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肖斯塔科维奇密码（七）——第七弦乐四重奏op. 108-音乐论文肖斯塔科维奇密码（七）——第七弦乐四重奏op. 108王晶1932年的5月13日是26岁的肖斯塔科维奇人生中一个重要的日子。
这一天他迎娶了他的新娘——尼娜·瓦西里耶芙娜，开始了新的生活。
尼娜陪伴肖斯塔科维奇度过了人生中的22个年头，在战争岁月、在肖斯塔科维奇两度遭受极权机器批判时（1936年，1948年），都坚定地陪伴在他身边支持着他。
1954年12月，尼娜去世了。
随后是雪上加霜的1955年，作曲家的母亲也离世而去。
同时，年过半百的作曲家的身体也开始慢慢出现问题：1958年开始，肖斯塔科维奇发现自己的右手不太灵活，入院检查发现是偏瘫的早期症状，后来确诊为慢性脊髓炎，右手开始逐渐没有知觉。
种种不顺影响着作曲家，自20世纪60年代起，“死亡”开始成为作曲家思考与创作中最常见的主题之一。
爱妻的去世给肖斯塔科维奇带来极大的冲击，葬礼上虽然他保持了极大的克制，但仍旧抑制不住巨大的悲痛。
在其后的一年中，仍旧可以看到肖斯塔科维奇在与友人的通信中谈及对亡妻的思念。
1955年夏天在科马洛沃别墅写给杰尼索夫的信中，肖斯塔科维奇动情地谈道：“在这里，大家都怀念尼娜，她很爱这个地方，为了让我们住得舒服，她花费了不少力气。
而在这个夏天，却徒劳无益，令人难过……”这种沮丧一直持续到1956年，肖斯塔科维奇缔结了第二次婚姻，娶玛格丽特·安德列耶夫娜·凯诺娃为妻。
不过这段婚姻并没有持续太长时间。
3年后即告破裂。
直到1962年，他第三次结婚，与29岁的伊莲娜·安东诺夫娜·苏平斯卡娅结婚。
伊莲娜陪伴作曲家走完了他人生的最后十年，在他最艰难的岁月里照顾他的生活，并在他去世后尽心竭力地保管着他的遗著。
1960年春天，带着对亡妻的思念和对未来不可预知的担忧，作曲家开始动手创作他的《第七弦乐四重奏》（op.108）。
作品在同年夏天完成，由贝多芬四重奏乐团首演于列宁格勒。
最伟大的20部交响曲（BBC音乐杂志评选）值得珍藏的100 首世界经典电影音乐BBC恢弘经典纪录片《交响乐的历史》完整版视频号已开通长按识别二维码BBC音乐杂志问询全球151名著名指挥家，得出这份“史上最伟大的20部交响曲”的榜单。
20布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》Bruckner - Symphony No. 7 (1883)1883年，布鲁克纳的《第七交响曲》被誉为杰作。
这部作品充满了灵光乍现的时刻，最吸引人的是精彩的结尾部分，闪闪发光的琴声和史诗般的号角涌动，直至音乐欢快地结束。
推荐版本：Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra/Bernard Haitink1. Allegro moderato Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra;Bernard Haitink - Bruckner: The Symphonies (9 CDs)2. Adagio (Sehr feierlich und sehr langsam)Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra;Bernard Haitink - Bruckner: The Symphonies (9 CDs) 3. Scherzo (Sehr schnell) Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra;Bernard Haitink - Bruckner: The Symphonies (9 CDs)4. Finale (Bewegt, doch nicht schnell) Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra;Bernard Haitink - Bruckner: The Symphonies (9 CDs)19贝多芬《第六交响曲》Beethoven - Symphony No. 6 (1808)贝多芬的《田园交响曲》是对自然的终极赞美诗！贝多芬爱好自然，用大半时间踏遍郊野。
18MUSIC LOVER出生于1931年的俄罗斯作曲家索菲亚·古拜杜丽娜（Sofia Gubaidulina ）有着令人惊叹的复杂背景。
她生于苏联的鞑靼斯坦共和国，祖父是位“毛拉”（伊斯兰国家对老师和学者的尊称），父亲是鞑靼人，母亲拥有俄罗斯、波兰及犹太血统。
古拜杜丽娜说：“我便是东西交汇之处。
”她曾在喀山音乐学院和莫斯科音乐学院学习。
在她师从的多位导师中，肖斯塔科维奇毫无疑问是举足轻重的一位。
1992年，古拜杜丽娜离开俄罗斯，前往德国，这一决定离不开之前肖斯塔科维奇的鼓励与支持。
古拜杜丽娜到德国后定居于汉堡郊外的一个小村落。
在那里，她得到了梦寐以求的静谧时光，完成了数部国际邀约作品。
她在年轻时接受了西方音于东西交汇之处寻找“永恒的当下”俄罗斯作曲家古拜杜丽娜和她的音乐文字_吴冠青乐正统的作曲训练，并在二十世纪七十年代开始迫切地搜集、研究并汲取来自东方，尤其是俄罗斯和斯拉夫民族音乐及民间器乐的养分。
二十世纪八十年代初，她的小提琴协奏曲《奉献》（Offertorium ）由小提琴家吉东·克莱默（Gidon Kremer ）在维也纳首演，受到欧洲音乐界的广泛关注，她也随即声名鹊起。
“我便是东西交汇之处”在无神论的国度，出生在一个带有伊斯兰教、基督教、东正教及犹太人背景的家庭——自出生起，更确切地说是出生前，古拜杜丽娜的身上便汇聚了宗教与文化的多面性。
但可喜的是她并未因为这些多重文化的碰撞而困扰，反而十分笃定地遵从自己内心的声音，走出了一条属于自己的Seeking “Eternal Present” at the Intersection of East and WestRussian Composer Gubaidulina and Her Music010203010203古拜杜丽娜阿尔弗雷德·施尼特凯爱迪生·杰尼索夫Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.192023.08道路。
肖斯塔科维奇的《第七交响曲》音乐分析作为20世纪著名的俄罗斯作曲家，肖斯塔科维奇（Dmitri Shostakovich）创作了许多杰出的作品，其中《第七交响曲》（Symphony No. 7）是他最具有标志性和影响力的交响作品之一。
本文将对该交响曲进行音乐分析，探讨其创作背景、音乐特色以及对音乐史和文化的影响。
肖斯塔科维奇的《第七交响曲》是在1941年德国入侵苏联期间创作的。
当时，肖斯塔科维奇正身处西伯利亚的库尔干监狱，而他的家乡列宾斯克正遭受着德军的围困。
在这样的背景下，肖斯塔科维奇创作了这部交响曲，以表达对祖国的深情怀和对战争的悲愤。
整部交响曲分为四个乐章，共计约一个小时演奏时间。
以其极端的庞大规模和深刻的音乐内涵而著称于世。
在音乐表现手法上，肖斯塔科维奇巧妙地运用了交响乐队的各种音响效果，使得整部交响曲的音乐语言充满了战争的气氛和苦难的表现。
以下将分别对各个乐章进行分析。
第一乐章“惠特尔堡的广场”这个乐章以悲怆的音乐所具有的压抑气氛开始，随后引入了交响乐队的强大力量，通过管弦乐器的交响发音交织的方式将交响乐队的力量展现得淋漓尽致，使得整个乐章充满了动荡的气息。
这一乐章的最大特点在于其巨大的规模，音乐的呈现方式模糊了旋律的轮廓，扩大了乐队的气势，使得整个乐章展现出一种压抑和无尽空间的气息。
第二乐章“马尔舍夫卡的影子”这个乐章将乐曲的轻松和颓废表现的淋漓尽致。
在这个乐章中，肖斯塔科维奇巧妙地使用了弦乐器和木管乐器的声音，将交响乐队的音乐表达为一种动态和静态的结合，使得整个乐章充满了动人的魅力。
这一乐章的最大特点在于其音乐的和声和装饰，使得整个乐章表现出一种色彩斑斓的气息。
除了音乐本身的表现力，肖斯塔科维奇的《第七交响曲》还在音乐史和文化上产生了深远的影响。
这部交响曲被誉为“抗战交响曲”，成为了苏联人民在反法西斯战争中的精神支柱。
其音乐内涵和表现手法使得这部作品成为了战争年代最具有意义的音乐之一。
透过严肃音乐通俗化的现象分析其根本原因王明风【摘要】严肃音乐发展到20世纪末时,由于那些层出不穷的古怪创作技法以及极端抽象的音乐语言让听众无法接受,其发展瓶颈开始显现.关键时期,一些大胆的严肃音乐人开始尝试接纳和吸收了通俗音乐的优势,用华丽的外衣重新粉墨登场并获得了满堂彩,严肃音乐出现了通俗化现象,在电影音乐,流行、爵士、摇滚音乐等各个领域获得成功.【期刊名称】《南阳师范学院学报》【年(卷),期】2011(010)007【总页数】3页(P93-95)【关键词】严肃音乐;通俗音乐;现象;通俗化;原因【作者】王明风【作者单位】郑州大学音乐系,河南郑州 450052【正文语种】中文【中图分类】J605艺术哲学家阿诺德·豪塞尔指出：“严肃的、真正的、担负责任的艺术必定会卷入生命和人类存在意义之类问题的探讨，这些艺术使我们面对着‘改变我们生活方式’的要求，无论在民俗艺术还是流行艺术中，这种要求几乎是不存在的。
