Stomach Cancer on Rise Among Certain Young White Americans

倒计时55天Cancer is feared by everyone. And this fear is reaching epidemic(流行性) proportions. Not the disease itself — there is no such thing as a cancer epidemic. Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking ,the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety, The earth itself is coming to seem like a huge carcinogen(致癌物). The ordinary, more or less scientific statement that something between 80 and 90 percent of all cancers are dun to things in the environment is taken to mean that none of us will be safe until the whole environment is “cleaned up.” This is not at all the meaning.The 80-percent calculation is based on the unthinkable differences in the incidence of cancer in various societies around the world — for example, the high proportion of liver cancer in Africa and the Far East, stomach cancer in Japan, breast cancer in Western Europe and North America, and the relatively low figures for breast cancer in Japan and parts of Africa and for liver cancer in America. These data indicate there may be special and specific environmental influences, largely based on personal life-style, that determine the incidence of various forms of cancer in different communities — but that is all the data suggest. The overall incidence of cancer, counting up all the cases, is probable roughly the same everywhere.1．Which of the following is closest to meaning to the phrase “leveling off”?A)Became very popularB)Reached its lowest level in popularityC)Stopped being popularD)Stopped increasing its popularity2．According to the passage, the incidence of cancer is generally believed _____.A)to be based on inactive life styleB)to be due to anxietyC)to result from environmental influencesD)to be caused by heavy smoking3．It can be inferred from the passage that the writer’s opinion about the relationship between cancer and environment is_____.A)positiveB)negativeC)neutralD)approving4．According to the passage, the writer seems to feel that_____.A)cancer risk is on the riseB)the whole earth resembles a huge carcinogenC)the risk of catching cancer is not so great as most people conceiveD)cancer can be cured sooner or later5．Which of the following would be the best TITLE for the passage?A)Cancer and EnvironmentB)The Fear Caused by CancersC)Data on Cancer IncidenceD)Cancer and its Investigation倒计时54天Until the 1980s, the American homeless population comprised mainly older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children make up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient(变化无常的) and frequently frightened student population creates additional problems —both legal and educational —for already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers.Estimates of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewise, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. A U.S. Department of Education report, based on state estimates, states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom do not attend school on a regular basis, But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly.One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway”youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New York City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not counted as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets.Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education.1. It is implied in the first paragraph that ____.A) the writer himself is homeless, even in his eightiesB) many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 citiesC) there is a serious shortage of academic facilitiesD) homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education2. The National Coalition for the homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _____.A) 350,000B) 1,500,000C) 440,000D) 110,0003. One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be ____.A) the homeless children are too young to be counted as childrenB) the homeless population is growing rapidlyC) the homeless children usually stay outside schoolD) some homeless children are deserted by their families4. The McKinney Act is mentioned in this passage in order to show that ___.A) the educational problems of homeless children are being recognizedB) the estimates on homeless children are hard to determineC) the address of grade-school children should be locatedD) all homeless people are entitled to free education5. The passage mainly deals with ____.A) the legal problems of the homeless childrenB) the educational problems of homeless childrenC) the social status of older malesD) estimates on the homeless population倒计时53天The greatest contribution to civilization in the century may well be the air-conditioning- and American leads just as amazing is the speed with which this situation came to be. Air-conditioning began to spread in industries as a production aid during World War Ⅱ. Today most Americans need to take air-conditioning for granted to homes, offices, factories, theatres, shops, studios, schools, hotels, and restaurants.But not everybody is aware that high cost and easy comfort are merely two of the effects of the vast cooling of American. In fact, air conditioning has substantially altered the country's character and customs.Many of the byproducts are so conspicuous that they are scarcely noticed. To begin with, air-conditioning transformed the face of America by making possible those glassy, boxy, sealed-in skyscrapers. It has been indispensable, no less, to the functioning of sensitive advanced computers, whose high operating temperatures require that they be constantly cooled. . .It has, at will, forced families into retreating into families with closed doors and shut windows, reducing the interactions of neighborhood life. It is really surprising that the public's often noted withdrawal into self-pursuit and privacy has coincided with the historic spread of air-conditioning. Though science has little studied how habitual air-conditioning affects mind and body, some medical experts suggest that, like other technical avoidance of natural variations in climate, air-conditioning may damage the human capacity to adapt to stress. If so, air-conditioning is only like many other greatly useful technical developments that liberate man from nature by increasing his productivity and power in some way - while indirectly weakening him in others.11. According to this selection, which of the following constitutes the unique character of U.S.?A) Its excessive use of air-conditioning.B) Its