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美国大萧条历史事件时间轴1929年至1939年期间，美国经历了一场前所未有的经济危机，被称为大萧条。
这场危机给全球经济造成了严重的冲击，改变了世界的格局。
以下是美国大萧条期间的一些重要历史事件。
1929年10月29日 - “黑色星期四”- 美国股票市场崩盘，标志着大萧条的开始。
股票价格暴跌，投资者纷纷抛售股票，造成市场恐慌和严重的经济衰退。
1930年 - 斯缪尔森-霍克斯法案- 为了应对大萧条的经济困境，政府推出了一系列经济刺激措施，其中包括斯缪尔森-霍克斯法案，旨在提供直接的联邦援助和就业机会。
1930年至1936年 - 斯芬格勒法案- 美国政府通过斯芬格勒法案实施了一系列金融和经济控制政策，以稳定金融市场并恢复经济增长。
1932年 - 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福当选总统- 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福上任并推动了一系列所谓的“新政”以应对大萧条，包括建立社会保障系统和推行金融监管。
1933年 - 玻璃-斯蒂格尔法案- 这项法案取消了金本位制度，允许政府以较低的货币供应刺激经济。
这一举措促使了一些经济的复苏。
1933年至1938年 - “一萬个工程”- 美国政府实施了大规模的公共工程项目，通过创造就业机会和提供基础设施，来刺激经济增长和改善社会基础设施。
1935年 - 社会保障法案- 这项法案创建了美国社会保障系统，提供失业救济，养老金以及其他社会福利项目。
1935年至1941年 - 美国最高法院支持新政法案- 美国最高法院判决大量的新政法案合宪，为罗斯福的新政提供法律依据。
1937年 - 经济二次衰退- 美国经济再次陷入衰退，让人们重新对大萧条的结束产生质疑。
1939年 - 第二次世界大战爆发- 第二次世界大战的爆发注入了美国经济的新生命，刺激了工业生产和就业，在一定程度上结束了大萧条。
以上是美国大萧条历史事件的一个时间轴，展示了这段时期的重要事件和政策。
这场经济危机对于美国和世界经济产生了深远的影响，也为今天的经济政策教训提供了宝贵的经验。
经济大萧条名词解释经济大萧条，又称为大萧条时期，是20世纪20年代末至30年代初期全球经济史上的一个关键时刻。
它是一段经济衰退期，席卷了许多国家，尤其是美国。
在这篇文章中，我们将解释经济大萧条中涉及的一些重要名词和概念，以帮助读者更好地理解这一历史事件。
**1. 股市崩盘（Stock Market Crash）**经济大萧条的起点可以追溯到1929年10月29日，这一天被称为“黑色星期四”。
股市崩盘指的是纽约证券交易所发生的股票价格暴跌，导致许多股票投资者遭受重大损失。
这一事件导致了投资者的信心崩溃，成为大萧条爆发的导火索。
**2. 失业率（Unemployment Rate）**失业率是指一个国家或地区中正在寻找工作但找不到工作的人口所占的百分比。
在经济大萧条期间，失业率急剧上升，许多人失去了工作，无法谋生。
这导致了社会动荡和贫困的扩大。
**3. 市场崩溃（Market Collapse）**市场崩溃是指不仅股市崩盘，还包括房地产市场、商品市场和其他市场的急剧下跌。
这一现象导致了大量财富的流失，许多人陷入贫困。
市场崩溃也对银行和金融体系造成了巨大的冲击。
**4. 银行倒闭（Bank Failures）**大萧条期间，许多银行因贷款违约、资金流失和投资损失而倒闭。
这导致了人们失去了储蓄和信任银行系统的信心。
政府不得不采取紧急措施来拯救一些濒临破产的银行，以防止金融体系的崩溃。
**5. 布雷顿森林体系（Bretton Woods System）**经济大萧条后，国际社会采取了一系列措施来防止未来发生类似的危机。
布雷顿森林体系是其中之一，于1944年在新罕布什尔州的布雷顿森林会议上制定。
该体系建立了一种固定汇率制度，以稳定国际货币体系，并鼓励国际贸易的发展。
**6. 社会保障（Social Security）**经济大萧条导致了广泛的贫困和社会不安。
为了减轻这一问题，美国政府于1935年通过了社会保障法案，建立了社会保障体系，为老年人、失业者和贫困家庭提供了一定程度的经济安全。
1929年美国股市崩盘1929年10月29日，在这个被称作“黑色星期二”的日子里，纽约证券交易所里所有的人都陷入了抛售股票的旋涡之中，这是美国证券史上最黑暗的一天，是美国历史上影响最大、危害最深的经济事件，影响波及西方国家乃至整个世界。
此后，美国和全球进入了长达10年的经济大萧条时期。
狂热的华尔街20世纪20年代，在经历了一次大战和死亡2000万人的1918年全球大流感后，世界进入一个暂时的和平时期，人们开始享受灾难之后的欢愉：经过几年的调整后，世界经济进入了一个繁荣时期。
尤其是美国，它在许多经济领域都处于世界领先的地位，已经成为当时世界上最为发达和稳定的国家。
良好的经济环境和乐观的情绪为20年代的股市大发展创造了条件。
1921年，美国资本市场新发行的证券是1822种，到1929年达到了6417种。
《纽约时报》工业指数从1921年的低点66.24反复攀升至1929年9月19日469.49的历史最高点。
当时，融资购买股票十分流行，而且人们还可以通过“定金交易”花一美元买到价值10美元的股票，人们第一次发现赚钱的机会是那么多。
于是，大量中小投资者争相涌进股市。
每天，人们热切地讨论着股票走势，小道消息满天飞。
随着股价扶摇直上，华尔街陷入了狂热之中，电梯工、接线员和报童也和金融巨头一起玩起了股票。
华尔街甚至成了远道而来的旅游者参观的去处：每天早上，旅游者们夹道欢迎那些来上班的经纪人们，向他们鼓掌。
美国做了个噩梦危机已经悄悄降临，人们却没有注意到。
1926年秋，在20年代的投机狂潮中被炒得离谱的佛罗里达房地产泡沫首先被刺破了。
然而，这丝毫没有给华尔街的疯狂带来多少警醒。
从1928年开始，股市的上涨进入最后的疯狂。
事实上，在20年代，美国的许多产业仍然没有从一战后的萧条中恢复过来，股市的过热已经与现实经济的状况完全脱节了。
1929年3月，美国联邦储备委员会对股票价格的高涨感到了忧虑，宣布将紧缩利率以抑制股价暴涨，但美国国民商业银行的总裁查尔斯·米切尔从自身利益考虑，向股市中增加资金投入以避免下跌，股票经纪商和银行家们仍在极力鼓动人们加入投机。
美国股市的历史演变与现状分析股市是一个由众多投资者和公司组成的市场，它的主要功能是为了让投资者能够将资金投入到当地的公司中，从而获得回报。
股市是一个重要的金融市场，它可以创造财富，加速经济发展，提高投资效率。
美国股市是全球最具影响力和发达的股市之一，它的历史可以追溯到19世纪。
在过去的几十年里，美国股市已经经历了多次崩溃和繁荣，自从20世纪初期以来，它一直是全球最受关注的股票市场之一。
股市经历的演变在20世纪初期，美国股市非常不稳定，因为它没有像现在这样的监管机构。
投资者通常会被欺诈，市场会遭受重大损失。
一些股票市场甚至在1929年崩溃之后关闭了数年。
在1930年代，美国股市经历了一场大萧条，在这场经济衰退中，股市损失惨重。
人们对整个股市的信心极度疲软。
为了防止这种情况再次出现，政府通过了《证券法》，该法规定了证券市场的监管环境，并增加了政府对证券交易活动的管理。
20世纪60年代，美国经济见证了一个新的繁荣期。
随着企业的壮大，股市开始看到大量的价值增长。
自20世纪70年代以来，股市已经取得了惊人的增长，股票市场已成为了投资者、企业和政府的重要组成部分。
目前，纳斯达克，纽约证券交易所和芝加哥商业股票交易所是美国最大、最知名的股票市场之一，尽管股市已经经历过多次崩溃、暴跌和金融危机，但尽管如此，股票市场仍然是美国经济中的重要骨干。
现状分析美国股市仍然非常发达，它吸引了全球的投资者，并成为了全球投资组合中的重要部分。
在2019年，全球股票市场的总市值为84万亿美元，美国股票市场占其中的38%，达到了31万亿美元。
在美国，许多行业已经成为了股市的主要组成部分。
技术、医疗保健和金融服务是最活跃的三个行业。
例如，苹果公司、微软公司和谷歌公司等科技巨头，其市值超过了全球所有其他科技公司的市值之和。
这些公司之所以如此有影响力，是因为它们的产品和服务对全球经济的发展具有巨大的推动作用。
此外，美国股市的投资者和基金经理已经开始调整他们的投资组合，以适应将来的增长方向。
20世纪以来主要的三次股市危机事件分析中国股票市场自1990年开始发展，已经走过了18个年头，经过18年的发展，中国资本市场从无到有，已经发展成为世界最大的新兴市场，这无疑是一个巨大的成功。
但是股票市场的发展过程不会是一帆风顺的，在它发展的过程中会遇到各种曲折，现在国内各位股票投资者正在感受着股市危机的滋味。
为了促进我国资本市场健康的发展，同时也给国内投资者对股票市场危机有一个深刻的理解，我们既要学习西方发达国家资本市场的成功经验，同时也要分析研究它们发展过程中所经历的教训。
特别是研究近两百年来世界主要股票市场危机的发展历程、原因、及其对社会的危害对于今天的中国股票市场，有着特殊的借鉴意义。
上个世纪以来国际股票市场发生了很多次的危机事件，为了便于分析与了解，我们选择其中最典型的三次做一分析：分别是：1929年美国股市危机、1987年的美国股市危机、1989年的日本股市危机和2001年美国网络股的危机。
1、1929年美国股市危机1929年10月发生的纽约股市20世纪以来主要的三次股市危机事件分析，是美国历史上影响最大、危害最深的经济事件。
上世纪20年代是一个繁荣的年代，包括美国在内的整个资本主义工业都处在高涨之中。
1929年整个资本主义工业生产指数比1913年增长45%。
由于经济的繁荣，人们的收入不断增长，消费支出增加，企业利润上升，加大投资，这反过来又促进经济的进一步繁荣。
反映在证券市场上，国民经济持续高速增长的宏观背景和上市公司业绩大幅提升的内在价值推动股票价格持续上涨，这吸引着越来越多的人进入股市，投机成分激增。
人们对未来普遍抱着乐观预期，认为繁荣会一直持续下去，股票永远会上涨，完全没有风险意识。
纽约证券交易所道琼斯股票指数从1924年88点开始上涨，到1928年股价己经和实体经济状况完全脱节，这种严重情况在1929年到了登峰造极的地步，9月股指达到最高点319点。
从1924年到1929年这5年时间是泡沫的形成和不断膨胀的过程。
美国经济大萧条英文The Great Depression: A Dark Period in American Economic HistoryIntroduction:The Great Depression was one of the most devastating economic crises in American history. It occurred during the 1930s and had a profound impact on the lives of millions of Americans. This article will explore the causes, consequences, and the government's response to the Great Depression.Causes of the Great Depression:1. Stock Market Crash: The stock market crash of 1929 is often cited as the trigger for the Great Depression. On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, stock prices plummeted, leading to a collapse in confidence among investors. This event marked the beginning of the economic downturn.2. Overproduction and Underconsumption: The 1920s saw an era of excess, with rapid industrialization and mass production of goods. However, many ordinary Americans did not have the purchasing power to keep up with the pace, resulting in a surplus of goods and a decline in demand.3. Credit Expansion and Speculation: During the 1920s, there was a rapid expansion of credit, enabling people to borrow more money. This encouraged speculation, particularly in the stock market and real estate. When the market crashed, many people were left with substantial debts and no means to repay them.Consequences of the Great Depression:1. Massive Unemployment: As businesses went bankrupt and factories shut down, millions of Americans lost their jobs. Unemployment rates skyrocketed, reaching nearly 25% at the height of the depression. Many families faced severe poverty and struggled to provide for their basic needs.2. Bank Failures: The economic downturn took a toll on the banking sector as well. Lack of confidence led to a wave of bank runs, where panicked customers withdrew their deposits. Consequently, many banks failed, wiping out the savings of countless individuals and exacerbating the economic crisis.3. Dust Bowl: The Great Depression coincided with a severe drought in the Midwest known as the Dust Bowl. Widespread soil erosion and dust storms destroyed crops and caused mass migration from rural farming areas to cities, adding to the already high levels of unemployment and poverty.Government Response:1. New Deal: In response to the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of economic stimulus programs. It aimed to create jobs, provide relief to the poor, and reform the financial system. Programs such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Social Security Administration (SSA) were established under the New Deal.2. Bank and Financial Reforms: The government implemented measures to stabilize the financial sector and restore public confidence. The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured bank deposits and prevented future bank runs.3. Regulation and Expansion of Government Power: The Great Depression prompted a significant expansion of government intervention in the economy. