下载文档原格式
2.1诗歌（Practice1～Practice5）Practice1As fair art thou,my bonnie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still,my dear,Till a'the seas gang dry.Till a'the seas gang dry,my dear,And the rocks melt wi’the sun;And I will luve thee still,my dear,While the sands o’life shall run.【参考译文】我的好姑娘，你有多么美。
我的情也有多么深。
我将永远爱你，亲爱的，直到大海干枯水流尽。
直到大海干枯水流尽。
太阳把岩石烧作灰尘。
我也永远爱你，亲爱的。
只要我一息尚存。
Practice2The sea is calm tonight.The tide is full,the moon lies fairUpon the straits;on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone;the cliffs of England stand, Glimmering and vast,out in the tranquil bay. Come to the window,sweet is the night-air!Only,from the long line of sprayWhere the sea meets the moon-blanch’d land, Listen!You hear the grating roarOf pebbles which the waves draw back,and fling, At their return,up the high strand,Begin,and cease,and then again beginWith tremulous cadence slow,and bringThe eternal note of sadness in.【参考译文】今夜海上是风平浪静，潮水正满，月色皎皎临照着海峡；——法国海岸上，光明一现而不见了；英国的悬崖，闪亮而开阔，挺立在宁谧的海湾里。
2.1 多项选择◇文学传记类Passage 1 题材：文学传记类字数：548Two hundred years ago the English poet William Wordsworth wrote “I wander’d lonely as a cloud”, a poem that expresses a basic spirit of the early English Romanticism. It was Thursday, 15th April 1802, William and Dorothy Wordsworth, the poet’s devoted, journal-writing sister, were walking home to Dove Cottage in the Lake District. The wind was fierce, but the Wordsworth siblings were used to striding long distances in foul weather. They were in the woods close to the water side when they first clapped eyes on a field of daffodils “fluttering and dancing in the bre eze”.What makes this poem an example of Romantic thinking? It isn’t just that Wordsworth chooses to write about a natural scene: it is the way he describes the scene as if it had human emotions. For him, nature is not merely a neutral mixture of scenery, colours, plants, rocks, soil, water and air. It is a driving force that feels joy and sadness, shares human pain and even tries to educate us human beings by showing us the beauty of life.Wordsworth’s home, Dove Cottage, is now one of the most popular destinations in the Lake District. You can go on a tour of the garden which William planted with wild flowers and which survived in his back yard even after theydisappeared from the area. “He always said that if he hadn’t been a poet, he would have been a te rrific landscape gardener,” says Allan King of the Wordsworth Trust, the organization that looks after the cottage and gardens.The Lake District in the north west of England becomes particularly crowded during the summer months with tourists and ramblers eager to enjoy the region’s majestic valleys, hills and sparkling lakes. Wordsworth himself was far from keen on tourists, which was quite apparent. He wanted outsiders to admire the local sights he enjoyed so much, but was afraid the district might be “damaged” by too many visitors. He opposed the coming of the trains, and campaigned in the 1840s against a plan to link the towns in the area—Kendal, Windermere and Keswick—by rail.The place near Ullswater, where Wordsworth saw the daffodils, is at the southernmost end of the lake. The lake is wide and calm at this turning point. There’s a bay where the trees have had their soil eroded by lake water so that their roots are shockingly exposed. You walk along from tree to tree, hardly daring to breathe, because you are walking in the footprints of William and Dorothy from two centuries ago. The first clumps of daffodils appear, but they aren’t tall yellow trumpets proudly swaying in the breeze. They’re tiny wild daffodils, most of them still green and unopened, in clumps of six or seven. They’re grouped around individual trees rather than collecting together.But as you look north, from beside a huge ancient oak, you realize this is what delighted the Wordsworths: clump after clump of the things, spread out to left and right but coming together in your vision so that they form a beautiful, pale-yellowcarpet. What you’re seeing at last is nature transformed by human sight and imagination. For a second, you share that revelation of Dorothy and William Wordsworth’s,the glimpse of pantheism, the central mystery of English Romanticism.1. According to the article, Wordsworth’s poem ______.