2014-2015学年高中英语 参考阅读 澳洲动物多素材 新人教版选修9

Rafflesia Life History" a penetrating smell more repulsive than any buffalo carcass in an advanced stage of decomposition" (Mjoberg, 1928) There are approximately 17 Rafflesia species distributed throughout Southeast Asia (Nais, 2000; Meijer, 1997; Mat Salleh, 1991). These species are highly specific as to the hosts that they parasitize, preferring only a few species of Tetrastigma (a member of the common grape family) that are distributed in the same geographic area. Although technically a member of the plant kingdom, Rafflesia challenges traditional definitions of what a plant is because they lack chlorophyll and are therefore incapable of photosynthesis (as are all members of its family, Rafflesiaceae).While many parasites appear like normal plants, Rafflesia lacks any observable leaves, roots, or even stems (Meijer, 1993). Likened to fungi, Rafflesia individuals grow as thread-like strands of tissue completely embedded within and in intimate contact with surrounding host cells from which nutrients and water are obtained (Mat Salleh, 1996). Perhaps the only part of Rafflesia that is identifiable as distinctlyplant-like are the flowers; however, even these are bizarre because they attain massive proportions (up to 3 ft in diameter) and are usually reddish-brown and stink of rotting flesh.. Although parasitic, Rafflesia species do not typically kill their hosts in spite of the drain on resources that they cause.Pollination in Rafflesia has been studied (Beaman et al., 1988) but is likely a rare event due to the several factors. The flowers are unisexual and single sites usually produce either male or female flowers (see exception below). Therefore, in order to have effective pollination (reproduction), male flowers must be in close proximity to, and open at the same time as female flowers so that flies (or any other insect) can transfer pollen.While male and female individuals could be closely spaced, flower bud mortality is 80-90 % per site thereby reducing the chance of co-flowering of two individuals (Nais, 2000). Furthermore, flower lifespan is only 5-7 days thereby placing a temporal bottleneck on the process of pollination (Beaman et al., 1988; Nais, 2000). To complicate matters further, current population distributions are fragmented due to habitat destruction. Thus, successful sexual reproduction relies on the unlikely event that a male and a female would bloom during the same 5-7 days and that a fly could carry pollen between the often widely separated populations.Challenges to Studying RafflesiaThere are several reasons Rafflesia has remained difficult to study for the 180 years since its discovery. First, individuals grow entirely embedded within the body of the host plant that they parasitize (Kuijt, 1969). As such, Rafflesia individuals are only visible when they erupt from within the host body as a flower bud. Although traditional means of studying Rafflesia, like anatomical sectioning, could be performed, this method would likely result in death of both the host and parasite. Second, Rafflesia is rare in occurrence and can only be found in relatively remote lowland forests of Southeast Asia. In this region, much of its habitat has been converted to farm land or timber concessions and in some parts of its range, the buds are harvested and sold for their purported medicinal qualities. Third, even once Rafflesia individuals become visible as flowers, these only survive a few days before decomposing. All of these factors make it difficult to even find Rafflesia sites and even when they are known, the sites are often not protected so there is no guarantee that they will exist in subsequent years.Unlike other parasites that are important to study due to the economic loss they cause to important crops, Rafflesia causes economic benefit through ecotourism: thousands of people go to Sabah (Malaysian, Borneo) annually hoping to see Rafflesia blooms (Nais & Wilcock, 1998).For this reason, there is great interest in conserving Rafflesia sites rather than eradicating existing populations (as is the case for noxious parasitic plant weeds). Although preserving as much of its habitat as possible would be the simplest and most obvious way to conserve Rafflesia, this is not currently practical throughout its range. Therefore, there is a need to investigate key questions that will establish priorities for ex situ (not natural habitat) propagation (which is only recently possible for the first time in history ), management of currently protected sites and procurement of unprotected sites, and in situ (within natural habitat) breeding programs.。