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to regulate the stock market, and the Federal Reserve was given greater authority to manage monetary policy to prevent future economic crises.Conclusion:The Great Depression was a period of immense hardship and suffering for the American people. It resulted from a combination of factors, including the stock market crash, overproduction, and excessive credit expansion. The consequences of the Great Depression were far-reaching, leading to high unemployment rates, bank failures, and mass poverty. However, it also sparked significant government intervention and the implementation of programs that aimed to alleviate economic distress. The lessons learned from this dark period in American economic history continue to shape economic policies today.。
八次危机大事年表一、1929年：华尔街股市崩盘1929年10月24日，美国纽约股票交易所发生了历史上最严重的股市崩盘事件，被称为“黑色星期四”。
这场危机导致了全球经济大萧条，影响了全球范围内的金融和经济体系。
华尔街股市崩盘的原因主要是由于过度炒作和财务不正规的行为导致的。
二、1973年：第一次石油危机1973年，由于阿拉伯国家对以色列发起的战争，石油输出国组织（OPEC）决定抵制支持以色列的国家，并施加石油禁运。
这导致了全球范围内的石油供应不足，油价飞涨。
第一次石油危机对全球经济造成了巨大冲击，引发了通货膨胀和经济衰退。
三、1987年：黑色星期一1987年10月19日，美国股市发生了历史上最严重的单日跌幅事件，被称为“黑色星期一”。
在这一天，道琼斯工业平均指数下跌22.6%，导致全球范围内的股市崩盘。
这次危机揭示了市场过度依赖计算机交易系统和缺乏监管措施的问题。
四、1997年：亚洲金融危机1997年，东南亚多个国家的货币和金融市场遭受重创，引发了亚洲金融危机。
这次危机起因于泰国银行业的问题，随后迅速扩散到韩国、马来西亚、菲律宾和印度尼西亚等地。
危机导致了货币贬值、股市崩盘和经济衰退，对亚洲地区产生了深远影响。
五、2000年：互联网泡沫破灭20世纪90年代末至21世纪初，由于对新兴科技公司过度投资和高估价值，全球范围内形成了一场大规模的互联网泡沫。
然而，在2000年3月10日，“纳斯达克指数”突然下跌并持续下滑，标志着泡沫破灭。
这次危机导致了许多互联网公司破产和投资者损失惨重。
六、2008年：全球金融危机2008年，美国次贷危机爆发，引发了全球金融危机。
这场危机的根源在于美国房地产市场的泡沫破裂，导致了次贷违约和金融衍生品市场的崩溃。
全球范围内的金融体系受到严重冲击，多家银行破产或被迫接受政府救助。
七、2010年：欧洲主权债务危机2010年，希腊宣布其公共财政状况严重不稳定，引发了欧洲主权债务危机。
道指10大崩盘股灾道指10大崩盘股灾美国股市拥有上百年的历史，期间多次发生重大股灾，对投资者的财富予以毁灭性打击。
研究美股的历史，其实对于A股市场的投资者而言，将是一次非常棒的学习机会。
在迈克·吴的研究报告中，收录了美股历史上10大崩盘股灾，并详细分析了每次股灾的特点。
美股历史大崩盘股灾之一：开始日：1929年9月结束日：1932年6月熊市历经：33个月道琼斯指数终极顶点：386点道琼斯指数终极低点：41点百分比跌幅：89%特点：1929~1932年这个大熊市，不算其下跌的时间，只算最低点开始到上升通道的确认，也就是终极底部的构筑，消耗了整整10个月的时间。
如果以1929年终极顶点的熊市开始到结束，跌幅近90%，耗时33个月。
美股历史大崩盘股灾之二：开始日：1916年11月21日结束日：1917年12月19日熊市历经：393天左右（13个月）道琼斯指数终极顶点：110点道琼斯指数终极低点：66点百分比跌幅：40%特点：20世纪30年代听上去很遥远，但更遥远的还有恐怖系数排名美股大崩盘史上第九的1917年——第一次世界大战的前夕。
当时道指的跌幅高达40%，不计算跌到底部的时间，从最低点到进入正式反弹区域的新上升通道，消耗3个月的时间，整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认，消耗了13个月。
美股历史大崩盘股灾之三：开始日：1973年1月11日结束日：1974年12月06日熊市历经：694天左右（23个月）道琼斯指数终极顶点：1052点道琼斯指数终极低点：578点百分比跌幅：45%特点：1973~1974年是石油危机下和越战下的大崩盘，是另一个长时间的熊市。
这场恐怖的熊市持续了694天才结束，一大批当时的股市精英和抄底银行家破产清出市场。
如果不计算跌到底部的时间，从最低点到进入正式反弹区域的新上升通道，消耗3个月的时间。
整个熊市从高位到新牛市确认，消耗了26个月。
美股历史大崩盘股灾之四：开始日：1901年6月17日结束日：1903年11月9日熊市历经：875天左右（29个月）道琼斯指数终极顶点：57点道琼斯指数终极低点：31点百分比跌幅：46%特点：这是美国投资策略有限公司数据库中指数记录最早的数据，被称为最古老的股市大崩盘毫不为过。
Unit 1 The United States of America1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. According to the text, the large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. The Atlantic Seacoast west to the Appalachians;B. The Mississippi River Basin;C. The Rockies west to the Pacific;Unit 2 American population3. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the south, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.Chapter 5 The Confederation and the Constitution 1．Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and prefermd a more decentralized federal system of government.3. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.4. The most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase which was about 828000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.5. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.名词解释Confederation(邦联)：A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments , called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.问答1. What powers do the national government and the individual states have under the Articles of confederation?the national government: conduct war & foreign affairs; make commercial treaties;negotiate with Indians; coin money & issue bills of creditthe individual states: deal with foreign countries; engage in war; issue money & bills of credit; collect taxesChapter6 American Expansion and the Civil War1.The essence of Monroe Doctrine was which later became the __cornerstone __of the US policy.2.Oregon territory was settled between Britain and the United States in_1846__.Its boundary on the north was fixed at the _forty--ninth_parallel of north latitude.3.Under Missouri Compromise,Missouri was admitted as a _slave_state，but the balance of political power maintained by admission of _Maine_as a_free_state.In addition，slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line_36°30’_ parallel.4.In 1862，the federal government took two revolutionary measures：（1）Homestead Act and（2）Emancipation Proclamation.5.In July 1863 came the turning point of of the war at Gettysburg.Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E.Lee was defeated.The battlefield was made a national cemetery,where Lincoln gave his famous speech,the Gettysburg Address on November 19,1863.6.In 1865,the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted,which abolished slavery throughout the United States.问答1.What was the Monroe Doctrine?The Monroe Doctrine written by James Monroe, declared in December of 1823, was a superlative U.S. foreign policy statement. It was precipitated by various independence movements in South America and the U.S. government's desire to discourage European nations from colonizing the Americas, and a growing American nationalism.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations should not intervene in countries to the south of the U.S. Finally, it promised to stay out of foreign affairs.U.S. will not interfere with European affairs in Europe.The essence of the Doctrine is“America for Americans”.Whic h later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.As the New World developed in the years ahead this doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a border interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.