”［1］（页273）西方严肃音乐曾经辉煌且给后人留下了足够多的精华和永不磨灭的伟大印象。
但是，经过近几百年的发展，严肃音乐在20世纪末开始变得离听众越来越远。
也许是超出了人们的审美能力。
然而在世纪交替之际，在网络传播、商业化包装、新录音制作技术、新演出模式等新兴观念的影响下，严肃音乐接纳和吸收了通俗音乐的优势，严肃音乐用华丽的外衣重新粉墨登场并获得了满堂彩。
世纪交替之际，在网络传播、商业化包装、新录音制作技术、新演出模式等新兴观念的影响下，严肃音乐接纳和吸收了通俗音乐的优势，严肃音乐无论是在声乐方面还是在器乐方面以及表演方式上都出现了通俗化现象。
第一，在声乐方面，音乐家一直在革新传统的美声唱法，由于严肃音乐的演出场地之前是不赞同使用扩音设备的，所以美声唱法的革新直到20世纪中期才逐渐有了起色，贝里奥等人用“叫唱”的手法使得严肃音乐的舞台在不增加扩音设备的前提下迸发了新的色彩。
但到了20世纪中后期，人们发现扩音设备的使用是大势所趋，它可以将声乐表演的场地要求大大降低，也极大地减少了演唱者的自身负担，改革就此开始进行。
布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》——英雄的颂歌！布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》——英雄的颂歌！布鲁克纳第七交响曲(卡拉扬)布鲁克纳第七交响曲（尼尔森斯/布商大厦）法比奥·路易斯告别音乐会 | 布鲁克纳第七交响曲（苏黎世爱乐布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》（拉斐尔·帕亚雷/蒙特利尔交响乐团）埃奈斯库音乐节｜布鲁克纳第七交响曲（丹尼尔·哈丁/RCO）欧根·约胡姆指挥布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》布鲁克纳的“英雄交响曲”丨《第七交响曲》赏析布鲁克纳第七交响曲君特·旺德指挥北德广播易北爱乐乐团巴伦博伊姆指挥布鲁克纳《第七号交响曲》交响曲中的《愚人颂》丨布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》阐释布鲁克纳是伟大的奥地利作曲家、管风琴家，浪漫派晚期代表人物之一。
他将管风琴在教堂庄严宏伟的拱顶内回荡的声音效果移植到交响曲中，就像管风琴各种音色的层叠组合。
他的作品给人留下宏伟、崇高、感人至深的音乐意境。
有人曾这样评价：“布鲁克纳的交响曲给人的第一感觉平缓沉稳，但你坚持听下去，就会发现一个崭新的、美丽的新世界展现在你眼前！一旦你成为布鲁克纳的信徒，你的这种爱好将跟随你直至生命结束的那一天！”布鲁克纳的《E大调第七交响曲》作于1881-1883年，也被称作为《英雄交响曲》。
它与贝多芬的《英雄交响曲》背景不同，但同样是歌颂英雄和表达真挚的感情，可谓是殊途同归。
作曲家在写这首曲子时，传来了瓦格纳去世的消息（瓦格纳是布鲁克纳最为崇敬的音乐家），所以第七交响曲的第二乐章被认为是为瓦格纳所创作的挽歌。
布鲁克纳以往每创作一首交响曲，都是在疑虑中反复自我怀疑，当第七交响曲问世后，布鲁克纳取得第一次真正的成功，作品被广泛誉为杰作，也使布鲁克纳终于得到了公众的认可。
▲指挥：饭守泰次郎▼演奏：深圳交响乐团布鲁克纳《第七交响曲》指挥：饭守泰次郎演奏：深圳交响乐团时间：2019年6月28日地点：深圳音乐厅全曲共四个乐章：I：中庸的的快板Allegro moderatoII：柔板：非常严肃和非常缓慢的Adagio: Sehr feierlich und sehr langsamIII：谐谑曲：非常快 - 三重奏 - 稍慢Scherzo: Sehr schnell-Trio: Etwas langsamerIV：终曲：激动的,但不过分的Finale: Bewegt, doch nicht zu schnell第一乐章中庸的快板Allegro moderato第一乐章颤音的运用是布鲁克纳的创作的常用手法，这部也不例外。
从贝多芬到施尼特凯评宋阳与张薇聪音乐会杨健【摘要】''从贝多芬到什么?''这可能是很多朋友听说上海音乐学院附中小提琴教师宋阳与上海音乐学院钢琴系教师张薇聪2018年10月31日音乐会标题后的第一反应。
即使是那些对苏联作曲家施尼特凯(Alfred Schnittke)有一定了解的乐迷,也未必能够很快地把这位肖斯塔科维奇的后辈与出生于一个半世纪之前的贝多芬联系在一起。
要想充分理解宋阳夫妇此次系列音乐会的创意所在,或许需要从施尼特凯特殊的家庭背景说起。
【期刊名称】《音乐爱好者》【年(卷),期】2019(000)002【总页数】6页(P26-31)【关键词】贝多芬;小提琴奏鸣曲;第二小提琴;施尼特凯;奏鸣曲式;音乐会【作者】杨健【作者单位】;【正文语种】中文【中图分类】J622.1“从贝多芬到什么？”这可能是很多朋友听说上海音乐学院附中小提琴教师宋阳与上海音乐学院钢琴系教师张薇聪2018年10月31日音乐会标题后的第一反应。
即使是那些对苏联作曲家施尼特凯（Alfred Schnittke）有一定了解的乐迷，也未必能够很快地把这位肖斯塔科维奇的后辈与出生于一个半世纪之前的贝多芬联系在一起。
要想充分理解宋阳夫妇此次系列音乐会的创意所在，或许需要从施尼特凯特殊的家庭背景说起。
施尼特凯：“几乎是个奏鸣曲”施尼特凯的父亲是一位出生于德国的犹太人，1927年移居苏联，成了一名记者兼德语翻译；他的母亲则是一位随祖辈移民俄罗斯的德国后裔。
施尼特凯1934年出生于苏联，少年时代曾随赴奥地利工作的父亲在维也纳学习过三年。
在这段时间内，他确立了投身于音乐事业的终生信念，也找到了自己作为一名德奥后裔的身份归属感。
“我感觉在那里的每个瞬间都有一种与历史线索之间的联系：一切都是多维度的；过去代表着一种无处不在的幽灵世界。
我并不是没有任何关系的野人，而是自己人生使命的自觉承载者。
”如此，巴赫、海顿、莫扎特与贝多芬等德奥作曲家自然成为了施尼特凯音乐创作最初的标杆。
第九交响乐之咒百科名片“中咒者”之一：贝多芬第九交响乐之咒，又称为“九”字咒，是西方音乐界的一大迷信，主要是指在贝多芬之后的作曲家，都会在创作第九号交响乐曲后不久离世。
目录起源其他中咒者安然无恙者少数中咒者简介起源其他中咒者安然无恙者少数中咒者简介展开编辑本段起源这个迷信被认为是自奥地利作曲家古斯塔夫·马勒开始。
他在创作自己第九部的交响乐作品《大地之歌》（Das Lied von der Erde）时，虽然副标题写明是一首交响曲(Eine Symphonie für Tenor-Stimme, Contralt -Stimme und große Orchester)，但是却不将此编号。
此举不禁被人解读成马勒为了避免自己将步贝多芬后尘而逝世，才行此法。
虽然马勒认为此举令他可以避过魔咒，但最终他还是中了诅咒，在写完自己的第九号交响乐曲后离逝，遗下未完成的第十号交响曲片段的手稿。
阿诺德·勋伯格在一篇评论马勒的文章，为这个魔咒留下了一个有趣的注脚：“对音乐家而言，第九号(交响乐曲)似乎是个极限，任何尝试跨越这个极限的人都必定会离世。
这说明这世上有一股不应为我们所知的力量，至少是我们未有心理准备去了解的力量，阻止我们去写我们的第十号(交响乐曲)。
那些完成了第九号(交响乐曲)的(同行)已经与来世不远了。
”编辑本段其他中咒者当时马勒认为，在他以前中了这个咒的的作曲家只有贝多芬和安东·布鲁克纳，另一个可能是路易·史博尔 (Louis Spohr)。
而据称布鲁克纳自己也受到这个魔咒的困扰，但不是由于自己所作的交响乐曲的编号，而是自己的第九交响乐曲与贝多芬的同在d小调上。
换个角度说，布鲁克纳在创作第一交响乐曲之前，已经创作了两首交响乐曲，分别是被他自己称为f小调实习交响曲的第零零号，和他自己宣布作废的d小调第零号交响曲。
今天，不少人认为弗朗茨·舒伯特和安东尼·德沃夏克皆是中咒者，但在马勒的年代，人们认为他们并非中咒者。
