Genetic Algorithms

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John Henry Holland: Father of Genetic Algorithms
– John Henry Holland (born on 2 February 1929) is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor – Book ‘Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems’ (1975) – /wiki/Jo hn_Henry_Holland
– Mutation and crossover probabilities
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Mutation Operator
Mutation Probability
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f [x,ϖ (t )] = ∑ x j − ϖ 1 (t ) + ϖ 2 (t )
2 j =1
nx
[
]
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Conventional Optimization Algorithms
Gradient descent-based optimization methods
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Unconstrained Optimization
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பைடு நூலகம்
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Constrained Optimization
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’Peak’ Function
Peaks 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 y -3 -3 -2 x 0 -1 1 2 3
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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’The Origin of Species’ by Darwin [1859]
– Float (real-valued) encoding is also possible
2. Evaluate these chromosomes, and calculate their fitnesses (i.e., how good they are) – Based on criteria function (fitness function) 3. Create new chromosomes by using mutation and crossover operators on the existing chromosomes
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Dynamic Optimization
Dynamic optimization problems have objective functions that can change over time
ˆ ˆ ˆ θ k +1 = θ k − α k g (θ k ), k = 0,1,2,L,
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Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
Genetic Algorithms (GA) are optimization methods based on ideas of natural selection and evolutionary processes [Holland 75] GA’s unique characteristics
– Type I: Location of the optimum is subject to change – Type II: Location of the optimum remains the same, but its value changes – Type III: Both the location and value of the optimum change simultaneously
6. Repeat above steps until a pre-set criteria is met
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Roulette Selection Scheme
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Genetic Algorithms
Dr. Xiao-Zhi Gao Department of Electrical Engineering Helsinki University of Technology gao@cc.hut.fi
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We want to find an optimum given conflicting multi-objectives, for example:
– Minimize routing cost – Minimize routing length – Minimize congestion – Maximize utilization of physical infrastructure
Structure of Genetic Algorithms
Best Chromosomes
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An Example: Maximization of ’Peak’ Function Using GA
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Conflicting Multi-Objectives
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Multi-Objective Optimization
Background of Optimization
What is optimization?
– Optimizing value of an objective function over a number of variables while obeying a set of constraints – Optimizing can be either maximizing or minimizing – A set of constraints are often given – Number and type of variables
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Categories of Optimization Problems
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Optima of Optimization Problems
4. Evaluate new chromosomes, and calculate their fitnesses 5. Select the mostly fitted chromosomes using roulette selection scheme
– Retain size of population fixed – Better fitted chromosomes must have higher possibilities of survival – Chromosome with the best fitness is always kept
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Constrained Optimization
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Multi-Objective Optimization
Crossover Operator
One-Point Crossover
Two-Point Crossover
Crossover Probability
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Procedure of Genetic Algorithms
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