[A] started the Romantic movement[B] was based on actual experience[C] was written while he was visiting his sister[D] was written after he had been lonely2. What was Wordsworth’s attitude to nature?[A] He believed nature had a character of its own.[B] He felt nature was human.[C] He thought nature could talk to people.[D] He believed that we could influence nature.3. We are told that Dove Cottage ______.[A] has gardens designed by a landscape gardener[B] has very old plants in the garden[C] gets a lot of visitors[D] has a large back yard4. What does the writer suggest by the words “hardly daring to breathe” in line 4, paragraph 5?[A] You have to walk carefully here.[B] You can’t breathe because the atmosphere is suffocating.[C] You might feel excited to be in this place.[D] You must concentrate to stay on the footpath.5. What does the writer think of Wordsworth as a poet?[A] He believes that Wordsworth was an important figure in English culture.[B] He is critical of Wordsworth.[C] He believes Wordsworth was a sentimental person.[D] He disagrees with Wordsworth’s opinion about nature.【答案与解析】1. B 根据第一段大意，可知Wordsworth的诗是根据他和姐妹步行回家所看到的风景写成的。
2.4 小说类（Practice 46～Practice 56）Practice 46原来那黛玉虽则病势沉重，心里却还明白。
起先两个侍女说话时，他也模糊听见了一半句，却只作不知，也因实无精神答理。
及听了雪雁对待书说的话，才明白过前头的事情原是议而未成的。
又兼待书说是凤姐说的，老太太的主意，亲上作亲，又是园中住着的，非自己而谁?因此一想，阴极阳生，心神顿觉清爽许多。
……正是：心病终须心药治，解铃还是系铃人。
不言黛玉病渐减退。
且说雪雁紫鹃背地里都念佛。
雪雁向紫鹃说道：“亏他好了！只是病的奇怪，好的也奇怪。
”紫鹃道：“病的倒不怪，就只好的奇怪。
想来宝玉和姑娘必是姻缘。
人家说的‘好事多磨。
’又说道：‘是姻缘棒打不回。
’这么看起来，人心天意，他们两个竟是天配的了。
再者，你想那一年，我说了林姑娘要回南去，把宝玉没急死了，闹得家翻宅乱；如今一句话又把这一个弄的死去活来；可不说的‘三生石上’百年前结下的么?”说着，两个悄悄的抿着嘴笑了一回。
雪雁又道：“幸亏好了!咱们明儿再别说了，就是宝玉娶了别的人家儿的姑娘，我亲见他在那里结亲，我也再不露一句话了。
”紫鹃笑道：“这就是了。
”【参考译文】Now although Dai-yu’s condition was extremely grave, her power of reason was unimpaired. She was aware of Scribe’s arrival and vaguely heard the first words she exchanged with Snowgoose. She felt too exhausted to cope with a visitor,and so pretended to be asleep. But as the conversation progressed, it became clear to her that what she had taken to be a fact had never been more than a proposal. And then she heard Scribe repeat Xi-feng’s words, that Grandmother Jia intended to marry Bao-yu to one of his cousins, to one that lived in the Garden; and who could that be but herself? Just as at the winter solstice Yin gives birth to Yang, so now in her mind darkness gave way to light. She suddenly felt much clearer within herself. ...Truly:No remedy but loveCan make the lovesick well;Only the hand that tied the knotCan loose the tiger’s bell.After this Dai-yu’s condition continued to improve steadily, and Snowgoose and Nightingale offered many a secret prayer of thanks to the Lord Buddha. ‘Thank goodness she’s better!’ said Snowgoose to Nightingale. ‘But what an odd illness! And what an odd way to get better!’‘We know what caused it,’ said Nightingale. ‘It’s this sudden recovery that’s puzzling. I think Bao-yu and Miss Lin must be destined to be married after all. ‘The course of true love never did run smooth’, but‘Marriages made in heaven can never be broken’ either! You can tell they are destined to be together. That’s what they both want in their hearts, and that must be what Heaven has decreed for them. Remember what happened to Bao-yu last year, when I told him Miss Lin was going home to the South? He nearlydied of shock, and made the most terrible scene. And now that one remark of ours has nearly been the death of her. Theirs must be a bond from some previous life, made a century ago at the Rock of Rebirth!’ They exchanged a secret smile at this romantic theory, and Snowgoose exclaimed: ‘Thank goodness she’s bette r anyway! We must never mention it again! Even if Bao-yu were to marry another lady and I witnessed the wedding with my own eyes, I swear I wouldn’t breathe a word of it to anyone.’ Nightingale laughed. ‘Well said!’Practice 47且说黛玉那日弃舟登岸时，便有荣府打发轿子并拉行李车辆伺候。