名词解释1.Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address is a speech delivered by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War on November 19, 1863 after the northern victory at Gettysburg.It is regarded as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis,with "a new birth of freedom,"that would bring true equality[5] to all of its citizens.Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for theprinciple of human equality.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of Us Imperialism1、The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former confederate states, exceptTennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2、During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radicalreconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.3、The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for resortingwhite supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.名词解释Open Door PolicyIn Sino-American relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed the so- called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as othe r aggressors.Chapter 8 world war I and the depression1、The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2、The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917 was the Germany’s unlimited submarine campaign.3、The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4、The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5、The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.名词解释：Roaring Twenties: The ten years between 1919 and 1929, usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”, were a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s problems, bewildering social change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure.问答题：1、Why did the US join the First World War so late?First, the United States was lack of military preparedness when the war began.Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financial and industrial commitment to the Allied cause,F inally the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’s submarine campaign against merchant ships.2、What were the major contents and basic ideas of the New Deal? How do you comment on the New Deal?The aims of the New Deal were to raise commodity prices by limiting production,devaluing the dollar, maintaining high tariffs on foreign goods, and to carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.For farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1933, which enabled the government, among other things, to pay grants to induce them to reduce the amount of products, which included such commodities as cotton, wheat, corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar and others.In industry Roosevelt, by the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power to control working conditions, and to fix minimum wages.Chapter 9 American During and After World II1.The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to_sell___ certain nonprohibitedgoods to belligerent nations as long as those goods were not transported on _American_ ships.2.Stars Wars program was proposed by President _Reagan_in __1983__. Theprogram seeks to construct a defensive “shield”against incoming _missiles_.The shield would be made of _laser__ and electronic _devices _that would destroy such missiles launched to attack _ the US__名词解释1.The Cold WarDuring the time 1945-1991, because disagreed about the configuration of the post-war world, especially about that of Europe, there was a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the U.S., and the communist world, led by the USSR. The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.2.The Truman Doctrinea policy by Truman on Mar. 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid ($400m) to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. It was the start of the Cold War and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. . It became the basis of U.S. Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.3.Marshall PlanThe economic equivalent of the containment policy was presented by secretary of state George Marshall, called Marshall plan. It was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. the purpose of the plan was to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reduce artificial trade barriers, and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance. (The U.S. gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies to combat the spread of communism.) the plan had two major aims:(1)to keep communists out of political power in Europe. (2)to stabilize the international economic order in a way favorableto capitalism. It was one of the first elements of European integration问答1.What are the major forms of American Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968?Can you give one specific examples?Boycotts; Sit-ins;Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)●On Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus tomake room for a white passenger, and then Parks was arrested, tried, and convicted for disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance.After word of this incident reached the black community, 50 African-American leaders gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a more humane bus transportation system.90% of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts, which reduced bus revenue by 80% until a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in Nov. 1956, and the boycott ended.●Chapter 10 The Federal System and Congress1.Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the centralgovernment and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the state . Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence. 2.Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislativepower to Congress, executive power to President and judicia l power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branchesa sufficient role in the actions of the others.3.According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25 years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30and must have been citizens for 9 years.4.The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the presidentof the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.