariant systems线性时不变系统power spectral density功率普密度characteristic frequencies特征频率1.This is Ohm’s law and can be expressed as the formula:I=U/R.The resistor is generally a linear device and its characteristic forms a straight line when plotted on a graph.这就是欧姆定律,可以用公式表示成I=U/R.电阻器一般是线性器件,它的(伏安)特性曲线形成一条直线.2.One Ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.1Ω的定义是当加到导体上的电压为1V时,使导体的电流为1A时所需要的电阻值.3.Placed in parallel with a voltage source,they limit current to a device.In series with a voltage source they make up a voltage divider.电阻与电源并联连接,则电阻限定流入装置的电流.电阻与电源串联,则电阻便成为电压分压器.4.The fifth band,when present,indicates the failure rate(in percentage)per1000hours of service.This is sometimes called the reliability factors.第五条色带,当其出现,表示每使用1000小时的故障率(用百分比表示).它有时也被称为可靠性因子.5.If a condenser is connected to a battery,the electrons will flow out of the negative terminal of the battery and accumulate on the condenser plate connected to that side.如果电容器与电池相连,电子就会从电池的负极流出,并聚集在与之相连的电容器的金属板上6.The capacitance is directly proportional to the dielectric constant of the material and to the area of the plates and inversely to the distance of the plates.电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比，与平板间的距离成反比.7.An inductor tends to oppose a change in electrical current,it has no resistance to DC current but has an AC resistance to AC frequency and is given by the formula XL=2πfLL,with units of ohms.电感器有反抗电流变化的趋势。
对直流电而言，电感器是没有阻碍作用的，但对交流电来说，电感器有一个交流阻抗，称为感抗。
这个感抗与电感量和交流电的频率有关，用公式表示为XL=2πfLL，其单位为欧姆。
8.Ideally,the component should be removed from the circuit completely;but if this is inconvenient(at least until if proves necessary for removal),one or more leads should be disconnected and care taken to avoid current paths in neighboring components when testing.理想的方法是把该元件从线路中完整取出。
但如果不方便的话（至少要在判别需要去掉之前），应该断开一根或几根引线，应当避免在测试时邻近的元件之间有电流通路。
9.The reading given when the pointer stops moving is the insulation resistance,which is normally high if the capacitor is in good condition.指针停止转动时的读数就是电容器的绝缘电阻，假设电阻器没有毛病的话，绝缘电阻值通常很高。