2.3小说类（Practice26～Practice36）Practice26It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,with a crowd of real worshippers--those who come include the paralyzed,the crippled,the blind,the deformed,the dying,a terrible parade,a parade Mass proceeded.It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time,as all did,since I had voluntarily come:but for all the disapproving glances,I the stiff--necked Jew,would not kneel.I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh,the study hall supervisor,as I trudge in the snow on t he town square in the purple evening,having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.Perhaps in a larger city,the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery,and pass it off.Then the whole course of my life might have been different.【参考译文】我已经很久没有做过弥散。
2.7 文化类（Practice 74～Practice 82）Practice 74中国人对于和谐的理解来自于传统文化中的重要思想“和而不同一”。
“和而不同”可以理解为由《易经》为代表的“和生万物、同则不继”的中国传统思想方法，即在高扬个性的同时承认多样性的存在。
“和而不同”的思想深刻影响着中国文化思想发展的全过程，推动着中华文明可持续地向前发展。
由于中国处于地球上相对独立的地理位置——东面是澎湃的海洋，西南是茫茫森林与喜马拉雅山脉，西部及西北是方圆数万里的戈壁与沙漠，北面则是荒无人烟的西伯利亚冻土——这样的地理环境集中了多民族文化的存在，形成了有别于西方文化和印度文化的特色鲜明的中华文化。
这也是中华民族长期以来一直坚持“和而不同”的发展模式的原因之一。
【参考译文】Chinese people’s understanding of harmony comes from an important thought in traditional Chinese culture-“harmony in diversity”, which can be understood as a traditional Chinese thinking approach “Harmony grows everything while total sameness stops their development” represented by Book of Changes. While supporting individuality, it also admits diversity.The thought “harmony in diversity” has made a profound influence on the wholecourse of Chinese cultural and ideological development and has been promoting the sustained development of Chinese civilization. China is located in a relatively independent geographical area on the earth, with surging ocean in the east, vast forest and Himalaya Mountains in the southwest, tens of thousands of kilometers’Gobi and desert in the west and northwest and desolate Siberian permafrost in the north. Such surroundings helps the existence of multi-ethnic culture and forms highly featured Chinese culture distinguished from Western and Indian culture. This is one of the reasons why the Chinese nation has long been adhering to the growth mode of “harmony in diversity”.Practice 7518世纪法国思想家卢梭在写《社会契约论》的过程中曾经反复追问，人们怎样才能生活在一个有秩序的群体中，仍然“自由如初”？最终，他对这个问题的回答是“社会契约”。
第1章英汉翻译技巧指南英汉两种语言属不同语系，经过长期的历史演变构成了自己鲜明的特点。
因此，对比英汉两种语言的异同，从而掌握它们的特点，对做好英汉互译是十分重要的。
英汉翻译的翻译理论、方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。
在具体介绍英汉翻译技巧之前，本部分将对英汉两种语言进行宏观上的对比，以助于译者掌握两种语言的特点，并在翻译时自觉运用这些特点，译出更符合目标语的译文。
一、英语重结构，汉语重语义英语造句常用各种形式和手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显意。
句子以形寓意，以法摄神，因而严密规范，采用的是焦点句法。
与英语造句手段不同，汉语造句注重隐形连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形，注重意念连贯，不求结构齐整。
句子以意役形，以神统法，因而流泻铺排，采用的是散点句法。
汉语很少用甚至不用形式连接手段，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间。
英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，则要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式，这样才能使译文通顺、流畅。
二、英语是综合语，汉语是分析语英语是综合性语言，它主要通过本身的形态变化（如数、时、格等）来表达其语言意义。
如表示不同时态时，规则动词的过去式和过去分词，在动词原形后加-ed，不规则动词的过去式和过去分词都各有不同变化。
汉语是分析性语言，它的语法关系和句法关系主要不是通过词语本身来体现，而是通过虚词、词序等手段表示出来的。
比如，单看“工作”这个词，很难判断其词性，但如果说“努力工作（work hard），找工作（to find jobs）”，就很容易看出来了。
三、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。
例如：The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievement of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。
