生理学英文名词解释
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生理学英文名词解释Feedback （反馈）Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.Active transport （主动转运）The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy。
Afterload （后负荷）Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction. 绝对不应期 Absolute refractory periodThe time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential. 动作电位 Action potentialAn action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).自身调节 AutoregulationIn certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.完全强直收缩 Complete tetanusWhen the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.去极化 DepolarizationThe change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.入胞 EndocytosisVery large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.平衡电位 Equilibrium potentialElectrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.兴奋性 ExcitabilityExcitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells.兴奋 ExcitationExcitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.出胞 exocytosisA stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.易化扩散 Facilitated diffusionIn facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients. 通道介导的异化扩散 Facilitated diffusion via ion channelChannels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.稳态 HomeostasisHomeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal medium.内环境 Internal environmentAll cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the internal environment of the body.等长收缩 Isometric contractionTension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts. 等张收缩 Isotonic contractionTension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.负反馈 Negative feedbackA regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.神经肌肉接头 Neuromuscular junctionThe complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle. 正反馈 Positive feedbackWith positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.前负荷 PreloadPreload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.相对不应期 Relative refractory periodA period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than usual.复极化 RepolarizationShortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the membrane.静息电位 Resting potentialThe difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.跳跃传导 Salutatory conductionConduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node. 单纯扩散 Simple diffusionDiffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid matrix of the membrane.钠-钾泵 Sodium-potassium pumpThe sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).凝集 AgglutinationDuring blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination. 血液凝固 Blood coagulationThe coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.血型 Blood groupBlood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane of red blood cells.血压 Blood pressureBlood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.红细胞沉降率 Erythrocyte sedimentation rateWhen blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.促红细胞生成素 ErythropoietinErythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis and erythropoiesis.纤维蛋白溶解 FibrinolysisIn many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as fibrinolysis.血红蛋白 HemoglobinHemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity for oxygen.自动节律性 AutorhythmicityAutorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract has also autorhythmicity.容量血管 Capacitance vesselsThe veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels. 心动周期 Cardiac cycleThe cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole.心指数 Cardiac indexCardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.心输出量 Cardiac outputThe product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiacoutput; it is also called minute volume.心力储备 Cardiac reserveThe ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood above the basal level.心血管中枢 Cardiovascular centerThe cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood vessels.中心静脉压 Central venous pressureThe venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.代偿间歇 Compensatory pauseThe pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.舒张压 Diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.有效不应期 Effective refractory periodThe duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.射血分数 Ejection fractionThe proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).交换血管 Exchange vesselThe capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place. 心音 Heart soundWhen the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.异长自身调节 Heterometric autoregulationRegulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called heterometric regulation.平均动脉压 Mean arterial pressureThe mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time. 微循环 MicrocirculationMicrocirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.起搏点 PacemakerThe automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node. 期前收缩 Premature systoleWhen a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.脉压 Pulse pressureThe pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. 每搏输出量 Stroke volumeStroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.每搏功 Stroke workThe stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.收缩压 Systolic pressureThe pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.肺泡通气量 Alveolar ventilationThe amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min. 解剖无效腔 anatomic dead spaceThe space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages. 波尔效应 Bohr effectThe increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward). By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the decrease in O2affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxyhemoglobin.顺应性 ComplianceDistensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.弹性阻力 Elastic resistanceA term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.功能残气量 Functional residual capacityIt equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).何尔登效应 Haldane effectThe increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released.补吸气量 Inspiratoy reserve volumeThe air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.胸内压 Intrapleural pressureThe pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.肺内压 Intrapulmonary pressureThe pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.氧含量 Oxygen contentThe oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.氧离曲线 Oxygen dissociation curveThe graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape表面活性物质 Pulmonary surfactantA detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.肺通气 Pulmonary ventilationThe total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.残气量 Residual volumeThe air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about 1200 milliliters.潮气量 Tidal volumeThe amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it amounts to about 500ml.肺总容量 Total lung capacityThe maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort (about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.通气-血流比 Ventilation /perfusion ratioThe ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).吸收 AbsorptionAbsorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood stream.基础代谢率 Basal metabolic rateThe basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature and 12~14 hours after the last meal.体温 Body temperatureThe body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant temperature.消化 DigestionDigestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form. 能量代谢 Energy metabolismThe energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.胃排空 Gastric emptyingGastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum.At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of chyme at the pylorus.胃泌素 GastrinGastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a smaller form, G-17.调定点 Set pointAt a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.慢波 Slow waveIf an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization, they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.醛固酮 AldosteroneAldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.抗利尿激素 Antidiuretic hormoneA product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.皮质肾单位 Cortical nephronThe nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.肾小球有效滤过压 Glomerular effective filtration pressureThe effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.肾小球滤过分数 Glomerular filtration fractionThe glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.球管平衡 Glomerulotubular balanceOne of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerular-tubular balance.渗透性利尿 Osmotic diuresisAn increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.肾糖阈 Renal glucose thresholdWhen the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.肾素 ReninAn enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.水利尿 Water diuresisThe volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted fromsuppression of ADH secretion适应 AdaptationWhen a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known as adaptation.适宜刺激 Adequate stimulusThe stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves, and so on.运动单位 Motor unitA motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.非特异性传导系统 Nonspecific projection systemDiffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.牵涉痛 Referred painDamage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.第二信使 Second messengerA small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.特异性传导系统 Specific projection systemThe specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.脊休克 Spinal shockComplete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenon is called spinal shock.牵张反射 Stretch reflexWhen a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.激素 HormoneA hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.胰岛素 InsulinA hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.甲状腺激素 Thyroid hormoneThe thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.。
