2015年03月12日雅思阅读考题回顾

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， theystop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless，Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

雅思考试听力考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心宋润霖考试日期 2015年3月12日总体评析4旧重点关注 Section 1中考察对于专有名词拼写的掌握； 填空选择比例30:10, 考试难度较易Section 1版本号场景题型V121103 S1 咨询场景Completion一句话简介工作咨询/课程安排详细回忆1-10填空题：1. course time: 10:00-11:002. location: town3. distance4. nearby: hill5. fee: £14.406. have a small: shop7. meals include: soup8. facilities: free parking9. you should bring: plastic software10. contact the person: WIIRRGHU重点词汇及扩展需要加强咨询场景考点及话题词汇Section 2版本号场景题型V090620 S2=V09139 S2旅游场景Completion一句话简介节约能源/如何减少汽车燃料消耗详细回忆11-20填空题：11. Buses can alter to use: natural gas12. They can change to utilize small engines, as the fuels consumption will not be that heavy13. 同时搭载3 adults at least, 可以转到lane上14. Go fill your gas tank on Tuesdays as it will save you a lot.15. Do not need to warm up the engine before starting to drive.16. Furthermore, one need to clear the oil filter regularly.17. Keep window closed18. Keep trunk load empty19. Use standard grade oil but higher ones20. When he drives, one should do this on smooth road as much as he can.重点词汇及扩展需要加强旅游场景考点及话题词汇Section 3版本号场景题型V120414 S3 学术讨论Multiple Choice / Matching一句话简介讨论土壤变态选择详细回忆21-26单选题：21. When soil is capturing dioxide is concerned, the outcome选：B. faster in wet soil22. 混凝土添加剂concrete有什么特点？选：C. waste recycled循环利用（原文说一石二鸟kill 2 birds with 1 stone）23.Hector's article ignored the problem of? Hector的文章忽略了什么问题？选：A. potential risk一个潜在的问题24. What can reduce the harmful effect? 如何减少有害影响？选：A.specialized tools使用特殊工具（原文说的是professional instrument）25. most interesting part of the woman's research is in 女生的研究中最有意思的一部分是？选：A. geographic range26. the male student's suggestion男生的改善建议：选：C. introduce a new law引入新法律（原文提到there will be some regulation）27-30配对题，学生对写论文的看法：A. only Hactor (male) 只有男生做B. only Flocia (female) 只有女生做C. both the Hactor and Flocia27. applied new radical research method 选：C28. difficulty in reading, make readers more interested (challenge) 选：B29. problems remain unsolved in future 选：A30.will do more research 选：A重点词汇及扩展强调选择题审题时间的分配和关键词的定位Section 4版本号场景题型V100318 S4 学术讲座Completion一句话简介关于红海海胆的研究red sea urchin almost “immortal”详细回忆31-40填空题：31. feed on plants原文：they ate plants in kelp forests32. ... was covered in spine that protect it.33. be food in Asia34. after 1970, it grows every year of 0.1 centimeter after 22 years.35. considered to be a pest36. decline on the population原文：People believed they were at least partly responsible for the decline of that marine ecosystem and so tried to poison them.37. maximum of life span up to 200 years old原文：Some of the largest and we believe oldest red sea urchins up to 19 centimeters in size have been found in waters off British Columbia, between Vancouver Island and the mainland. By our calculations, they are probably 200 or more years old.38. When it dies, no sign/evidence of aging.原文：with few signs of age-related disease.39. When it gets old, it can breed.原文：In fact, the indications are that the more mature red sea urchins are the most prolific producers of sperm and eggs, and are perfectly capable of breeding even when incredibly old.40. not depend on ocean conditions.原文：Among other things, the radio carbon data confirmed that in older sea urchins, there is a very steady, very consistent growth that's quite independent of ocean conditions or other variables, and once they near adult size our research indicates that they do not have growth spurts.重点词汇及扩展强调填空题常见拼写格式的错误，学会利用有效的词性词义预测做好听力的定位工作。

2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。

对于雅思考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，通过考试就会更容易一点点。

无忧考网搜集整理了2015年12月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2015年12月举行了4场考试，时间分别是12月3日、12月5日、12月12日、12月19日。