◆人物传记类Practice95（1）I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations,through which for the next seven years I was destined to journey.These examinations were a great trial to me.The subjects which were dearest to the examiners were almost invariably those I fancied least.I would have liked to have been examined in history,poetry and writing essays.The examiners, on the other hand,were partial to Latin and mathematics.And their will prevailed. Moreover,the questions which they asked on both these subjects were almost invariably those to which I was unable to suggest a satisfactory answer.I should have liked to be asked to say what I knew.They always tried to ask what I did not know.When I would have willingly displayed my knowledge,they sought to expose my ignorance.This sort of treatment had only one result:I did not do well in examinations.This was especially true of my Entrance Examination to Harrow.（2）The Headmaster,Dr Weldon,however,took a broadminded（宽宏大量的）view of my Latin prose:he showed discernment in judging my general ability.This was the more remarkable,because I was found unable to answer a single question in the Latin paper.I wrote my name at the top of the page.I wrote down the number of the question“I”.After much reflection I put a bracket round it thus“（I）”.But thereafter I could not think of anything connected with it that was either relevant ortrue.Incidentally there arrived from nowhere in particular a blot and several smudges（污迹）.I gazed for two whole hours at this sad spectacle and then merciful ushers collected my piece of foolscap with all the others and carried it up to the Headmaster’s table.（3）It was from these slender indications of scholarship that Dr.Weldon drew the conclusion that I was worthy to pass into Harrow.It is very much to his credit.It showed that he was a man capable of looking beneath the surface of things:a man not dependent upon paper manifestations.I have always had the greatest regard for him.In consequence of his decision,I was in due course placed in the third,or lowest,division of the Fourth,or bottom,Form.（4）The names of the new boys were printed in the School List in alphabetical order;and as my correct name, Spencer-Churchill,began with an“S”,I gained no more advantage from the alphabet than from the wider sphere of letters.I was in fact only two from the bottom of the whole school;and these two;I regret to say,disappeared almost immediately through illness or some other cause.The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton.At Eton the boys stand in a cluster and lift their hats when their names are called.At Harrow they file（排成纵列行进）past a Master in the school yard and answer one by one.My position was therefore revealed in its somewhat invidious humility.（5）It was the year1887,Lord Randolph Churchill had only just resigned his position as Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer（财政大臣）,and he still towered in the forefront of politics.In sequence,large numbers of visitors of bothsexes used to wait on the school steps,in order to see me march by;and I frequently heard the irreverent（无礼的）comment,“Why,he’s last of all!”【解析及译文】（1）【解析】本句中包含了“scarcely...when”的结构，表示“才…就”。
1.3 英译汉翻译技巧指南尤金·奈达将翻译的原则和标准概括为：“翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语，首先在语义上，其次在风格上再现原语的信息”。
英译汉的过程可分为理解和表达两个阶段。
要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。
首先是英文理解难，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却极为别扭。
二是中文表达难，英译汉有时很难找到一个合适的对等词汇。
另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的文章，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免会出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。
正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概括和总结，以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。
本部分内容分别从词、句、篇章三个层次介绍英译汉方面的相关技巧。
一、词的翻译翻译离不开词，而英语和汉语在词的构成，意义，词性，词序等方面都有很大的不同。
正因为英汉词汇之间有很多差异，因此词汇翻译不可能达到一一对应的程度，以一个汉语词套用一个英语词，而是要掌握一定的词汇翻译技巧。
本书总结出在英译汉的过程中几大主要关于词的翻译技巧：语义确定、词类转化法、增减法、反译法、分译法、释义法。
(一) 语义确定在进行英译汉时，同样一个简单的字或词语，在不同的上下文中，就可能含有不同的意义。
这就需要译者依靠具体的上下文来判断某一个字或词语的意义。
词义的确定一般要经过两个必不可少的步骤：一是正确理解；二是确切表达。
1. 理解中的选义在英语词汇里，有些词语义丰富，释义繁多，给词义的确定带来不便。
除此以外，还有不少词语搭配中的虚实两用，也就是一个词的原义，或者是实义，以及它的引申义，或者是虚义一起使用。
这都给翻译工作带来很大难度。
◆环保类中国作为负责任的发展中国家，高度重视环境保护和全球气候变化。
中国正在积极调整经济结构和能源结构，全面推进能源节约，重点预防和治理环境污染的突出问题，有效控制污染物排放，促进能源与环境协调发展。
中国加快转变经济发展方式，积极发挥能源节约和优化能源结构在减缓气候变化中的作用，努力降低化石能源消耗。
大力发展循环经济，促进资源的综合利用，提高能源利用效率，减少温室气体排放。
依靠科学技术进步，不断提高应对气候变化的能力，为保护地球环境作出积极贡献。
