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Regenerable Antimicrobial Polymeric Resin with N-halamine and Quaternary Ammonium Salt Groups

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a
The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China. E-mail: liangjie@; Fax: +86-21-64322511; Tel: +86-21-64321045 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA information (ESI) available. See DOI: † Electronic supplementary 10.1039/c3ra47147k
Received 4th December 2013 Accepted 17th December 2013 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47147k /advances
Cite this: RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 6048
spectroscopy, and zeta-potential measurement. The antimicrobial tests showed that the as-synthesized antimicrobial polymeric resin was capable of 7-log inactivation of S. aureus and 8-log inactivation of E. coli within 1 minute contact time. Moreover, the N-halamine moieties in Cl-PSHTMA exhibited excellent regenerability.
6048 | RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 6048–6054
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014
Paper
RSC Advances
Scheme 1
Synthesis of Cl-PSHTMA.
Cl-PSHTMA is shown in Scheme 1. Macroporous crosslinked CMPS resin can react easily with the salt of DMH and TMA in water to produce PSHTMA resin containing hydantoinyl and quaternary ammonium salt moieties. Upon chlorination with sodium hypochlorite solution, PSHTMA was transformed into Cl-PSHTMA. Very interestingly, only water was used as solvent in the whole synthetic process. Also, the mild reaction temperature and short reaction time can save energy and enhance productivity. Apparently, this two-step synthetic reaction could be easily enlarged for industrial application. It is well known that the surfaces of bacterial cells are usually negatively charged. So, antibacterial polymers with positive charges in their surfaces can easily hold the bacteria and then effectively kill them. Moreover, the presence of quaternary ammonium salt moieties in the surface of the resin can enhance its hydrophilicity and swelling capacity in water, which may increase its disinfection efficacy.
Introduction
Microbial contamination remains one of the most serious problems in several areas, particularly in water purication systems.1,2 Common disinfectants used in the treatment of water are free halogen, ozone, and chlorine dioxide. However, these soluble disinfectants suffer from some disadvantages such as instability in water and reactivity with organic impurities in water to form undesired byproducts.3–6 As a result, the development of insoluble polymeric antimicrobial materials as disinfectants is desirable. Recently, extensive research has been reported on antimicrobial polymers including polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (poly-quats),7,8 polymeric quaternary phosphonium salts,9–12 polymers containing halogenated sulphonamide groups,13–16 and N-halamine polymers.17–26 Among them, polymeric N-halamines are excellent disinfectants for several reasons including super antimicrobial efficacies, broad antimicrobial spectra, regenerabilities, lack of corrosion of surfaces, low toxicities, and relatively low expense. Worley and co-workers have focused on the development of novel polymeric N-halamines for use in water disinfection since the early 1990s. They rst developed water-insoluble N-
RSC Advances
PAPER Eco-friendly synthesis of regenerable antimicrobial polymeric resin with N-halamine and quaternary ammonium salt groups†
Zhiqiang Jie,a Xiufang Yan,a Lianhong Zhao,a Shelby Davis Worleyb and Jie Liang*a
b
halogenated polystyrenehydantoins, poly[1,3-dichloro-5-methyl5-(4-vinylphenyl)hydantoin] (poly1-Cl) and poly[1,3-dibromo-5methyl-5-(4-vinyl-phenyl)hydantoin] (poly1-Br) by Friedel–Cras acylation, cyclization, and halogenation.17–21 It was found that these polymeric N-halamine powders could inactivate numerous species of bacteria, fungi, and even rotavirus in only seconds of contact time in owing water. However, when these polymeric Nhalamine powders were lled in cartridge for disinfection of water, water could not easily pass through it without external pressure. To solve this issue, Worley group developed macroporous cross-linked poly1-Cl and poly1-Br beads which were suitable for the disinfection of drinking water in a cartridge lter.22,23 Encouragingly, poly1-Br beads have been commercially used for disinfection of drinking water in developing countries such as India, China, and Brazil. However, in its production, large quantities of waste organic solvent and waste water containing high concentrations of cyanide and aluminum ions were produced. Thus, new macroporous cross-linked halogenated methylated polystyrene hydantoin beads (PHY-Cl and PHY-Br) were synthesized by dehydrochlorination between the macroporous crosslinked CMPS resin and DMH and then halogenation of amide nitrogen in the hydantoinyl ring.24 However, this dehydrochlorination can only undergo in few organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and under high temperature due to hydrophobic CMPS and hydrophilic DMH. In this study, we designed an eco-friendly and economical route to synthesize a macroporous cross-linked antimicrobial polymeric resin containing N-halamine and quaternary ammonium salt moieties, Cl-PSHTMA. The synthetic route for

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4,4'-异亚丙基二 苯酚、表氯醇的聚合物

4,4'-异亚丙基二 苯酚、表氯醇的聚合物

4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚、表氯醇的聚合物《4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚、表氯醇的聚合物：从简到繁的探讨》序言在当今社会，高分子聚合物作为一种重要的化学材料，广泛应用于工业生产、医药健康、电子通讯等领域。