1. Some fans feel that sports events are ______ only when the competitors are of equal ability, making the outcome of the game ______.A. successful…assuredB. boring…questionableC. dull…foreseenD. interesting…predictableE. exciting…uncertain2. Alfred Schnittke's musical compositions are ______: phrases are clipped, broken into sections, and split apart by long rests.A. garnishedB. improvisationalC. fragmentedD. cautiousE. uniform3. The consumer advocate claimed that while drug manufacturers ______ the supposed advantages of their proprietary brands, generic versions of the same medications are often equally ______.A. tout…efficaciousB. research…innocuousC. market…prohibi tiveD. laud…counterproductiveE. extract…prescriptive4. Latoya's _____ is shown by her ability to be ______: she can see her own faults more clearly than anyone else can.A. perceptiveness…self-centeredB. objectivity…restrictiveC. cynicism…self-destructiveD. open-mindedness…complacentE. insightfulness…self-critical5. The bearded dragon lizard is a voracious eater, so ______ that it will consume as many insects as possible.A. abstemiousB. cannibalisticC. slovenlyD. insatiableE. unpalatable6. Because drummer Tony Williams paved the way for later jazz-fusion musicians, he is considered a ______ of that style.A. connoisseurB. revivalistC. beneficiaryD. disparagerE. progenitor7. The politician's speech to the crowd was composed of nothing but ______, a bitter railing against the party's opponents.A. digressionsB. diatribesC. platitudesD. machinationsE. acclamations8. Favoring economy of expression in writing, the professor urged students toward a ______ rather than an ______ prose style.A. spare…ornateB. terse…opinionatedC. personal…academicD. baroque…embellishedE. repetitive…intricateSECTION 7The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.Questions 9-12 are based on the following passages.Passage 1Food has always been considered one of the most salient markers of cultural traditions. When I was a small child, food was the only thing that helped identify my family as Filipino American. We ate pansit lug-lug (a noodle dish) and my father put pads (salty fish sauce) on everything. However, even this connection lessened as I grew older. As my parents became more acculturated, we ate less typically Filipino food. When I was twelve, my mother took cooking classes and learned to make French and Italian dishes. When I was in high school, we ate chicken marsala and shrimp fra diablo more often than Filipino dishes like pansit lug-lug.Passage 2Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin—who in 1825 confidently announced, "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you who you are"—would have no trouble describing cultural identities of the United States. Our food reveals us as tolerant adventurers who do not feel constrained by tradition. We "play with our food" far more readily than we preserve the culinary rules of our varied ancestors. Americans have no single national cuisine. What unites American eaters culturally is how we eat, not what we eat. As eaters, Americans mingle the culinary traditions of many regions and cultures. We are multiethnic eaters.9. Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between the two passages?(A) Passage 1 notes problems for which Passage 2 proposes solutions.(B) Passage 1 presents claims that are debunked by Passage 2.(C) Passage 2 furnishes a larger context for the experiences described in Passage I.(D) Passage 2 provides an update of the situation depicted in Passage 1.