【参考译文】As a responsible developing country,China attaches great importance to environmental protection and prevention of global climate change.The country is actively adjusting its economic and energy structures,comprehensively advancing energy saving,emphatically preventing and controlling the pressing problems of environmental pollution,and effectively controlling emissions of pollutants to facilitate coordinated development between energy and the environment.China is expediting the transformation of its economic development mode,giving full play to the role of energy saving and optimization of energy structure in slowing climate change,and endeavoring to cut fossil energy consumption.It is vigorously developing a circular economy,fostering the comprehensive utilization of resources,enhancing the utilization efficiency of energy,reducing greenhouse gas emissions.It continuously improves the capability of addressing climate change with the aid of scientific and technological progress,thereby making positivecontributions to the environmental protection of the Earth.眼下，城市里单身贵族很时兴，很潇洒，但从环保角度看，这却不是好事。
◆文学类Practice 39How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch. I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf. I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, or the rough, shaggy bark of a pine. In the spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud the first sign of awakening Nature after her winter's sleep. I feel the delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and discover its remarkable convolutions; and something of the miracle of Nature is revealed to me. Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song. I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush thought my open finger. To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rug. T o me the page ant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things. If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight. Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. the panorama of color and actionwhich fills the world is taken for granted. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as a mere conveniences rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in "How to Use Your Eyes". The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.Perhaps I can best illustrate by imagining what I should most like to see if I were given the use of my eyes, say, for just three days. And while I am imagining, suppose you, too, set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the on-coming darkness of the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon?I, naturally, should want most to see the things which have become dear to me through my years of darkness. You, too, would want to let your eyes rest on the things that have become dear to you so that you could take the memory of them with you into the night that loomed before you.If, by some miracle, I were granted three seeing days, to be followed by a relapse into darkness, I should divide the period into three parts.【参考译文】我独自一人，在林子里散步一小时之久而没有看到任何值得注意的东西，那怎么可能呢？我自己，一个不能看见东西的人，仅仅通过触觉，都发现许许多多令我有兴趣的东西。
2.2 文言文（Practice 6～Practice 21）Practice 6臣亮言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。
然侍卫之臣，不懈于内；忠志之士，忘身于外者：盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。
诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科，及为忠善者，宜付有司，论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费依、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用之于昔日，先帝称之曰"能"，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和穆，优劣得所也。
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。
先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也！侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞亮死节之臣也，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。
先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，谘臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。
后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间：尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。
受命以来，夙夜忧虑，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。
今南方已定，甲兵已足，当奖帅三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都：此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。