以下内容仅供参考。

12月3日雅思口语真题回忆：Part 1考题总结考题总结：Hometown1.Where are you from?2.Do you like your hometown?3.Is your hometown suitable for children to live in?4.Where do you live in your hometown, a house or a flat?5.Where would you bring a tourist to in your hometown?6.Can you tell me something about a tourism site in your hometown?7.Would you like to live there in the future?Your studies1. Do you work or are you a student?2. What's your major? Have you ever communicated about your major with your friends?3. Will you study with others in the future? Why?4. What is your plan for your future study?5. When you study, do you feel happy?6. What’s your favorite subject? What do like most about it?7. Do you enjoy your school life? What are the benefits of being a student?8.What do you usually do after class?Flat1.Do you live in a house or an apartment/flat/dorm?2.What room do you like best in your flat?3.Describe your bedroom.4.Do you want to move to another place in the future?Fruit & Veggies1.What is your favorite vegetable and fruit?2.How often do you eat fruits?3.Are there any special fruits in your hometown?Films1.Do you like to watch movies?2.How often do you go to a cinema to watch a film?3.Do Chinese people like to go to a cinema to watch a film?History1.Do you like history?2.Do you think history is important?3.Do you think the internet is a good place to learn about history? Time management1.When was the last time you helped others?2.Do you like to help strangers?3.Have you ever refused to help others?Museums1.Are there many museums in your hometown?2.Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown?3.Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors? TV1.Do you like watching TV/ how much TV do you watch?2.What’s your favorite TV program?3. Did you watch much TV when you were a child?Weekends1.What do you usually do on weekends?2.What do other people in your hometown do during the weekend?3.What are you going to do next weekend?Being alone1.Do you like to be alone?2.What do you like to do when you are alone?3.When was the last time you were alone?Countryside1.Would you live in the countryside in the future?2.What are the benefits of living in the city?3.What do people living in the countryside like to do?Text messages/phone calls1.Do you text someone if he doesn’t answer your phone?2.Is there any chance when texting someone is better than calling?3.How often do you make phone calls?Part 2&3考题总结考题总结：P2 1.A long walk you had.2.A skill you want to learn.3.A house or an apartment you want to live in.4.An important conversation you had.5.A person who can do well in work.6.A time you and your friend had a disagreement.7.A gift for others that took you a long time to choose.8.An activity you do to keep fit.9.A law about environment you would like to see in the future.10.An electronic device that you like to buy.P3 1.What kinds of jobs are popular in China?2.Besides creativity, what other qualities should a leader have?3.Do people in your country prefer long holidays or short ones?4.What kinds of historical places would you suggest others to visit?5.Why do children have disagreements with others?6.Do people in your country prefer to sleep late?7.With the development of high tech, do you think teachers are less important?8.What kinds of electronic devices do people in China like?9.What’s the difference between men’s and women’s talk?10. Do people in your country prefer to live in cities or in rural environments?雅思口语趋势分析和备考指导本次精选了一些话题卡中的考题，旨在让考生了解考试过程中难度的循序渐进。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 徐航考试日期 2015年3月21日Reading Passage 1TitleExploration and Exploitation 发现新大陆（历史类）V130606 Question types 判断题 7题句子填空 6题文章内容回顾 哥伦布发现新大陆的时间英国人也去过。