advanced computerized civilization.C) Its public's retreating into self-pursuit.D) Its greatest contribution to human civilization.12. According to the author, the chief consequence brought about by the wide application of air-conditioning is ____.A) the loss of human capacity to adapt to changes in climateB) the reduction of social communications of neighborhood lifeC) the active life style of all its usersD) the decreased human production and power13. The tone of this selection reveals that air-conditioning ____.A) has little effect on its usersB) has more effect on body than on mindC) brings more benefits than damage to its usersD) does harm as well as good to its users14. Who benefits the least from air-conditioning according to the author?A) Medical experts.B) Manufacturers.C) Factory laborers.D) Consumers.15. What is the author's overall attitude towards air-conditioning?A) NeutralB) ObjectiveC) CriticalD) Compromising倒计时52天Of the thousands of different kinds of animals that exist in the world man has learned to make friends with an enormous number. Some are pets, and offer him companionship; some give protection, and some do hard work which man cannot do for himself. Dogs, which serve man in all three capacities, are found in various breeds in all countries of the world. The Husky can live in the cold polar regions, and the Saluki is at home in the hottest parts of Central Africa. The inhabitants of certain countries are dependent for their very lives on the camel. In the West Indies the little donkey, strong and sure-footed, carrying heavy loads even in mountainous places, is a familiar sight.Trained and tamed for many generations, domestic animals are not accustomed to roaming(到处走动) in search of food and shelter. They look to their masters to provide for their needs, and as long as these are supplied, they are content to do what their masters require.All domestic animals need proper food. It must be suitable for them, sufficient in quantity, fresh and clean. Some people feed a pet dog or cat on odds and ends of table scraps, and then wonder why the animal seems listless(倦怠的) and dull. The quantity of food depends on the size of the animal and the amount of exercise it takes. Overfeeding is as bad as underfeeding. Containers for food and water must be washed regularly if the animal is to maintain good health.Even well cared for animals may sometimes fall ill. If this happens, the wise master seeks the best advice he can get. All sorts of medicines and treatments are available for sick animals, and in some countries organizations exist to provide them free or at a cheap price. Useful, friendly, hardworking animals deserve to have some time, money and attention spent on their health.1. What main idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A) There exists thousands of species of animals in the world.B) Man came to establish a close relationship with a number of animals.C) In some regions a donkey seems to be a very useful beast.D) An animal will be useless unless domesticated.2. When an animal is underfed, it will probably ____.A) refuse to obey its masterB) immediately fall illC) require its master to offer some foodD) seek for food on its own3. Which of the following is NOT true of dogs according to the passage?A) They can act as friends, guards, and servants to man.B) They have great adaptation for the environment.C) There live a great variety of breeds of dogs on the globe.D) The Husky and the Saluki are the strongest breed ever known in the world.4. To keep a domestic animal physically fit, its owner is advised ____.A) not to hesitate to spend enormous amount of money on itB) to pay attention to its proper feedingC) not to allow it to take excessive amounts of exerciseD) to join some sort of pet-keeping organizations5. Which of the following would be best TITLE for this passage?A) Domesticated Animals - Man's Best FriendB) Proper Diet - the Road to HealthC) The Advantages of Raising Domestic AnimalsD) Some Tips on Pet-keeping倒计时51天Our quarrel with efficiency is not that it gets things done, but that it is a thief of time when it leaves us no leisure to enjoy ourselves, and that it strains our nerves when we try to get thingsdone perfectly. In building bridges, American engineers calculate so finely and exactly as to make the two ends come together within one-tenth of an inch. But when two Chinese begin to dig a tunnel from both sides of a mountain both come out on the other side. --The Chinese's firm belief is that it doesn't matter so long as a tunnel is dug through, and if we have two instead of one, why, we have a double track to boot.The pace of modern industrial life forbids this kind of glorious and magnificent idling. But, worse than that, it imposes upon us a different conception of time as measured by the clock and eventually turns the human being into a clock himself. (This sort of thing is bound to come to China, as is evident, for instance, in the case of a factory of twenty thousand worker. The luxurious prospect of twenty thousand workers coming in at their own sweet pleasure at all hours is, of course, somewhat terrifying.)Nevertheless, such efficiency is what makes life so hard and full of excitement. A man who has to be punctually at a certain place at five o'clock has the whole afternoon from one to five ruined for him already. Every American adult is arranging his time on the pattern of the schoolboy - three o'clock for this, five o'clock for that, six-thirty for change of dress, six-fifty for entering the taxi, and seven o'clock for arriving at the destination. It just makes life not worth living.1. The writer objects to efficiency mainly on the grounds that it ____.A) entitles us to too much leisure timeB) urges us to get things done punctuallyC) deprives us of leisure timeD) imposes on us a perfect concept of time2. In the eyes of the author, the introduction of industrial life gives rise to ____.A) the excitement of lifeB) magnificent idling of timeC) more emphasis on efficiencyD) terrifying schoolboy3. The passage tells us ____.A) Chinese workers come to work when it is convenientB) all Americans are forced to be efficient against their willC) Chinese engineers are on better terms with the managementD) Americans ought not to work so hard for efficiency4. The author believes that relaxing the rule of punctuality in factories would lead to ____.A) great confusionB) increased productionC) a hard and exciting lifeD) successful completion of a tunnel5. What is implied but NOT stated by the author is