至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、依、允等之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵；若无兴复之言，则责攸之、依、允等之咎，以彰其慢。
陛下亦宜自谋，以谘诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。
臣不胜受恩感激！今当远离，临表涕泣，不知所云。
2.3 小说类（Practice 26～Practice 36）Practice 26It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing, with a crowd of real worshippers--those who come include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade, a parade Mass proceeded. It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time, as all did, since I had voluntarily come: but for all the disapproving glances, I the stiff--necked Jew, would not kneel. I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday. I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh, the study hall supervisor, as I trudge in the snow on t he town square in the purple evening, having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy. Perhaps in a larger city, the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery, and pass it off. Then the whole course of my life might have been different.【参考译文】我已经很久没有做过弥散。
第1章考研英语（二）翻译攻略1.1考研英语（二）翻译题型介绍一、综述2010年1月起，MBA（工商管理学硕士）、MPAcc（会计硕士）和MPA（公共管理硕士）等专业硕士学位项目入学考试的英语科目采用全国硕士研究生入学统一考试的英语（二）试卷，考试测试内容和题型也作了统一规定。
根据《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大纲（非英语专业）》，段落英译汉为试卷第三部分，该部分要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
共15分。
二、命题特点（1）选文特点英译汉部分所选短文多为正式说明文和议论文，用词比较规范、正式。
翻译内容一般不涉及较强的专业性，所选短文题材包括社会文化、经济管理、科普知识等，比较集中在经济、金融、企业管理方面的一般性综述。
（2）设题特点段落英译汉所考查句子结构的复杂程度并不稳定在一定范围内，历年考题中也常出现包含复杂从句的难句，如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、被动句等。
考查要点在于准确把握词义、分析语言结构和使用汉语进行正确规范表达。
1.2英语与汉语的差异英语和汉语是有着很大差异的。
首先对这些差异有一个总体印象，在做题时就能得心应手。
差异主要表现在：1．形合与意合英语重形合，而汉语重意合。
也就是说，英语注重使用很多连词，而在汉语中，句与句之间使用连词的情况不如英语普遍。
如“早知今日，何必当初？”英语表述为“If I had known it would come to this,I would have acted differently.”2．具体与抽象英语中多用具体的词语，少用一些抽象的概念，而汉语中使用抽象的概念较多。
如“吃一堑，长一智”的英文表述是“A fall in the pit,a gain in the wit.”3．汉语与英语的词序与语序，结构都存在很大差异英语多用被动语态，汉语多用主动语态。
在英译汉时，最好变英语中的被动表达方式为汉语表达中的主动形式，这样才符合汉语的语言习惯。
第1章汉译英技巧指南英汉两种语言属不同语系，经过长期的历史演变构成了自己鲜明的特点。
因此，对比英汉两种语言的异同，从而掌握它们的特点，对做好英汉互译是十分重要的。
英汉翻译的翻译理论、方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。
在具体介绍英汉翻译技巧之前，本部分将对英汉两种语言进行宏观上的对比，以助于译者掌握两种语言的特点，并在翻译时自觉运用这些特点，译出更符合目标语的译文。
一、英语重结构，汉语重语义英语造句常用各种形式和手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显意。
句子以形寓意，以法摄神，因而严密规范，采用的是焦点句法。
与英语造句手段不同，汉语造句注重隐形连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形，注重意念连贯，不求结构齐整。
句子以意役形，以神统法，因而流泻铺排，采用的是散点句法。
汉语很少用甚至不用形式连接手段，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑关系常隐含在字里行间。
英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的结构、形式，才能确定句子的功能、意义；汉译英时，则要先分析句子的功能、意义，才能确定句子的结构、形式，这样才能使译文通顺、流畅。
二、英语是综合语，汉语是分析语英语是综合性语言，它主要通过本身的形态变化（如数、时、格等）来表达其语言意义。
如表示不同时态时，规则动词的过去式和过去分词，在动词原形后加-ed，不规则动词的过去式和过去分词都各有不同变化。
汉语是分析性语言，它的语法关系和句法关系主要不是通过词语本身来体现，而是通过虚词、词序等手段表示出来的。
比如，单看“工作”这个词，很难判断其词性，但如果说“努力工作（work hard），找工作（to find jobs）”，就很容易看出来了。
三、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。
例如：The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievement of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。
英语专业考研基础英语阅读理解高分特训100篇补全文章上◇文学传记类Passage73题材：文学传记类字数：523You have probably heard of ghost towns.They are complete cities that were once lived in,but now are deserted.You find them mainly in the western United States,where they sprang up during the gold rush days.(1)___________I visited one recently on my summer vacation to Italy.It was the old Roman town of Pompeii that disappeared after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, a nearby volcano.The eruption covered the town completely with hot ashes and ciders,turning it into an everlasting city of stone within a few hours.