名词解释1 federalism: This division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government.2 separation of powers: It means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches回答问题What are the three basic principles of U.S political system?The US political system was established on the basis of the three main principles-----federalism, separation of powers, and supremacy of the constitution. Federalism is the division of powers by a constitution between the national government and state government. It should be observed that federalism operates only on two levels, the national and the state .Separation of powers means constitutional division of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. It meansmore than allocating legislative power to the Supreme Court. It also means giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others so that no one branch may dominate the others. Supremacy of the constitution means that every American citizen is required to respect the Constitution and to obey the laws of the United StatesChapter 11The President and the Judiciary1 By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and ofbeing a resident within the United States for 14 years can run for thepresident .The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the 20th of January following his election.2 The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress andpolicies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice (1801-1835) in Americahistory, called this power of interpretation judicial review.3 There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts, 2) the courts ofappeal, 3) the Supreme Cour t. All the judges of federal courts appointed byPresident with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has ahierarchy of three levels: 1) superior cour ts, 2) appellate courts 3)a statesupreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the county court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually serve eight or twelve years for one term.问答How is the president’s power limitedThe president has no power to declare war on other countries. He can call Congress into special session and can adjourn Congress, but he cannot dismiss Congress. He cannot pardon the person who is impeached. All appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare the pr esident’s policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolished it. If the president abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress.Chapter 12 Political Parties and ElectionThe candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winter-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.名词解释Election Day: the day set by law for the general elections of public officials. It occurs on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. (The earliest possible date is November 2 and the latest possible date is November 8.)Winner-take-al l：The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’selectoral votes.问答题How is the U.S. president elected?First stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice President and to determine the parties’ platforms.Second stage: the campaigning stage. From early fall of the election year to Election Day, candidates travel across the country and deliver countless speeches, campaigning for support.Third stage: voters to choose a slate of president electors in their state who make up the Electoral College. The candidate with the most votes will be the President in the next four years.Fourth stage: when the new Congress assembled on Jan. 6, the electoral votes are formally counted in a joint session of the two houses and the President of the Senate announces the “state of the vote”. If there’s no electoral college winner, the house of representatives choose the president.。
美国大萧条的历史事件时间轴1929年10月24日：股市崩盘美国经济的顶峰期可追溯到20世纪20年代。
然而，1929年10月24日，所谓的“黑色星期四”，证券交易所遭遇了重大崩盘，标志着美国大萧条的开始。
股市崩盘导致投资者损失严重，导致了金融恐慌和经济崩溃的开端。
1930年：贸易战加剧随着美国经济衰退的加深，国际贸易也受到了严重影响。
为了保护本国产业和就业机会，美国通过了一系列高关税法案，限制了进口商品。
这激起了其他国家的报复措施，加剧了全球贸易战的局势，对美国经济的恢复造成了进一步的阻碍。
1932年：赴华尔街游行在大萧条期间，失业率飙升，贫困和失落感普遍存在，人们对经济状况的不满情绪达到了顶点。
数千名失业者和受影响者组成的游行队伍涌入纽约华尔街，要求政府采取措施来解决他们的问题。
这次游行被警察暴力驱散，成为了当时社会分裂和失眠的象征。
1933年：富兰克林·D·罗斯福的新政1933年3月4日，富兰克林·D·罗斯福成为美国总统。
他在大萧条时期引入了一系列经济恢复计划，被称为“新政”。
这些计划包括金融改革、刺激投资和创造就业机会等措施，旨在重振经济。
罗斯福的新政被普遍认为是解决大萧条的重要里程碑。
1933年至1937年：第一阶段的新政在新政的第一阶段中，罗斯福政府通过争取国会的支持实施了一系列紧急措施。
这些措施包括刺激经济、救助银行体系以及推出了一系列劳工和农业计划。
虽然有一定的效果，但经济恢复的步伐仍然缓慢。
1935年至1937年：第二阶段的新政在新政的第二阶段中，罗斯福政府加强了对经济的操控和干预，通过通过实施社会保障和劳工保护法案，进一步刺激了消费和增加了就业机会。
这一阶段的新政被认为是取得实质性进展的关键时期。
1937年：萧条的再次爆发然而，在1937年，美国经济再次陷入了困境。
政府减少了对经济的干预和支持，刺激计划的效果减弱，导致经济增长出现了停滞。
这次萧条虽然没有像最初那样严重，但影响的恢复时间延长，使得大萧条的结束时间被推迟。
1929美国股市崩溃原（1929 the collapse of the US stock market）I hope the Commission and the senior leadership in learning: the landlord 1929 U.S. stock market collapseGood Viagra published in Soufangwang Owners Forum - Shanghai - property owners forum topicIn fact, the economic development of the United States in 1929 there have been serious difficulties. Due to the slow development of the traditional industrial sector in 20s, the lack of construction has seriously hampered the development of other sectors of the economy, which has led to a great recession in the whole economy. But the New York stock market through continuous drive up in the first half of 1929, the price has been rising. The United States has been a barometer of economic development cannot reflect the real situation of the American economy. As we know, the stock market is to support investor confidence and hope for the future. But this kind of confidence and hope in late October 1929, due to the economic downturn and completely shattered. The majority of investors began to sell stocks crazily, the stock prices fell fast, and even the automatic quotation machine was too late to quote. The stock market collapsed. The stock market crash triggered a series of chain reaction. The wealth of the vast majority of investors almost disappeared overnight, forced by livelihood and confidence shaken, people rushed to the bank exchange deposits, which directly led to bank failures. After the bankruptcy of the bank, the normal operation of a large number of business enterprises also declared bankruptcy because of the loss of financial support. As a result, the workers are unemployed and the living standards of the people are greatly reduced, and theyare unable to buy goods in the market. The United States economy began to enter the vicious spiral. 