其中，4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物作为一种重要的高分子材料，具有良好的热稳定性、耐化学腐蚀性和机械性能，受到了广泛关注和研究。

本文将深入探讨这一主题，从简到繁地介绍4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物，以帮助读者全面、深入地了解这一领域的知识。

一、4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的简介1. 4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚，又称为Irganox 1010，是一种常用的抗氧化剂和热稳定剂。

它具有优异的抗氧化性能，在高温和高压下表现出色，被广泛应用于聚合物、橡胶、合成树脂和润滑油等领域。

2. 表氯醇表氯醇是一种重要的氯代甲烷类化合物，具有良好的溶解性和稳定性，广泛应用于有机合成、医药、橡胶和染料工业。

作为一种重要的化学中间体，表氯醇在高分子材料的合成中扮演着重要的角色。

二、4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物的合成及性能1. 合成方法4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物通常通过聚酯化、缩聚反应或自由基聚合反应来制备，得到具有不同结构和性能的高分子材料。

这些合成方法的选择对于聚合物的性能和应用具有重要的影响。

2. 性能表现4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物具有优异的热稳定性、耐化学腐蚀性和机械性能，广泛应用于高温、高压、腐蚀性环境下的材料制备和工程应用中。

这些优异的性能使得这类聚合物在航空航天、汽车、建筑等领域得到了广泛的应用和发展。

三、对4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物的个人观点和理解在我看来，4,4'-异亚丙基二苯酚和表氯醇的聚合物作为一种重要的高分子材料，具有极大的发展潜力。

丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究

丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究

丙烯酸聚合物作用下植物单宁处理胶原蛋白稳定性研究摘要：胶原蛋白是一种重要的结构蛋白，广泛存在于动物体内。

其稳定性是其在生物体中发挥作用的重要基础。

本研究旨在探究丙烯酸聚合物对与植物单宁处理的胶原蛋白稳定性的影响。

实验通过将胶原蛋白分别与植物单宁和聚丙烯酸聚合物混合处理，并进行比较分析。

结果表明，在植物单宁处理下，胶原蛋白的稳定性提高。

同时，丙烯酸聚合物对胶原蛋白稳定性的提升也有一定的影响。

因此，丙烯酸聚合物与植物单宁可以联合作用，提高胶原蛋白的稳定性，为其在医学领域的应用提供了新的途径。

关键词：丙烯酸聚合物，植物单宁，胶原蛋白，稳定性引言：胶原蛋白是一种重要的结构蛋白，广泛存在于动物体内。

在生物体内，胶原蛋白起到支持和连接组织的作用。

然而，胶原蛋白的稳定性在生物体内可能会受到各种因素的影响。

为了提高胶原蛋白在医学领域的应用价值，研究人员一直在探索提高胶原蛋白稳定性的方法。

植物单宁是一种具有多酚结构的化合物，在生物体内起到抗氧化和抗菌的作用。

近年来，有研究表明，植物单宁对于提高胶原蛋白的稳定性具有一定的作用。

实验方法：本实验选取了胶原蛋白作为研究对象。

首先，将胶原蛋白与不同浓度的植物单宁进行混合处理。

然后，通过红外光谱仪测定胶原蛋白的二级结构变化情况，以评估其稳定性的变化。

此外，还利用紫外-可见光谱分析法测定胶原蛋白的光学密度。

结果与讨论：实验结果显示，在植物单宁处理下，胶原蛋白的二级结构发生了一些变化，表明胶原蛋白的稳定性得到了增强。

同时，紫外-可见光谱分析结果也显示，在植物单宁处理下，胶原蛋白的光学密度有所提高。

这些结果表明，植物单宁处理可以提高胶原蛋白的稳定性。

进一步实验表明，丙烯酸聚合物也对胶原蛋白的稳定性有一定的影响。

在与丙烯酸聚合物混合处理后，胶原蛋白的二级结构和光学密度进一步得到提高。

这说明，丙烯酸聚合物可以与植物单宁共同作用，进一步提高胶原蛋白的稳定性。

结论：综上所述，本研究通过实验证明了植物单宁和丙烯酸聚合物对胶原蛋白稳定性的提升作用。

介电常数监测天然抗氧化剂抑制煎炸棕榈油劣变

介电常数监测天然抗氧化剂抑制煎炸棕榈油劣变

到油 脂 中。 １３ ２ 天然 抗氧 化剂 的煎炸试 验 ．．
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但 人 们对 化 学 合成 食 品 添 加 剂 的 怀 疑 和 排斥 心理 ， 使 这 些 物质 的使用 受 到 限 制 ， 多 国家 对 其 添 加 量 许 都 加 以严格 限制 。Ｊ因 此 使 用 几 种 天 然 抗 氧 化 剂 ，
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１３ １ 马铃 薯 的前 处理 ．． 马铃薯 洗 净 、 削皮 、 条 后 放 入 ８ ℃ 的 热 水 中 切 Ｏ 漂烫 ２ ｉ， 后 将 其放 人 ０ ８ 的 Ｃ Ｃ 液 中浸 ０ｒｎ然 ａ ．％ ａ１溶 泡 １ｈ 取 出后按 照 马铃 薯 ： 榈油 ＝ｌ １ ， 棕 ：０比例 添 加
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介 电常数
棕 榈 油 天然抗 氧化 剂
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硫代 硫 酸钠 ： 析纯 ， 分 国药 集 团化学试 剂有 限公 司 。
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仪器厂 ； 数显恒温油浴锅 ： 金坛 市金达仪器制造厂 ；
Microbial Biochemical Synthesis

Microbial Biochemical Synthesis

Microbial Biochemical Synthesis Microbial biochemical synthesis is a process that involves the use of microorganisms to produce various chemicals and compounds through their biochemical pathways. This approach has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to provide sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional chemical synthesis methods. By harnessing the unique metabolic capabilities of microorganisms, researchers and industries are exploring new ways to produce a wide range of valuable products, including pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and specialty chemicals. One of the key advantages of microbial biochemical synthesis is its ability to utilize renewable feedstocks, such as agricultural residues, waste materials, and carbon dioxide, as sources of carbon and energy for microbial growth. This presents a promising opportunity to reduce the reliance on finite fossil resources and minimize the environmental impact associated with chemical production. Additionally, the use of microorganisms as biocatalysts enables the synthesis of complex molecules with high specificity and efficiency, which can be challenging to achieve through traditional chemical methods. From a scientific perspective, microbial biochemical synthesis offers a fascinating insight into the diverse metabolic pathways and enzymatic reactions that microorganisms have evolved to survive and thrive in various environments. By studying and manipulating these biological processes, researchers can design and engineer microbial strains with enhanced capabilities for producing specific compounds of interest. This interdisciplinary approach, which combines principles of microbiology, biochemistry, and genetic engineering, has the potential to unlock new opportunities for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and materials. Moreover, microbial biochemical synthesis has the potential to revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry by enabling the production of complex natural products and drug molecules that are currently sourced from rare plants or difficult-to-culture organisms. By leveraging the power of microbial biocatalysts, researchers can develop more cost-effective and scalable methods for producing these valuable compounds, ultimately improving access to essential medications and reducing the environmental impact of drug manufacturing processes. In addition to its scientific and industrial implications, microbial biochemical synthesis alsoholds significant promise for addressing global challenges, such as food security and environmental sustainability. For example, the use of microbial fermentationto produce alternative protein sources, such as single-cell proteins or fungal biomass, has the potential to alleviate the growing demand for animal-basedprotein and reduce the environmental footprint of livestock farming. Similarly,the production of bio-based materials and chemicals through microbial processescan contribute to the development of a circular bioeconomy, where waste streamsare transformed into valuable resources through sustainable and efficient bioprocesses. Despite the promising potential of microbial biochemical synthesis, there are several challenges and considerations that need to be addressed torealize its full impact. One of the key challenges is the optimization ofmicrobial strains and bioprocesses to achieve high productivity, yield, and purity of the target compounds. This requires a deep understanding of microbial physiology, metabolic regulation, and genetic manipulation techniques, as well as the development of robust bioprocess engineering strategies to scale up microbial production to industrial levels. Furthermore, the economic viability and competitiveness of microbial biochemical synthesis compared to traditionalchemical synthesis methods remain a critical consideration for widespread adoption. While the use of renewable feedstocks and the potential for lower environmental impact are significant advantages, the upfront investment in research, development, and infrastructure for microbial bioproduction can pose financial barriers for companies and investors. Therefore, continued advancements in bioprocess optimization, strain engineering, and bioreactor technologies are essential to improve the cost-effectiveness and commercial feasibility of microbial biochemical synthesis. From a regulatory and public perception standpoint, the safety and sustainability of microbial bioproduction processes are important considerations that require careful assessment and oversight. Ensuring the safe use ofgenetically modified microorganisms, minimizing the risk of unintended environmental release, and addressing potential concerns related to the use of genetically engineered organisms are critical aspects that need to be addressed through transparent communication, ethical considerations, and regulatory frameworks. Building public trust and acceptance of microbial biochemicalsynthesis as a sustainable and safe technology will be essential for its successful integration into various industries and applications. In conclusion, microbial biochemical synthesis represents a transformative approach with the potential to revolutionize the production of chemicals, materials, and pharmaceuticals in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. By harnessing the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms, researchers and industries are exploring new avenues for the production of valuable compounds, while addressing global challenges related to resource sustainability, environmental impact, and public health. While there are challenges and considerations that need to be addressed, the continued advancements in microbial biotechnology, synthetic biology, and bioprocess engineering are paving the way for a future where microbial biochemical synthesis plays a central role in shaping a more sustainable and resilient bioeconomy.。