1864年出发，因为各种原因被阻止，最终带了17个人出发，发现新大陆并且记载，但并没有被流传。

后来有一个人去了但没有记载和证据。

再后来他儿子在那里发展了捕鱼业。

提到南欧和北欧人对鱼的保存方式不同，北欧和挪威人一样dry fish, 但南欧因为地处海边所以用大量盐来处理鱼，对这点有详细的比较说明。

有一个Dr 对这种不同做了详细的比较。

最后一段提到了account 。

1-7判断题1. True2. False3. Not Given4. True5. False6. Not Given7. True8-13句子填空8. 葡萄牙人的船队最远到Africa9. 他们的ships 被大量鱼阻碍10. 南欧人在18世纪储存鱼用salt相关原文阅读First voyage12 October 1492 – Christopher Columbus discovers The Americas for Spain, painting by John Vanderlyn.On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Fronterawith three ships: a larger carrack, the Santa María ex-Gallega ("Galician"), and two smaller caravels, the Pinta ("The Pint", "The Look", or "The Spotted One") and the Santa Clara, nicknamed the Niña (lit. "Girl") after her owner Juan Niño of Moguer. The monarchs forced the Palos inhabitants to contribute to the expedition. The Santa María was owned by Juan de la Cosa and captained by Columbus. The Pinta and the Niña were piloted by the Pinzón brothers (Martín Alonso and Vicente Yáñez).Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which belonged to Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs. After stopping over in Gran Canaria, he departed from San Sebastián de La Gomera on 6 September, for what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. A lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodríguez Bermeo), spotted land about 2:00 on the morning of 12 October, and immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout. Thereupon, the captain of the Pinta, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the discovery and alerted Columbus by firing a lombard. Columbus later maintained that he himself had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land.Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas) San Salvador; the natives called it Guanahani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is unresolved. Based on primary accounts and based on what one would expect based on the geographic positions of the islands given Columbus's venture's course, the prime candidates are San Salvador Island (so named in 1925 on the theory that it was Columbus' San Salvador), Samana Cay, and Plana Cays.The indigenous people he encountered, the Lucayan, Taíno, or Arawak, were peaceful and friendly. Noting their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoner and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold.From the entry in his journal of 12 October 1492, in which he wrote of them, "Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, theyindicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language."Columbus remarked that their lack of modern weaponry and metal-forged swords or pikes was a tactical vulnerability, writing, "I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased."Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October. On 22 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque", which the natives had told him was rich in gold. Columbus, for his part, continued to the northern coast of Hispaniola, where he landed on 5 December.There, the Santa María ran aground on Christmas Day 1492 and had to be abandoned. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples. Columbus was received by the native cacique Guacanagari, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Columbus left 39 men, includingLuis de Torres, the Converso interpreter, who spoke Hebrew and Arabic, and founded the settlement of La Navidad at the site of present-day Bord de Mer de Limonade, Haiti. Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued his exploration. He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship, until he encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January.On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World. He landed on the Samaná Peninsula, where he met the hostile Ciguayos who presented him with his only violent resistance during his first voyage to the Americas. The Ciguayos had refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing violence two were stabbed to death. Because of this and because of the Ciguayos' use of arrows, he called the inlet where he met them the Bay of Arrows (or Gulf of Arrows). Today, the place is called the Bay of Rincón, in Samaná, the Dominican Republic. Columbus kidnapped about 10 to 25 natives and took them back with him (only seven or eight of the native Indians arrived inSpain alive, but they made quite an impression onSeville).Columbus headed for Spain on the Niña, but after a stop in the Azores a storm forced him to separate from the Pinta and into the port at Lisbon. He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal and was interviewed by Bartolomeu Dias, whose rounding of the Cape of Good Hope a few years earlier in 1488–1489 had complicated Columbus's attempts for funding from the Portuguese court. After spending more than one week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, he set sail for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was a young boy and a ward of Eleanor's court; it is likely he saw Columbus during this visit. After departing, and after reportedly being saved from assassins by John II of Portugal, Columbus crossed the bar of Saltes and entered the harbor of Palos on 15 March 1493. Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe.Columbus's second voyageColumbus left the port of Cadiz on 24 September 1493, with a fleet of 17 ships carrying 1,200 men and the supplies to establish permanent colonies in the New World. The passengers included priests, farmers, and soldiers, who would be the new colonists. This reflected the new policy of creating not just "colonies of exploitation", but also "colonies of settlement" from which to launch missions dedicated to converting the natives to Christianity. Modern studies suggest that, as reported by the Washington Post, "crew members may have included free black Africans who arrived in the New World about a decade before the slave trade began."As in the first voyage, the fleet stopped at the Canary Islands, from which it departed on 13 October, following a more southerly course than on the previous expedition. On 3 November, Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa María la Galante. After sailing past Les Saintes (Los Santos, "The Saints"), he arrived at the island of Guadeloupe, which he named Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, inGuadalupe, Cáceres, Spain. He explored that island from 4 to 10 November.Michele da Cuneo, Columbus' childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: "In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so wellequipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral." Columbus named the small island of "Saona ... to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona."题型难度分析历史类文章是近期考试的高频，多去阅读同类型话题文章，增加对西方历史背景的熟悉度。