1929: Wall Street stock market collapse in October 1929, when the Americans still revel in their fiction "permanent prosperity" of the dream, a stock market collapse as the forerunner of the serious crisis with the suddenness of a thunderbolt burst in america. It destroyed the financial institutions of the United States, across all sectors of the economy, push the United States economy on the brink of collapse. For a time, miserable conditions, the U.S. economy from nineteenth Century Starving people fill the land....... the last 30 years to start a leaping development. After entering twentieth Century, the momentum is still unabated, it is not only the British and French left far behind, but also make up the France and Japan to catch up. By the eve of the first World War in 1913, the industrial production of the United States had accounted for 1/3 of the world's total, exceeding the sum of the proportion of Britain, France, Germany and japan. With strong economic strength, the United States took an active part in the first World War in which the major imperialist countries split up the world market and the world territory. Three years after the outbreak of World War II, the United States to abandon the so-called neutral position, announced in the war. In the war, although the life and property of the American people suffered a certain loss, but on the whole, the United States is a big war wealth, the economy is still rising. The war made American companies hype for production, domestic employment, exports increased rapidly, trade surplus increase, the international balance of payments situation has greatly improved, the United States by the debtor to creditor. At this point, New York has become an important financial center in the world, and the dollar instead of the pound has becomethe main means of international exchange. American bankers and businessmen began exporting large amounts of capital overseas. By 1929, the United States had a long-term overseas investment of nearly 15 billion 400 million US dollars, of which $7 billion 800 million was the foreign securities owned by the United states. The "wartime economy" and the "prosperity" nurtured a strong speculative atmosphere. Any American has the reason to believe that the United States will be "permanently prosperous" in twentieth Century, and their optimism is first manifested in investment in real estate and stock markets. In the middle of the 20s, the unprecedented prosperity of real estate in Florida completely conquered the Americans of the whole continent. From the investment environment, Florida is attractive. Loose credit conditions also contributed to the speculative frenzy. There were reports of land on Palm Beach, worth $800 thousand in 1923, $1 million 500 thousand in 1924, and $4 million in 1925. In the hottest period of speculation in 1924-1925 years, the price of real estate will be doubled in about a few weeks. In the light of Miami is a real estate agent is 75000,1/3 of the whole city. Everyone believes: "there is no risk of falling in this market."." Like all speculative mania, the inevitable collapse of Florida's property market came in 1926. Rising real estate prices need a lot of money to pour in, but profitable speculators are scrambling to get out of it. Selling large amounts of the property they owned, the market was on the edge of collapse. People think that disaster can be avoided in Wall Street. The New York stock exchange stock price in Manniu trend. Especially from from early March 1928 to September 1929, the stock soared, the stock market speculation climax peak,some major industrial stock prices rise every day and sometimes as high as 10%-15%. Push towards the climax as well as many speculative financial celebrities, such as vice president of the NYSE Richards. Whitney, a famous financier, Swedish Match King Evan. Krug, National Commercial Bank of American president Mitchell. Their argument makes people believe what happened on the street in full compliance with the norms of the contemporary capitalist system successfully. Among them, Erwin Fisher, one of the pioneers of the famous American economics professor and the pioneer of intrinsic value theory, proposed a famous view: "the stock market has reached a plateau like a permanent plateau."." The sage of Wells Leigh predicted: Babson mutation coming stormin. A Wells Leigh sage is to have a fever in New York poured cold water: "a market crash will come sooner or later!" Wall Street has reproduced the forgotten financial history memory, panic from people's psychological preparation...... in 1928, the U.S. presidential election, due to serious differences within the Democratic Party, the Republican candidate Herbert Hoover (Hebert Hoover) win. In the seven years before 1929, Americans devoted a lot of enthusiasm to the title of "prosperous seven years" with heavy ink. No doubt, Wall Street has become the focus of attention, and the stock market has become the central topic of American conversation. The stock market stock price rise, rise directly to a high position, no matter on the class as the cninfo flooding into the stock market. The whole 20s was called "roaring 20s"". In September 1929, the speculative tide pushed the Dow Jones to a record high of 386, 300% of the 1926 index. The stock market in the "high fever" some time since the reputation of the most rational economists in the stock master, "high fever". Young American economist Joseph.S. Laurence is proud to put forwardhis view that the American public has reached a consensus on their the extremely attractive market evaluation is the value of the stock has not reached the ideal height...... those who think that smart and deny the qualification judgment. The American public is not wise. Because he was against the market, market prosperity will prove him wrong. In September 5, 1929, a Massachusetts Wells Leigh body thin, ugly in appearance financial consultant Roger. Babson is the New York stock market to have a fever poured cold water. The statistician made an astonishing prediction at the day's financiers luncheon: I repeated what I said last year and the year before last, and a market crash would come sooner or later. ...... Plant will be an unprecedented recession and crisis...... Wall Street stock experts with no exception to the "sage of Wells Leigh" prophecy given strong proof. However, the same day at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, when the Babson words in the Dow Jones financial news automatic recorder "wide" record with the referenced time, the stock market suddenly plummeted. In the frantic final trading time, there were 2 million stock exchanges, the stock of major companies dropped by 7 points, and the shares of Steel Corp in the United States dropped by 9 points. Wall Street stock masters is no longer the Babson warning as erroneous and apocalyptic prophet to the nose, some of them just surprised and puzzled, the continued prosperity of the