(E) Passage 2 uses material presented in Passage 1to correct a popular misconception.10. The author of Passage 2 would most likely regard the mother's willingness to "make French and Italian dishes" (lines 9-10, Passage 1) as(A) laughably pretentious(B) understandably conservative(C) typically American(D) a regrettable compromise(E) a surprising attitude11. The two passages differ in their discussions of food primarily in that Passage 1(A) considers specific dishes eaten by particular people, whereas Passage 2 comments on a culture's general attitude toward eating(B) contrasts the cuisines of different cultures, whereas Passage 2 emphasize culinary practices common to all cultures(C) presents an abstract theory of food, whereas Passage 2 offers a historical analysis of consumption(D) emphasizes the role of nostalgia in food preferences, whereas Passage 2 rejects that approach as overly sentimental(E) outlines some popular choices in cuisine,whereas Passage 2 underscores those that are more unusual12. Unlike the author of Passage 2, the author of Passage 1 makes significant use of(A) direct quotation(B) sociological analysis(C) hypothetical assumptions(D) historical sources(E) personal experienceQuestions 13-24 are based on the following passages.The passages below discuss the possibility of locating intelligent life on other planets. Passage 1 has been adapted from a 1999 book on the history of the universe. Passage 2 was excerpted from a 2000 book on the scientific quest for extraterrestrial life.Passage 1Generations of science-fiction movies have conditioned us to consider bug-eyed monsters, large-brained intellectual humanoids, and other rather sophisticated extraterrestrial Linecreatures as typical examples of life outside Earth. The reality, however, is that finding any kind of life at all, even something as simple as bacteria, would be one of the most exciting discoveries ever made.The consensus within the scientific community seems to be that we eventually will find not only life in other parts of10 the galaxy but also intelligent and technologically advanced life. I have to say that 1 disagree. While 1 believe we will find other forms of life in other solar systems (if not in our own), I also feel it is extremely unlikely that a large number of advanced technological civilizations are out15 there, waiting to be discovered. The most succinct support for my view comes from Nobel laureate physicist Enrico Fermi, the man who ran the first nuclear reaction ever controlled by human beings. Confronted at a 1950 luncheon with scientific arguments for the ubiquity of20 technologically advanced civilizations, he supposedly said, "So where is everybody?"This so-called Fermi Paradox embodies a simple logic. Human beings have had modern science only a few hundred years, and already we have moved into space. It is not25 hard to imagine that in a few hundred more years we will be a starfaring people, colonizing other systems. Fermi's argument maintains that it is extremely unlikely that many other civilizations discovered science at exactly the same time we did. Had they acquired science even a thousand30 years earlier than we. they now could be so much more advanced that they would already be colonizing our solar system.If, on the other hand, they are a thousand years behind us, we will likely arrive at their home planet before they35 even begin sending us radio signals. Technologicaladvances build upon each other, increasing technological abilities faster than most people anticipate. Imagine, for example, how astounded even a great seventeenth-century scientist like Isaac Newton would be by our current global40 communication system, were he alive today. Where are those highly developed extraterrestrial civilizations so dear to the hearts of science-fiction writers? Their existence is far from a foregone conclusion.Passage 2Although posed in the most casual of circumstances,45 the Fermi Paradox has reverberated through the decades and has at times threatened to destroy the credibility of those scientists seriously engaged in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SET!) research program.One possible answer