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第一章1. 简述嵌入式的定义以应用为中心、以计算机技术为基础，软件硬件可裁剪，适应应用系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、功耗严格要求的专用计算机系统。
2. 举例说明嵌入式系统的“嵌入性” 、“专用性” 、“计算机系统”的基本特征。
按照嵌入式系统的定义，嵌入式系统有3个基本特点，即“ 嵌入性”、“ 专用性”与“ 计算机”。
“嵌入性”由早期微型机时代的嵌入式计算机应用而来，专指计算机嵌入到对象体系中，实现对象体系的智能控制。
当嵌入式系统变成一个独立应用产品时，可将嵌入性理解为内部嵌有微处理器或计算机。
“计算机”是对象系统智能化控制的根本保证。
随着单片机向MCU SoC发展，片内计算机外围电路、接口电路、控制单元日益增多，“专用计算机系统”演变成为“内含微处理器”的现代电子系统。
与传统的电子系统相比较，现代电子系统由于内含微处理器，能实现对象系统的计算机智能化控制能力。
“专用性”是指在满足对象控制要求及环境要求下的软硬件裁剪性。
嵌入式系统的软、硬件配置必须依据嵌入对象的要求，设计成专用的嵌入式应用系统。
3. 简述嵌入式系统发展各阶段的特点。
（1）无操作系统阶段：使用简便、价格低廉；（2）简单操作系统阶段：初步具有了一定的兼容性和扩展性，内核精巧且效率高，大大缩短了开发周期，提高了开发效率。
（3）实时操作系统阶段：系统能够运行在各种不同类型的微处理器上，具备了文件和目录管理、设备管理、多任务、网络、图形用户界面Graphic User Interface ，GUI ）等功能，并提供了大量的应用程序接口Application Programming Interface ，API ），从而使应用软件的开发变得更加简单。
（4）面向Internet 阶段：进入21 世纪，Internet 技术与信息家电、工业控制技术等的结合日益紧密，嵌入式技术与Internet 技术的结合正在推动着嵌入式系统的飞速发展4. 简述嵌入式系统的发展趋势。
嵌⼊式系统第⼀章⼀、嵌⼊式系统的定义：从技术⾓度定义：以应⽤为中⼼，以计算机技术为基础，软硬件可裁剪，适应应⽤系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、功耗等严格要求的专⽤计算机系统，是将应⽤程序、操作系统和计算机硬件集成在⼀起的系统。
⼆、常见的嵌⼊式操作系统：1.WindowsEmbedded2.VxWorks3.µC/OS4.QNX5.嵌⼊式Linux6.安卓系统三、嵌⼊式系统的特点：专⽤型强体积⼩型化实时性好可裁剪性好可靠性⾼功耗低不可垄断性四、嵌⼊式处理器有两个体系结构，特点，优缺点冯诺依曼体系结构和哈弗体系结构冯诺依曼：程序和数据共享⼀个存储空间；程序指令存储地址和数据存储地址指向⼀个存储器的不同物理位置；采⽤单⼀的地址及数据总线；程序指令和数据宽度相同。
处理器在执⾏指令时，必须从存储器中取出指令解码，再取操作数执⾏运算，在⾼速运算的时候，容易在传输通道上出现瓶颈效应。
哈弗：程序和数据存储在不同的存储空间中，即程序存储器和数据存储器是两个相互独⽴的存储器，每个存储器独⽴编址、独⽴访问。
与两个存储器相对应的是系统中的4套总线：程序的数据总线和地址总线，数据的数据总线和地址总线。
这种分离的程序总线和数据总线可允许在⼀个机器周期内同时获取指令字和操作数，从⽽提⾼了执⾏速度，⼜由于程序和数据存储器在两个分开的物理空间中，因⽽取值和执⾏能够完全重叠，提⾼了运算速度。
五、嵌⼊式微处理器的分类(P10)嵌⼊式微处理器根据功能、结构、性能运算特点和使⽤⽅法等多⽅⾯的综合因素可以粗略分成嵌⼊式微控制器(MCU)、嵌⼊式微处理器(MPU)、数字信号处理器（DSP)）、CPLD/FPGA、⽚上系统（SOC）等5类。
SOC往往是在FPGA上实现的。
六、嵌⼊式微处理器如何选型（P13）1.技术指标2.熟悉原则3.成本原则4.⽀持⼯具原则5，整体原则第⼆章⼀、RISC（精简指令集）特点：1.⼤的、统⼀的寄存器⽂件2.装载/保存结构，数据处理操作只针对寄存器的内容，⽽不是直接对存储器进⾏操作。
Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard Embedded TutorialTutorial 2Adding EDK IP to an Embedded SystemVersion 12.4.01Revision HistoryTable of ContentsRevision History (2)Table of Contents (2)Table of Figures (2)Overview (3)Objectives (3)Requirements (4)Software (4)Hardware (4)Setup (4)Recommended Reading (4)I.Adding the New Peripheral (5)II.Writing Code for the New Peripheral (8)III.Test the Generated System with the New Application (13)Getting Help and Support (14)Table of FiguresFigure 1 - Hardware Platform (3)Figure 2 - IP Catalog (5)Figure 3 - GPIO Peripheral Configuration (5)Figure 4 - Connecting IP to PLB Bus (6)Figure 5 - Generate Addresses (6)Figure 6 - GPIO I/O Settings (7)Figure 7 - External Ports (7)Figure 8 - XPS GPIO Registers (8)Figure 9 - New C Project (9)Figure 10 - New Source File (10)Figure 11 - Generate Linker Script (11)Figure 12 - Connect LX9 MicroBoard to host PC (13)OverviewThis is the second tutorial in a series of training material dedicated to introducing engineers to creating their first embedded designs. These tutorials will cover all the required steps for creating a complete MicroBlaze design in the Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard. While dedicated to this platform, the information learned here can be used with any Xilinx FPGA.The tutorial is divided into three main steps: adding a new peripheral, writing code for the peripheral and testing the system on the board. The test application will reside in Block memory inside the FPGA. Below is a block