U.S. economy over 7 years and will continue to be optimistic about the situation in 1929,Why does the bad sign appear at this time? Once these so-called "financial investment expert", "masters" lack of confidence, people throughout the Wall Street mental capacity is extremely fragile, a month ago unthinkable market collapse suddenlybecome a common topic. As to the "Wellesley sage" tribute to the changes in the stock market on September 5th, the people called "Pakistan Bhusan mutation" it not only ended the American "permanent prosperity" of the dream, but also indicates "rupture chain prosperity", is more large-scale market collapse area Overture and signs. Great collapse: permanent plateau collapse, the law of the stock market: once speculation "bubble" lifted, it will fall below, human incompetence around. He has no previous optimism, when he is too late as a warning for the future, "although I have millions of federal troops and tens of billions of dollars in debt, but in this terrible disaster in this terrible disaster, they are so feeble......" Babson mutation "after the United States, become fragile. The confidence was shaken from time to time, the stock market fell sharply. To reassure the public, bankers and government officials have assured the public that the volatility of the stock market is a normal adjustment of profit taking, and there is no need to worry about it. The president of the United States made a public speech announcing that the U.S. economy is fundamentally sound and the future is optimistic. However, the market reaction is quite cold, the stock price rises and falls, situation is extremely unstable. An extremely nervous atmosphere dominated the Wall Street quietly. Monday, October 21st. A wave of selling into the ground, sell the amount of up to about 6000000 shares. More surprising is the stock market on the actual record recorder. The vibration of stock market demand that margin trading clients keep a margin, thus providing opportunities for those speculators, "in fact, the stock price has not caught up with the true value, the stock price will rise." Tuesday, October 22nd. Stock prices slightly rose slightly, but then showed signs of dropping, selling thanbuying. Wednesday, October 23rd. The Wall Street stock market continues to worsen, large-scale collapse is triggered at any moment. An ominous cloud hung over the whole of New York, and the wind of the autumn wind aggravated the fears and uneasiness in the minds of the people. In October 24th, said the history of this day as "black Thursday". Early in the morning, U.S. President Herbert Hoover in a press release said: after seven years of prosperity, the economy of our country is based on the rich, the rich, the production and distribution has not lost its balance, the economic situation is stable, investors worry is unnecessary. Hoover is still ringing in our ears, over New York Bang sounded empty eyes. The stock market opened sharply like dike water discharged, stock market rises a financial panic, the stock No one shows any interest in bulk! 13 million single throw presses market plummeted, trading hall is a mess, Dutch act that passed in the frantic trading hall, unbelievable reality, so that every Wall Street investors have loaded mesh tongue. "Have a fever" in New York now is "Crazy"! Such as fire rescue, Morgan building is in a meeting, countermeasures. The stock exchange and the lost people suddenly boiling up, like a drowning man grabbed a life-saving road grass, looked at the Dow Jones financial news automatic recording tape appears on the good news, turn the tide. At noon, the Wall Street financial giants, including Morgan Thomas. Lamont consortium, the national commercial bank Mitchell, chase bank Wiggin, gathered at the Morgan House Office, to discuss the rescue measures. Finally, the big corporations have been lost, the establishment of the so-called "rescue fund", decided to stabilize the stock market to buy, to restore public confidence in the Morgan Construction Company, the New York stock exchange broker agency director, the famous Wall Street investment wizard Richard.Whitney duty bound to accept this arduous task. At half past one in the afternoon, Richard featuresWhitney gentleman dressed, graceful bearing appeared in New York stock exchange. He went straight to the Steel Corp stock exchange in the United States and bought ten thousand shares of Steel Corp at $205 per share. Then, with the same firmness and heavy expression, he walked with a steady pace, and went to several other counters with all his attention and made a few big deals. The current light trust everyone in the business hall of the face, people seem to see the hope. This is not a normal transaction, which represents the efforts of the financial sector in New York. Daniel Whitney. Chet move clearly has a certain influence the Steel Corp's stock rose from $193 to $206 for the Wall Street stock market, several other large company stocks rebounded slightly. However, this is just dying back. Wall Street speculators hand caused by the "prosperity" of the market, but was unable to save the market; although they make a brave gesture on the occasion of the courage to undertake A great calamity is at hand., left alone, but they cannot dispel people's doubts, vulnerable people psychological stability. No one can stop the terrible wave of stock selling, because the law of the stock market is: once the speculative "bubble" lifted off, it will be lame, human incompetence! Friday, October 25th. After the dramatic failure of Richard Whitney, the financial community in New York again issued an upbeat statement to try to restore public confidence. However, the situation continues to deteriorate, a larger stock market fell tide is looming. October 28th is another Monday. The stock market is still falling sharply. Steel Corp shares fell 18 points, General Electric shares fell 48 points, New York stock exchange sharesfell by about 50 points on average. On Tuesday, October 29th, the New York stock exchange as history had been the most devastating day. On the brink of collapse of the stock market, without the slightest respite, again at an unprecedented rate fall, New York Stock Exchange opened in less than half an hour after selling the stock has reached the level of price level at. Finally, when the exchange in a panic when the door is closed, turnover amounted to 16 million 413 thousand shares. The fact has been cast, all without exchange: the stock market collapse! In late October 10 days, all the value of the stock fell $15 billion. Within the next few weeks, every week the situation is bad, the stock price plummeted as rock cliff play pushed down, smashing people dizzy Herbert. Hoover hit the eye, helpless. Hoover is no longer a presidential campaign of optimism, when he is too late as a warning for the future. In autumn 1929, the Wall Street stock market fell back, the bear market lasted five years. By July 1933, the U.S. stock market value has lost about 83%. The collapse of the stock market is often a sign of economic crisis. The collapse of the Wall Street in 1929 shattered the American dream of "permanent prosperity" and brought about an unprecedented disaster. 