to Fermi's question ("If there are50 extraterrestrials, where are they?") is that extraterrestrials have in fact often visited Earth, and continue to do so. This is the answer of those who believe in the existence of unidentified flying objects, or UFO's. But few scientists, even those engaged in SET1, take the UFO claims55 seriously. "You won't find anyone around here who believes in UFO's." says Frank Drake, a well-known SETI scientist. If one discounts the UFO claims, yet still believes that there are many technological civilizations in the galaxy, why have they not visited us? Drake's answer60 is straightforward: "High-speed interstellar travel is so demanding of resources and so hazardous that intelligent civilizations don't attempt it." And why should they attempt it, when radio communication can supply all the information they might want?65 At first glance, Drake's argument seems very persuasive. The distances between stars are truly immense. To get from Earth to the nearest star and back, traveling at 99 percent of the speed of light, would take 8 years. And SETI researchers have shown that, to accelerate70 a spacecraft to such a speed, to bring it to a stop, and to repeat the process in the reverse direction, would take almost unimaginable amounts of energy.Astronomer Ben Zuckerman challenges Drake's notion that technological beings would be satisfied with75 radio communication. "Drake's implicit assumption is that the only thing we're going to care about is intelligent life. But what if we have an interest in simpler life-forms? If you turn the picture around and you have some advanced extraterrestrials looking at the Earth, until80 the last hundred years there was no evidence of intelligent life but for billions of years before that they could have deduced that this was a very unusual world and that there were probably living creatures on it. They would have had billions of years to come investigate." Zuckerman contends85 that the reason extraterrestrials haven't visited us is that so few exist.13. Which statement about the Fermi Paradox is supported by both passages?(A) It articulates a crucial question for those interested in the existence of extraterrestrials.(B) It clarifies the astronomical conditions required to sustain life on other planets.(C) It reveals the limitations of traditional ideas about the pace of technological change.(D) It demonstrates the scientific community's fascination with the concept of interstellar travel.(E) It suggests that advanced extraterrestrial civilizations may be uninterested in our culture.14. Which statement best describes a significant difference between the two passages?(A) Passage 1 analyzes a literary form, while Passage 2 argues that literature has little bearing on science.(B) Passage 1 presents an argument, while Passage 2 surveys current opinion in a debate.(C) Passage 1 concludes by rejecting the Fermi Paradox, while Passage 2 opens by embracing it.(D) Passage 1 describes a phenomenon, while Passage 2 details a belief system that would reject such a phenomenon.(E) Passage I defends a viewpoint, while Passage 2 questions that viewpoint's place in scientific research.15. The author of Passage 1 mentions '"monsters," "humanoids," and "creatures" (lines 2-4) primarily to(A) question the literary value of science fiction(B) contrast fictional notions with a scientific perspective(C) offer examples of the human fear of the unknown(D) criticize science fiction for being unduly alarmist(E) suggest that scientific research has been influenced by science fiction16. In line 17, "ran" most nearly means(A) fled(B) accumulated(C) traversed(D) managed(E) incurred17. Passage 1 suggests that the Fermi Paradox depends most directly on which assumption?