diagram of the hardware platform. We will add a GPIO core to make use of the DIP Switches on the board.Figure 1 - Hardware PlatformObjectivesThis tutorial demonstrates how to add and modify peripherals to an existing MicroBlaze system using Xilinx Platform Studio (XPS). The system from the previous tutorial will be used as the starting point. The tutorial will showHow to add an EDK peripheralHow to connect to the existing systemHow to modify the peripheral optionsHow to add constraints for the new peripheralRequirementsThe following items are required for proper completion of this tutorial.Completion of the Creating an Embedded System TutorialSoftwareThe following software setup was used to test this reference design:▪WindowsXP 32-bit Service Pack 2▪Xilinx ISE WebPack with the SDK add-on or ISE Embedded Edition version 12.4▪Installed Digilent Adept and Xilinx 3rd-party USB Cable driver▪Installed Silicon Labs CP210x USB-to-UART Bridge Driver▪Installation of the Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard XBD filesHardwareThe hardware setup used by this reference design includes:▪Computer with a minimum of 300-900 MB (depending on O/S) to complete an XC6SLX9 design1▪Avnet Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard Kito Avnet Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoardo USB Extension cable (if necessary)o USB A-to-MicroB cableSetup▪Install ISE Embedded Edition or ISE WebPack with the EDK add-on.▪Install Digilent Adept and Xilinx 3rd-party USB Cable driver (see Installation Guide on the DRC) Recommended ReadingAvailable from Avnet: /s6microboard▪The hardware used on the Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard is described in detail in Avnet document, Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard User Guide.▪An overview of the configuration options available on the Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard, as well as Digilent driver installation instructions can be found in the Avnet document, Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard Configuration Guide.▪Instructions on installing the Silicon Labs CP210x USB-to-UART drivers can be found in the Avnet document, Silicon Labs CP210x USB-to-UART Setup Guide.Available from Xilinx: /support/documentation/spartan-6.htm▪Details on the Spartan-6 FPGA family are included in the following Xilinx documents: o Spartan-6 Family Overview (DS160)o Spartan-6 FPGA Data Sheet (DS162)o Spartan-6 FPGA Configuration User Guide (UG380)o Platform Studio Help (available in tool menu)o Platform Studio SDK Help (available in tool menu)o MicroBlaze Reference Guide v.12.4 (UG081)o Embedded System Tools Reference Manual v.12.4 (UG111)1 Refer toI. Adding the New PeripheralWe will use Xilinx Platform Studio (XPS) to add and connect a new peripheral to the existing system.1) Start Project Navigator and open the Tutorial_01 project.2) Double-click on the mb_system module to open the system in XPS.3) Select the IP Catalog tab in the project window. The IP catalog lists all the processor peripheralsavailable with extended information. Expand the General Purpose IO option. The peripheralscan be sorted by column field. Right click on the peripheral to view its datasheet or change loginformation.Figure 2 - IP Catalog4) Select xps_gpio version 2.00.a on the list then drag and drop it to the System Assembly