(2)___________But the people were not concerned because,as far as they knew, Mount Vesuvius was just an ordinary mountain.However,on what happend to be a regular summer day in A.D.79,the grand began to tremble,and there was an enormous cracking sound.The top of Vesuvius blew off!A huge cloud of dust and ash came pouring out.The cloud hid the sun,and it became as dark as night.Tiny,hot pebbles began to fall on Pompeii.Then a horrible smell like rotten eggs filled the air.It was the fumes of a poisonous gas.Some people tried to escape by sea.The Roman writerPliny,whose letters describing the eruption later led to the discovery of Pompeii, managed to get his mother to safety.But the majority of people were trapped.About2,000people out of a possible20,000have been discovered in excavations of Pompeii,the molds of their bodies preserved forever in the hardened ash.Now they can be seen as they were on that day,for plaster casts have been made of them,depicting every detail down to the agony and despair on their faces.(3)___________By this time Pompeii had been buried for so long that it had been forgotten,and a new town had been built on top of it.However,people started to dig up remains of walls and buildings,while at the same time Pliny's letters about the eruption were being read.Finally a stone with"Pompeii"written on it was found, and the excavation began in earnest.I saw about three-fourths of Pompeii that had been uncovered.It was amazing to think that I was looking at the very buildings that these people had lived in,and I was walking along the very streets they had run down in the hopes of escaping the hot ashes and pebbles.It was a strange feeling.(4)___________The streets were well surfaced,and many of the buildings were intact.There were stores which once sold silver,shoes,and wine.I noticed that the better houses contained windows,indoor plumbing,cisterns,taps,steam baths, central heating,and drainage system--all almost as modern as my house back in the United States!Pictures still remained,painted on the walls.Even the election slogans and graffiti were there,revealing the feelings and hopes of thetownspeople.(5)___________There were theaters,shopping malls,temples,and even public baths which reminded me of our health clubs and gyms.I was struck by how modern everything seemed,yet,at the same time,I felt that I was walking years back into history.Choose from the sentences A-G,the one which best fits each gap of1-5.There are extra sentences which you do not need to use.[A]The excavations began in the1700s.[B]Visiting Pompeii was an incredible experience.[C]There are,however,much older ghost towns than the former mining towns.[D]Mount Vesuvius had made rumbling noises when an earthquake damaged the city.[E]I could almost see the people going about their business,for the lava hadpreserved everything exactly as it was on the day the volcano erupted.[F]One can imagine the scene:everyone creaming,running and shouting,andcoming out of their houses and stores with horror.[G]Remains of the other buildings showed me that the Romans had alsodiscovered many other conveniences and forms of entertainment that we enjoy.1.C根据上下文可知此处谈论的是ghost towns，只有C项与之相关，填入文章后，衔接得当，故答案为C项。
英语专业考研基础英语阅读理解高分特训100篇第1章阅读理解技巧指南对于绝大多数报考英语专业的考生而言，“基础英语”是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试必考的科目。
一般来说，报考英语专业研究生的考核科目为：政治（分值100分）、第二外语（分值100分）、基础英语（分值150分）以及专业课（包括英美文学、语言学与应用语言学、翻译理论及实践等）（分值150分）。
需要说明的是，有些院校对此科目的考试名称有所不同：例如北京大学称之为“专业能力”，上海外国语大学称之为“英语综合”，北京外国语大学称之为“英语基础测试（技能）”，上海交通大学、广东外语外贸大学等称之为“英语水平考试”，四川大学称之为“英语专业基础”，山东大学称之为“实践英语”。
上述院校的科目名称和大多数院校所用的“基础英语”名称虽有差别，但实质是一样的，都是由各学校自主命题、考核英语专业考生基本功底的考试科目。
1.1考核要求和出题形式1．基础英语阅读理解部分考核要求对于“基础英语”，全国各大院校自主命题，而且各院校的考核要求水平也有差异，所以没有相应的考试大纲来说明其考核要求。
但国内大部分院校在命题时都会把1999年教育部批准实施的《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》作为指导标准，因此，这个大纲仍能反映目前高校对英语专业学生基本功的大体要求。
其对阅读理解部分的要求如下：阅读方面，能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
能在5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。
2．试题类型和出题形式阅读理解题考查的范围很大，其考核的内容主要包括：能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节；能理解字面意义和隐含意义；能根据所读材料进行判断和推理；能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。
具体的出题形式有以下几种：①要求考生阅读若干篇短文，每篇短文后有若干个问题。