(A) Extraterrestria l civilizations may not wish to be discovered by human beings. •(B) Extraterrestrial civilizations would most likely have discovered technology at about the same time human beings discovered it.(C) Extraterrestrial technology would develop at roughly the same rate as human technology.(D) Extraterrestrial civilizations would inevitably use technology for aggressive ends.(E) Science is a more powerful form of human knowledge than are art and literature.18. The claim made in Passage 1 that a "consensus" exists (lines 8-11) would most likely be interpreted by the author of Passage 2 as(A) evidence of compromise in the scientific community(B) an attack on SETI researchers(C) support for Fermi's analysis(D) a revelation of an unexpected truth(E) an oversimplification of a complex debate19. The author of Passage 1 mentions Isaac Newton (lines 37-40) in order to(A) emphasize the rapid rate of technological innovation(B) acknowledge (he impact of a profound thinker(C) criticize the inflexibility of Newton's contemporaries(D) speculate about New ton's influence on current research(E) highlight the value of scientific curiosity20. In lines 44-48, the author of Passage 2 indicates that the Fermi Paradox has been(A) thoroughly misunderstood(B) surprisingly influential(C) overwhelmingly perplexing(D) intermittently popular(E) frequently misquoted21. How would Frank Drake (line 56, Passage 2) most likely respond to the statement by the author of Passage 1 about humans "colonizing other systems" (line 26)?(A) The means to accomplish such a project may be beyond our reach.(B) Interstellar colonization is as morally problematic as was colonization on Earth.(C) We would do better to study indigenous life-forms rather than search for extraterrestrial creatures.(D) Humans would be wise to consider that they themselves arc subject to colonization.(E) Funding for such an undertaking would pose a thorny political issue for any government.22. In line 57, "claims" most nearly means(A) demands(B) assertions(C) rights(D) territories(E) compensations23. In line 63, "radio communication" is cited as a(A) complex interaction(B) technological relic(C) common occurrence(D) practical alternative(E) dramatic advance24. Both the author of Passage 1 and Ben Zuckerman (line 73, Passage 2) imply that researchers seeking life on another planet should focus on which of the following?(A) Seasonal variations in color due to plant life(B) Evidence of the most basic forms of life(C) Signs of artificially created structures(D) Signals that might be radio communications(E) Changes in geological surface featuresQuestions 7-19 are based on the following passage.The following passage is from a 1979 essay by a Native American writer.An understanding of any national literature depends very much on an awareness of the larger cultural context. Without some knowledge of language, of history, of inflection, of the position of the storyteller within the group, without a hint of the social roles played by males and females in the culture, without a sense of the society's humor or priorities—without such knowledge, how can we, as reader or listener, penetrate to the core of meaning in an expression of art?The difficulty of gaining access to the literature of a different culture may be illustrated by an exemplary folktale (in translation) from the Tanaina (Athabaskan) culture of south-central Alaska. It would typically be told to a general audience within the society, including the full range of ages from young children to grandparents; it would be recounted with gesticulation and exaggeration by a performance specialist. It would be expected to have different meanings to the various categories of listeners—instructive, entertaining, reinforcing, or all three. Here is a brief version of the story:"Once upon a time there was a porcupine woman who decided to do some hunting .on the far side of the river. She went to the bank, where she met a beaver.'Hello,' she said to him. T need to do some hunting over there. Will you ride me across on your back?''I'd be glad to,' replied the beaver. 