Viewwindow.5) The peripheral configuration window will open to configure the peripheral. Select Channel 1 andChange the GPIO Data Channel Width from 32 to 4. Change the Channel 1 is Input Only from FALSE to TRUE.Figure 3 - GPIO Peripheral Configuration6) Click OK.7) Click on xps_gpio_0 in the Name column of the System Assembly window. Rename the instanceto DIP_Switches. To connect the peripheral to the PLB bus, click on the circle on the left of the peripheral name. The circle means that it is a slave on the bus.Figure 4 - Connecting IP to PLB Bus8) Click on the Addresses tab. The addresses view shows the address space for all the peripherals.The Lock box prevents the address for that peripheral from being changed when generating new addresses.9) Click on the Generate Addresses button to generate the address range for the new GPIOperipheral.Figure 5 - Generate Addresses10) Click on the Ports tab. The Ports view shows the internal connections between the peripherals aswell as the external ports connections.11) Expand DIP_Switches from the list. It will show the connections available for the peripheral.12) Expand the (IO_IF) gpio_0 selection. Look at the GPIO datasheet for a description of each port.The datasheet can be found by right-clicking on DIP_Switches.13) Select GPIO_IO_I since the DIP switches are only inputs. Click on No Connection drop-downlist in the Net column. Select Make External to add it the external ports list.Figure 6 - GPIO I/O Settings14) Expand the External Ports to view the new connection. The name of the new external port isDIP_Switches_GPIO_IO_I_pin with a range of [0:3].Figure 7 - External Ports15) We need to update the design information for SDK. Go to Project > Export Hardware Design toSDK… Select Export Only.16) Close XPS.We need to update the constraint file to add the pinout information for the DIP switches.17) In Project Navigator, expand the mb_system module hierarchy view.18) Select the mb_system.ucf file, expand User Constraints in the Processes window and double-click on Edit Constraints (Text). In the UCF file add the lines:NET DIP_Switches_GPIO_IO_I_pin[0] LOC = "B3" | IOSTANDARD = "LVCMOS33";NET DIP_Switches_GPIO_IO_I_pin[1] LOC = "A3" | IOSTANDARD = "LVCMOS33";NET DIP_Switches_GPIO_IO_I_pin[2] LOC = "B4" | IOSTANDARD = "LVCMOS33";NET DIP_Switches_GPIO_IO_I_pin[3] LOC = "A4" | IOSTANDARD = "LVCMOS33";19) Save and close the UCF file.20) Select the mb_system module in the Hierarchy window.21) Double-Click on Generate Programming File to update the bit file with the new peripheral.II. Writing Code for the New PeripheralTo test the new peripheral we will create a new software application in Platform Studio SDK and use the GPIO device drivers.1) Start Xilinx SDK and select the Workspace from Tutorial_01.2) SDK will detect that the hardware system has changed. Click Yes to update the hardwareplatform and BSP.a. If SDK does not auto-detect the new hardware, right-click on the hardware platformproject and select Change Hardware Platform Specification. Browse to the XML fileand click OK.3) The peripheral datasheets and address map can be found under the hardware platform. Expandthe mb_system_hw_platform project and double-click on the system.xml file.4) Open the xps_gpio datasheet to view the GPIO register map. The GPIO Data Register is locatedat the base address of the