2.5 其他文学作品类（Practice 43～Practice 57）Practice 43Mein Kampf's theme song, recurring again and again, is race, race purity, race supremacy, though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race. It was never intended by Nature. Hitler claims, that all races should be equal, any more than individuals are equal. Some are created superior to others. The Germarts, as the world's Strongest race, should rule over the inferior races to the earth. All humanity in the long run would benefit through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule. The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races. To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition, Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda, diplomacy, and force. Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussion of propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’most effective and formidable weapons.（注释：Mein Kampf《我的奋斗》；Germanic peoples日耳曼民族）【参考译文】《我的奋斗》一书中一而再，再而三重复强调的主题就是种族、种族的纯正和种族的优越，虽然希特勒根本不想去解释什么叫种族。
希特勒宣称，上帝从不认为所有民族应当平等，正如个人不平等一样。
一些民族天生就高于另一些民族。
如世界上最强大的民族德国人就应统治地球上的劣等民族。
如果能使最优秀的民族地盘扩展到世界各地，并使分散的各日耳曼民族团结在一个统治下，全人类会最终从中受益。
希特勒所设想的大规模扩张主要就是以牺牲其他民族利益而进行的。
为了达到他野心勃勃的目的，希特勒提出三种手段，这就是宣传、外交和武力。
在《我的奋斗》一书中，最能揭示希特勒本人和他的手段的地方莫过于在论述其宣传技巧时，这个被他认为是纳粹最有效最厉害的武器之一。
Practice 44I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning. You have only to go to the great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections. One cause of obscurity is that many writers think, not before, but as they write. The pen originates the thought. The disadvantages of this, and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard, is that there is a sort of magic in the written word. The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature, and then stands in the way of its own clarification. But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the wilful. Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.【参考译文】有些作家，读者要费力气才能看懂他们的意思，我对这样的作家一向是没有多少耐心的。
你只要看一看那些大哲学家的著作就会明白，即使是最细腻的思想也是可以表达得很清楚的。
写不清楚的一个原因是许多作家不是想好了再写，而是边写边想。
思想从运笔中产生。
这有一种缺点，甚至是作家必须时刻警惕的危险，即文字有一种魔力。
一个思想有了看得见的形状后，变成了具体的东西，它会妨碍作者把它进一步说清楚。
不过，这种不清楚很容易与作者故意造成的不清楚混在一起。
有些作家思路不请，往往认为自己的思想并不像乍一看那样肤浅，而是具有深刻的含义。
认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达那么清楚，让什么人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
Practice 45Moreover, if SF is the laboratory of the imagination, its experiments are often of the kind that may significantly alter the subject matter even as they are being carried out. That is, SF has always had a certain feedback effect on society, as its visions emotionally engage the future consciousness of the mass public regarding especially desirable and undesirable possibilities. The shape a society takes in the present is in part influenced by its image of the future. For that matter, some individuals in recent years have even shaped their own lifestyle after appealing models provided by SF stories. The diffusion of SF futuristic images of alternative societies through the media of movies and television may have speeded up and augmented SF's social feedback effects. Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the presentthat is sculpting it. This fact alone makes imperative in any education system the study of the kinds of works discussed here.【参考译文】而且，如果科幻小说确实是遐想实验室的话，那么它的实验往往是还在进行中就能大大改变研究的课题。
这就是说，科幻小说总是对社会起到某种反馈作用。
因为它所想象的东西在情感上激起了大众对未来社会出现好的或坏的种种可能性的关注。
在某种程度上现在社会的模式就是受它对未来社会模式的构想所影响的。
在这方面，近几年来出现一些人，他们就是模仿科幻小说里颇具吸引力的生活模式去塑造自己的生活方式。
科幻小说描写的各种社会的未来形象通过电影、电视媒体得到广为传播，这或许就加快和增强了科幻小说对社会的反馈作用。
因此科幻小说不仅仅构思变化，而且还直接影响变化，通过描写未来，把诱人的未来全盘搬到正在形成未来的现在社会中。
仅此事实就说明了在任何教育体系中开展对这类作品研究的必要性。
Practice 46Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. There is no agreement whet her methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so bhnded bv their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method 99 frequently fall victim to the“technician fallacv”. Also common in the natural sciences, the technician fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditionalhistorians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.【参考译文】方法论对搞历史研究的人说来，其内在原因一直是一个含糊的术语。