'Hop on.' So the porcupine woman climbed on his back, and he started swimming for the other side. When he had almost made it, the porcupine woman said, 'Oh my! I've forgotten to bring my sack. I'll need to go back to the other bank and get it.''All right.' said the beaver, and swam back. He was panting while the porcupine woman went to get her sack.'Okay,' she said. 'Let's go.' So they started across again. The beaver was swimming much more slowly. When they had practically reached the other side, she said, 'Oh my! I've forgotten to bring my needle. We'll have to go back and get it.'This time the beaver didn't say anything—he didn't have enough breath! But he turned around and pulled them back to the shore and nearly passed out while she got her needle.'Hurry up, now." the porcupine woman said as she climbed back on his back. He could hardly keep his nose above water, but he had almost made it to the far bank again when she said, 'Oh my! I've forgotten my staff. We'll have to . . . .'Before she had finished her sentence the beaver had flipped over in the water and dragged himself onto the bank, where he lay half dead. The porcupine woman managed to make the shore too, and climbed up onto a bear path. When she had caught her breath, she turned on the beaver and quilted him to death."The Tanaina live in an environment that could euphemistically be described as "difficult." Survival, especially in the wild, is always precarious. Further, they were, in the precontact period, a nonlilcratc people. Oral communication was therefore the method of cultural transmission, legal understanding, and meaningful communication. It is also necessary lo know that a "staff." as mentioned in the story, fund ions as both a walking stick and a weapon, and that in the Tanaina symbol system, porcupines were supposed to be rather ponderous, dull-witted creatures, and beavers were thought to be energetic and industrious but overly spontaneous and erratic.For the reader armed with these data, the story becomes more accessible as a lesson in contract law, with several additional minor themes. A culturally attuned listener would notice, for instance, that when the porcupine woman proposed passage to the beaver, he agreed without any stipulations or clarifications of the terms. He gave a basically open-ended agreement—made a contract—and hence the porcupine woman was perfectly within her rights both in demanding that he return three times and in quilting him to death when he reneged.The story is not. however, without its moral for the porcupine women of this world. Her stated aim is to go hunting, and yet she sets out without the three essentials of that endeavor: a sack in which to carry home her game, a needle with which to sew up the intestines, and, most important, an implement with which to hunt and defend herself. True, she had an open-ended contract, but where does she wind up at the conclusion of the story? Sitting, exhausted, quills used up, weaponless, and not only on the wrong side of the river from her home but on a bear path! The hunter is about to become the hunted, and all because of her own improvidence.7. In the opening paragraph, the author assumes that the "meaning" (line 8) is(A) culturally determined(B) intensely personal(C) essentially moralistic(D) permanently inscrutable(E) uniquely artistic8. In the context of the passage, which "expression of art" (line 9) would be the most difficult to interpret?