0 0 is on the top or sign of loading the user signature information toolbox [Edit] TOPShare: micro-blog QQ space from Sina, micro-blog, Tencent, micro-blog, Sohu, micro-blog, Renren, Viagra, good Viagra, Posted:2003-10-17 21:32:07 only see the author certification ownersStatus offline registration: last login time: 2003-06-04: 2008-08-28Posts: 7133 post summary points: 133106 photos: 0 level Forum: the nine generation of veterans Wealth Rank: his family was well-off silver: 3047 treasure: Martial: the user first approval by the moderator for housing owners through certification.3 red and blue moderator certification Short Message owners 0 technician 0 fans for 0 neighboring | neighbor space | album | | micro-blog blogStatus offlineForum level: Nine generation veteranWealth class: a well off familyThe great depression: the unforgettable 1929-1933 sofaGood Viagra published in Soufangwang Owners Forum - Shanghai - property owners forum topicThe end came suddenly, but not quietly ended. "Meltdown" triggered the great depression: the closure of the factory, bank bankruptcy,Tens of thousands of workers unemployed, millions of people homeless, displaced by the loss of Starving people fill the land., dead bodies lying in the streets... The Great Depression... Once again proved not capitalist economic crisis continued to grow, but struggled in the increasingly deep crisis. The Great Depression (Great Depression). In English,the word "depression" is "terrible" and "desperate", refers to "economic activity is much lower than normal level, enterprises and consumers have serious pessimism a long period"; and "big", not only refers to a wide range, but also has extraordinary strength, for a long time, profound meaning. The stock market is a barometer of the capitalist economy is very keen. The collapse of the Wall Street stock market in October 1929 was like a burst of water, spreading rapidly, resulting in a "Great Depression" of the U.S. economy, and on the verge of collapse, an unprecedented economic crisis broke out. The first hit is the American financial industry. With the stock market fell tide, many banks went bankrupt, insolvent banks from from 1929 659 to 1930 1352, 1931 2294 peaceful home for 932 years, the highest rate accounted for 10% of the number of head office, the savings amounted to $3 billion 520 million of these banks have. In 1933, the situation was even more serious. The bankruptcy, plus the rectification and reorganization of the banks reached 4004, accounting for 28.2% of the total number of banks. "The Great Depression" is unprecedented in the history of the United states. From 1929 to 1933, private investment decreased from $340 million to $16 billion, and industrial production declined by 50% in the summer of 1929 at the end of 1933. From 1929 to 1933, the national income dropped from $87 billion 800 million to $40 billion 200 million, and the per capita income fell from $681 to $495, with 10 companies closing down. In 1929 the unemployment rate for non agricultural population 1/201930 years 1/71931 years 1/41932 years 1/3. Working people can only work for part of the time, and the wages are very low, some people call it "hungry" wages". Agriculture is also a "Great Depression" blow. The prices of agricultural products fell more than non farm products,agricultural products in 1932 fell 55%. Total farm income dropped to 1932 from $12 billion in 1929 to $5 billion 300 million; at least 40% national farm mortgages, about 1/3 of the farm hands, many tenants by the landlord to recover the land. "Meltdown" triggered by the "Great Depression" shocking consequences: numerous factories, bank failures, tens of thousands of unemployed workers, millions of people homeless, displaced by the loss of Starving people fill the land., dead bodies lying in the streets, tens of millions of dollars in industrial and agricultural production fell sharply, cast to waste, all withered, producing more than ten years of stagnation and even retrogression...... to save money, the poor family racked juice: for a 25 watt light bulb; men's razor and grinding; the children pick up a bottle for cash, a 2 cents; the old clothes changed to children to wear and so on. Many people have received a Christmas card and save it, change to other friends next year. The "meltdown" become all entrepreneurs, bankers, constantly hear them mad, Dutch act the news; and those worthy of the weight of life, had to put on his rags, begging to pedestrians in remote districts. By 1932, 300 thousand of the children had been out of school because of the lack of education funds. The teachers had no life and the students were worse off. Millions of people living below the poverty line in death, starvation struggle. Eat wild herbs, pick up the Watermelon Eating... Such a scene can be seen everywhere... People almost despair: only when the end of the endless suffering! In this case, not only the people of the United States since the founding of the so-called "democracy" and "eternal prosperity" shaken, and abide by the "minimum intervention in the economic field" of the United States President Herbert. Hoover also feel at a loss in a flurry ofalarm. Before the great crisis of 1929, the economic theory that dominated the capitalist economic forum and dominated the government's economic policy guidance was the economic theory of the rising stage of economic liberalism,The development of capitalist production and the economy is to be self mediation without external intervention can keep running; the economic crisis of capitalism is an accidental phenomenon of arrhythmia, and sustained growth is an inevitable law of normal. But, in fact, the capitalist economic crisis is happening periodically, like the plague, and is spreading wider and wider. The first time the general crisis of the capitalist world is happening in Britain in 1825. In 1827, the United States has become a new source of the crisis. Since then, the crisis is like a shadow with the development of capitalism. The so-called "self-regulation" of the bourgeois economic theory is a process of temporary equilibrium through the forced destruction of the crisis. But the collapse of the 1929, the great depression, further announced the bankruptcy of the "self regulating" theory. The depth of the crisis has reached unprecedented levels, and it has failed to provide impetus for new balanced implementations. The U.S. economy is on the verge of collapse and seems increasingly powerless. The great depression once again proved that the capitalist economy was not continuously growing without crisis, but it was just struggling in an increasingly deep crisis. Roosevelt's "New Deal" distress in the show: a warm, loud voice. "This great country."