peripheral, which is 0x81420000 for the DIP Switches.Figure 8 - XPS GPIO RegistersWe will create a new application to test the new peripheral.5) Go to File > New > Xilinx C Project.6) Name the project Tutorial_Test and select Empty Application from the project templates. ClickNext.Figure 9 - New C Project7) Select Target an Existing Board Support Package then click Finish.8) We need to add a source file for the new empty C project. Select the Tutorial_Test\src folderand go to File > New > Source File. Enter main.c for the file name. Click Finish.Figure 10 - New Source File9) Inside main.c, after the comments, add:#include "xparameters.h"#include "stdio.h"#include "xbasic_types.h"//====================================================int main (void) {print("-- Entering main() --\r\n");return 0;}10) Save the main.c file. The application will be compiled when saved. The Project menu givesoptions to change the behavior for building the application.11) Create a Linker Script for the new application. Right-click on the Tutorial_Test project and selectGenerate Linker Script. Select ilmb_cntlr_dlmb_cntlr for all the code sections to place them in the internal BRAMs. Click on Generate. Click Yes.Figure 11 - Generate Linker Script12) We will add code after the print statement to turn-on the LEDs when the DIP switches areasserted.13) On the left side expand the Standalone_BSP project. The BSP Documentation section containsthe documentation for the device drivers. The microblaze_0 folder contains the header files, compiled libraries, and sources for the Board Support Package.14) Expand microblaze_0 then expand the include directory.Double click on the xparameters.h fileto view the hardware parameters for the system. Using the macros will isolate the software from the actual hardware.15) Inside the expanded include directory for microblaze_0 are all the driver header files for thedifferent peripherals. The _l.h denotes a low level driver. Double-click on xgpio_l.h to view the GPIO low level functions.16) Click on XGpio_ReadReg in the Outline window to view the format to read the GPIO registers.We will also use the function XGpio_WriteReg to write to the LEDs. The Base Address for the device can be found in the xparameters.h file. The Data Register has an offset of 0x00.17) Write code into main.c to read from the DIP Switches GPIO channel 1:a. Include the low level driver header for the GPIO after the other include statements#include "xgpio_l.h"b. Declare a new global variable (u32 is defined in xbasic_types.h) before int main (void) {u32 DIP_Read;c. Add code to read from the DIP switches after the print statement:while (1) {DIP_Read = XGpio_ReadReg(XPAR_DIP_SWITCHES_BASEADDR, 0);}d. Add code to write the DIP switch value to the LEDs. Only add the WriteReg line insidethe while loop. The final while loop should look like this:while (1) {DIP_Read = XGpio_ReadReg(XPAR_DIP_SWITCHES_BASEADDR, 0);XGpio_WriteReg(XPAR_LEDS_4BITS_BASEADDR, 0, DIP_Read);}18) Save and close the file. The application will be compiled automatically.19) To view the changes made to main.c, right-click on main.c in the Project Explorer window andselect Compare > With Local History… Click OK when finished.The application is ready to be tested on the board.III. Test the Generated System with the New Application1) Plug the MicroBoard board into the