(A) A contemporary play written by a prolific play wright(B) A fable from a nonliterate society with which anthropologists are very familiar(C) A single text produced by a previously unknown society(D) A sitcom from the early days of television(E) A single myth from an ancient culture with a well-documented mythological structure9. How does the author respond to the question posed in lines 3-9?(A) By proposing an innovative strategy(B) By confirming the futility of such analysis(C) By describing a personal experience with the problem(D) By illustrating his point within a particular context(E) By documenting a traditional approach to the problem10. The author discusses Tanaina culture from the perspective of(A) a concerned parent(B) a bewildered visitor(C) a performance artist(D) an informed outsider(E) an indignant reader11. The sentence in which "difficult" appears (lines 54-55) indicates that the author considers the word to be(A) an exaggeration(B) an estimate(C) an understatement(D) a contradiction(E) a preconception12. In relation to the passage, the statements in lines 59-65 serve a function most similar to which of the following items?(A) A menu in a restaurant(B) The key or legend to a map(C) A department store directory(D) The outline of a term paper(E) An illustration of a fairytale13. The author's analysis of the folktale offers which insight into Tanaina beliefs?(A) A fanciful story is most suitable for an audience of children.(B) A verbal exchange can establish a binding contract.(C) A person who behaves impulsively is most often sincere.(D) A shared task should be divided fairly between two people.(E) A painstaking plan may nonetheless fail to anticipate all problems.14. The "porcupine women of this world" (lines 76-77) are best described as people who(A) plan inadequately for their own needs(B) postpone necessary work in favor of leisure(C) depend heavily upon help from their close friends(D) return repeatedly to their favorite places(E) flee quickly from any laborious task15. The final paragraph (lines 76-87) suggests that the bear path mentioned in lines 51-52 is significant because it(A) foreshadows the arrival of a benevolent character from Tanaina folklore(B) suggests an alarming alternative to crossing the river(C) marks the boundary of the beaver's natural surroundings(D) explains the porcupine woman's fear of unfamiliar territory(E) poses a new peril for the porcupine woman16. In lines 83-87, the description of the porcupine woman emphasizes the discrepancy between her(A) social position and her private feelings(B) physical wealth and her moral poverty(C) hostile action and her ultimate gratitude(D) original goal and her actual situation(E) grandiose ambition and her real moods17. As a commentary on legal relations, the folktale is best described as(A) an example of traditional practices(B) an outline for social behavior(C) a warning about ill-conceived assent(D) a criticism of obsolete custom(E) a parody of actual situation18. The author's attitude toward the Tanaina folktale is best described as(A) excitement at an unexpected discovery(B) admiration of the storyteller's performance(C) appreciation of the folktale as a means of communicating values(D) enthusiasm for the Tanaina culture's concept of legality(E) enjoyment of the comical aspects of the folktale19. Which statement is most consistent with the author's argument?(A) Translating a literary text requires formal lin¬guistic training(B) Tales transmitted by a nonliterate society elude transcription in later eras.(C) Listening to a skilled storyteller is more instructive than entertaining.(D) Simple enjoyment of a tale is incompatible with scholarly analysis.(E) To read a text is not necessarily to understand it.。