...... Will revive and prosper. First of all, let me assert that I firmly believe that the only thing we should fear is fear itself - a nameless, irrational, unfounded fear." Roosevelt smiling face is the Wall Street rekindled hope."Hoover village" the origin is not fiction, it is the inevitable product of the "Great Depression", is poverty, were lost by the American people on the government's taunt. Wall Street's "meltdown", "the Great Depression" has enveloped the entire America. Those who couldn't afford the rent were thrown out of the house, or dissipated in Wall Street, or crowded in the temporary shelter of the government. So people call these slums "Hoover Villes", who have lost faith in the Republican Party, and believe that the Hoover party is responsible for the great depression. The collapse of the Wall Street stock market in 1929 not only caused a full-blown depression in the United States, but also led to a global economic crisis. A severe financial crisis occurred in Central Europe, and Britain was forced to abandon the gold standard, and the world economy was in a state of collapse. Hoover issued a record and indemnity moratorium in 1931, but it has failed to restore the international financial downturn. In 1931, foreign countries lifted $1 billion 500 million worth of gold from American banks, together with the massive sell-off of securities in the New York stock market, further exacerbating the crisis in the United states. Since the internal mechanism of production has been unable to independently, "self regulation" to keep the economy running, then resorted to economic forces outside the country is to resort to direct the comprehensive intervention will become inevitable. In fact, in 1929 at the time of the crisis to continue to deepen, in addition to the bourgeoisie through various forms of state intervention in the economy to take action, even for a moment to jump out of the traditional bourgeois theory frame of the United States President Hoover began "intervention" in economic field, to maintain economic stability and promoting employment. However, not until Hooverunderstand whether the crisis began in 1929 on the U.S. economy means what, he was in a piece of grievances left the white house. On the day that Hoover spent the last night at the White House, the governors of New York and northern states closed all the banks in the two states to avoid crowds of people who were desperate to make deposits. In this way, the entire financial sector to the spread of paralysis in the United states. At this time, Franklin Roosevelt passion, sonorous sound, a ray of hope for the people of the United States in the dark. In March 4, 1933, Roosevelt enthusiastically announced on the steps of the Houses of Parliament in Washington, loudly, confidently: "this great country."...... Will revive and prosper. First of all, let me assert that I firmly believe,The only thing we should fear is fear itself - a nameless, irrational, unfounded fear." No doubt his hope of heroic utterance of Wall Street, because the financial sector tend to trust the authorities with confidence. But the people from the stable Hoover residence published the statement, there were no effect. However, very pleased with oneself, smiling Franklin. Ross is rich in his past achievements and extraordinary optimism won the love and support of the American people. While the Americans lost confidence in the Republican ruling party, the Democrats have focused their attention on the great depression. The 1932 presidential election, the Democratic Party to support Frank. Roosevelt assistant secretary of the Navy Rosv campaign for former New York senator and President of the Werwilson. Suffering from polio, paralysis of the legs, and a wheelchair for life. But his ambition is not decreased, and the state of New York in 1928 1930 re-election. He advocates of unemployment insurance and direct the relief of theunemployed in the state of New York. He declared that "helping the unemployed" has to be released by the government, not as philanthropy, but as a social responsibility." Under his leadership, the New York provisional emergency relief agency, established in 1931, was the first state relief organization in the United States, and was deeply supported by the American people during the great depression. In 1933, when Roosevelt entered the White House, it was the moment of the great economic crisis in the United States. He immediately announced the implementation of the new Deal (New) to save the capitalist system. As he said, "the danger of radicalism against the reactionary approach will be catastrophic, and the reactionary approach will not stop the radical trend, which is a challenge and a kind of anger. To deal with the risk to put forward feasible key program." Roosevelt's "New Deal", against the dogma of the old capitalist market mechanism, has broken away from the dogma of crisis and turned to the aid of state intervention to save the U.S. economy on the verge of collapse. "New Deal" begins with the financial system, because the economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 started in the United States from the financial panic. March 6, 1933. The United States abandoned the gold standard, so that the depreciation of the dollar in international exchange; the "Securities Law" provisions of the true value of the insurers and brokers to provide sufficient information on the true value of the sale of securities; promulgated "Securities Exchange Law", and the establishment of the securities and Exchange Commission to control and supervision of the stock market; "holding company in five years the dissolution of large power utility holding company act" provisions, the federal small holding company management, financial holding company's activity is controlled。