PC.2) Plug the USB UART cable between the MicroBoard and the PC.Figure 12 - Connect LX9 MicroBoard to host PC3) In SDK, click on the Program FPGA icona. For the Bitstream, browse to the Tutorial_01 directory and select mb_system.bitb. For the BMM File, browse to the Tutorial_01 directory and select edkBmmFile_bd.bmmc. Click on Program.4) In the SDK Project Explorer View, right-click on the Tutorial_Test project and select Run As >Run Configurations…5) Select Xilinx C/C++ ELF and click on the New Launch Configuration icon6) In the SDK Run Configurations window, select the STDIO Connection tab.7) Check the Connect STDIO to Console box.a. Select the COM port for the USB UART and leave the BAUD Rate at 9600.b. Click on Run.8) Carefully modify the DIP switches positions to turn the LEDs on and off.9) Close SDK. This concludes Tutorial #2.Getting Help and SupportEvaluation Kit home page with Documentation and Reference Designs/s6microboardAvnet Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard forum:/t5/Spartan-6-LX9-MicroBoard/bd-p/Spartan-6LX9MicroBoardFor Xilinx technical support, you may contact your local Avnet/Silica FAE or Xilinx Online Technical Support at . On this site you will also find the following resources for assistance:Software, IP, and Documentation UpdatesAccess to Technical Support Web ToolsSearchable Answer Database with Over 4,000 SolutionsUser ForumsTraining - Select instructor-led classes and recorded e-learning optionsContact Avnet Support for any questions regarding the Spartan-6 LX9 MicroBoard reference designs, kit hardware, or if you are interested in designing any of the kit devices into your next design./techsupportYou can also contact your local Avnet/Silica FAE.。
嵌入式系统的定义及特点定义：嵌入式系统是以应用为中心、以计算机技术为基础，软、硬件可裁剪，适应于应用系统对功能、可靠性、成本、体积、功耗等方面有特殊要求的专用计算机系统。
特点：（1）嵌入式系统是面向特定应用的。
嵌入式系统中的CPU是专门为特定应用设计的，具有低功耗、体积小、集成度高等特点，能够把通用CPU中许多由板卡完成的任务集成在芯片内部，从而有利于整个系统设计趋于小型化。
（2）嵌入式系统涉及先进的计算机技术、半导体技术、电子技术、通信和软件等各个行业。
是一个技术密集、资金密集、高度分散、不断创新的知识集成系统。
（3）嵌入式系统的硬件和软件都必须具备高度可定制性。
（4）嵌入式系统的生命周期相当长。
嵌入式系统和具体应用有机地结合在一起，其升级换代也是和具体产品同步进行的。
（5）嵌入式系统本身并不具备在其上进行进一步开发的能力。
在设计完成以后，用户如果需要修改其中的程序功能，必须借助于一套专门的开发工具和环境。
（6）为了提高执行速度和系统可靠性，嵌入式系统中的软件一般都固化在存储器芯片或单片机中，而不是存贮于磁盘等载体中。
3．与通用计算机相比，嵌入式系统有哪些特点？答：与通用计算机相比，嵌入式系统有以下特点：（1）嵌入式系统通常是面向特定应用的；（2）嵌入式系统的硬件和软件必须高效率地设计，做到量体裁衣、去除冗余；（3）有实时操作系统的支持；（4）嵌入式系统具有较长的生命周期；（5）嵌入式系统中的软件一般都固化在存储器芯片或单片机本身中，而不是存储在磁盘等载体中；（6）具有专门的开发工具支持。
操作系统在嵌入式系统中所起的作用EOS负责嵌入系统的全部软、硬件资源的分配、调度作，控制、协调并发活动；它必须体现其所在系统的特征，能够通过装卸某些模块来达到系统所要求的功能。
嵌入式操作系统在系统实时高效性、硬件的相关依赖性、软件固化以及应用的专用性等方面具有较为突出的特点。
嵌入式系统是以应用为中心，整合了计算机软件、硬件技术，通信技术和微电子技术，嵌入式操作系统（嵌入式linux学习）的功能嵌入式操作系统除具备了一般操作系统（嵌入式linux系统）最基本的功能，如任务调度、同步机制、中断处理、文件处理等外，还有以下两个方面的功能：1.构成一个易于编程的虚拟机平台嵌入式操作系统构成一个虚拟机平台，EOS把底层的硬件细节封装起来，为运行在它上面的软件(如中间件软件和各种应用软件)提供了一个抽象的编程接口。
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马自达嵌入式导航
地图卡插入方法
2012年2月22日
说明
•车厂随车出厂的马自达嵌入式导航里的说明书、导航卡、刮刮卡、保修卡、抹布跟车子说明书装在一起并随车发到4S店，附件袋子都没开封过，导航也没有装导航卡。
需要4S店拆开附件包装，将导航卡装在导航主机上才能正常使用，为了避免插入导航卡时插反而插坏导航，故制作此资料作参考。
1、导航卡放置位置
将该卡拔出
②、将SD卡套单独拿出，会看到SD
卡套后面还有一个小卡。
①、找到包装盒拿出附件套，
找到一个S D卡的套子。
2、将T F 卡插到我司主机③、将该T F 小卡拔出，如上图所示。
④、在断电或者关机的情况下，插入我司导航卡到主机卡槽位置(带MA P 丝印盖子）注意：TF 卡的正反方向，有字的一面向
下，带有触点的一面朝上面。
3、设置导航路径
1、在主界面点击设置按键，进入设置界面。
2、点击导航设置，进入导航路劲设置
3、找到一个RtNavi文件，双击该文件夹名。
4、点击下一页按钮，进入第二页。
5、找到一个文件名为RtNavi.exe的，并双击该文件；在上面的长方形框内，会出现已经双击过的文件名字，如名字不对，请重新点击上述文件；在点击确定按键后进入主界面。
6、点击导航图标进入
导航系统，根据提示点
击接受后才能进入地图
界面。