新人教版英语选修九第三单元UsingLanguage的课文译文新人教版英语选修九第三单元Using Language的课文译文澳大利亚的危险动物澳大利亚是170多种蛇的家乡，其中有115种是毒蛇。

事实上，澳大利亚比世界上任何其他国家的毒蛇品种都多。

幸运的是，多数毒蛇的毒素只能杀死小动物，或使它们瘫痪。

不过，还是有少数几种蛇能致人于死地。

好在蛇都胆小怕事，通常只在被打搅和感到有危险时才会出击。

在澳大利亚，还有着将近2 000种不同种类的蜘蛛。

它们同蛇一样，多数蜘蛛咬起来也有毒。

然而，绝大多数蜘蛛的毒素对人体并没有影响，或者只能引起轻微病痛。

只有少数蜘蛛有剧毒，足以致人于死地。

虽然每年有少数人被蜘蛛咬伤，但多数人不经治疗就能痊愈。

在环绕着澳大利亚的海域里有160多种鲨鱼，它们的体长从20厘米到14米不等。

尽管它们有宽大的嘴巴和锋利的牙齿，看上去很危险，然而除了两三种之外，其余的对人类并没有危害。

另外一种具有潜在危险的海洋动物是水母。

多数有毒水母都会使任何触碰到它们的人痛苦万分，而箱水母的毒素则足以致人死亡，特别是如果这个人的心脏虚弱的话。

箱水母极少量的毒素就可以在五分钟之内致人死命，它也许是世上最毒的动物。

澳大利亚还有一种值得一提的危险动物就是鳄鱼。

虽然澳大利亚有两种类型的鳄鱼，但是我们只知道咸水鳄才会致人于死地。

当这种鳄鱼看到某个东西并认为是食物的时候，它就会迅速行动，就这样时常捕获住那些还未来得及察觉到鳄鱼的人。

澳大利亚有这么多的危险动物，你也许会认为在这里居住或到这里旅游很不安全。

但事实并非如此。

每年只有少量的鲨鱼袭人事件，而且在过去五年里，只有三例死亡报道。

与此相似的是在过去三年间也只有两起鳄鱼袭击致死的报道。

1956年研制出一种治疗红背毒蜘蛛咬伤的疗法，以后就再没有发生过红背蜘蛛咬死人的事件了。

1981年研制出一种对付漏斗网蜘蛛的疗法，那以后就也没有人再因此而死亡。

治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤的方法也已经研制成功。

5. The rock in Uluru is amazing because _______. A. it is very high B. it is very large C. it is sacred D. it can change color
6. How many World Heritage is mentioned in the five texts? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 4. 14
9. What two Worlds Heritage Sites are named in these texts?
Cradle Mountain National Park &Uluru.
Reading
Now read the five texts again more carefully and fill in the form.
Uluru Rock
Cradle Mountain National Park
The Blue Mountains
1. Where do most Australians live? The south-eastern costal area of Australia.
2.2. In what city do federal politicians 3. work?Canberra. 4.3. How many people live in Australia?
高中英语课件
（金戈铁骑 整理制作）
Warming up
Today we are going to learn about a country. It is a country and also a continent. It is surrounded by oceans. While many other countries are having winter, it is in summer.

Uluru: a very large red rock in the Northern Territory, Australia, which is the world’s largest monolith(= block of stone). It was formerly known as Ayers Rock, but the original Australian Aboriginal name for it, Uluru, is now preferred. It is another popular tourist destination.
4
2
3 5 1 6
Pre-reading
Glance quickly at the five texts below and then answer the questions 1. What topic is common to all five texts?
The five texts are about some
winter, it is in summer.
In this country, you will see many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else, such as the kangaroo, koala bear, etc. Do you
know which country it is?
Ausቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱralia:
Australia is in Oceania, the smallest continent in the world. The capital is Canberra. Sydney is a famous city, which has the well-known building Sydney Opera House. In the year of 2000, the 27th Olympic Games was held in Sydney. Australia has some unique animals, such as the kangaroo, the emu and the koala.