that ____.A) every American is arranging his time in the pattern of a schoolboyB) every American is reluctant to be efficientC) every one should have some time to spend as he pleasesD) being punctual is an undesirable habit which should not be formed倒计时50天Now let us look at how we read. When we read a printed text, our eyes move across a page in short, jerky movement. We recognize words usually when our eyes are still when they fixate. Each time they fixate, we see a group of words. This is known as the recognition span or the visual span. The length of time ofr which the eyes stop ---the duration of the fixation ----varies considerably from person to person. It also vaies within any one person according to his purpose in reading and his familiarity with the text. Furthermore, it can be affected by such factors as lighting and tiredness.Unfortunately, in the past, many reading improvement courses have concentrated too much on how our eyes move across the printed page. As a result of this misleading emphasis on the purely visual aspects of reading, numerous exercises have been devised to train the eyes to see more words at one fixation. For instance, in some exercises, words are flashed on to a screen for, say, a tenth or a twentieth of a second. One of the exercises has required students to fix their eyes on some central point, taking in the words on either side. Such word patterns are often constructed in the shape of rather steep pyramids so the reader takes in more and more words at each successive fixation. All these exercises are very clever, but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently. Reading requires the ability to understand the relationship between words. Consequently, for these reasons, many experts have now begun to question the usefulness of eye training, especially since any approach which trains a person to read isolated words and phrases would seem unlikely to help him in reading a continuous text.Q:1. The time of the recognition span can be affected by the following facts except ________ .A. one’s familiarity with the textB. one’s purpose in readingC. the length of a group of wordsD. lighting and tiredness2. The author may believe that reading ______.A. requires a reader to take in more words at each fixationB. requires a reader to see words more quicklyC. demands an deeply-participating mindD. demands more mind than eyes3 What does the author mean b y saying “but it’s one thing to improve a person’s ability to see words and quite another thing to improve his ability to read a text efficiently.” in the second parapraph?A. The ability to see words is not needed when an efficient reading is conducted.B. The reading exercises mentioned can’t help to improve both the ability to see and to comprehend words.C. The reading exercises mentioned can’t help to improve an efficient reading.D. The reading exercises mentioned has done a great job to improve one’s ability to see words.4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. The visual span is a word or a group of words we see each time.B. Many experts began to question the efficiency of eye training.C. The emphasis on the purely visual aspects is misleading.D.The eye training will help readers in reading a continuous text.5. The tune of the author in writing this article is ________A criticalB neutralC prssimisticD optimistic倒计时49天Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest”and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married, Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses (配偶) through other friends, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions, Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.In many families, parents feel that children should make major life decisions by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession but the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to assert their independence. A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self –reliance and independence.1. The writer discusses the marriage of young adults in order to show which of the following?A) They enjoy the freedom of choosing their spouses.B) They want to win the permission of their parents.C) They have a strong desire to become independent.D) They want to challenge the authority of their parents.2. Most young adults in the U.S. get married for the sake of ____.A) loveB) financial concernC) their parentsD) family background3. Based on the passage, it can be assumed that ______.A) American young adults are likely to follow the suit of their parentsB) most American people never make major decisions for their childrenC) American young adults possess cultural values of independenceD) once a young person steps into his twenties, he will leave his home permanently4. A son is unwilling to work in his father’s business mainly because _____.A) he wishes to make full use of what he has learnt in schoolB) he wants to prove his independenceC) he wishes to do the opposite of what his parents approve ofD) he wants to show his love for his parents5. The subject matter of this selection is _____.A) family valuesB) marriage arrangementsC) the pursuit of a careerD) decision making倒计时48天Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers”had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.In general, these “short sleeps”appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal”or “acceptable”to their friends and associates.When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers”did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers”were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).The “long sleepers”were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”Many of the “long sleepers”were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.1. According to the report,______.A) many short sleepers need less sleep by natureB) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their workC) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the dayD) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood2. Many “short sleepers”are likely to hold the view that _____.A) sleep is a withdrawal from the realityB) sleep interferes with their sound judgementC) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine programD) sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of lifeB) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleepC) do not know how to relax properlyD) are more unlikely to run into mental problems4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might ____.A) appear disturbedB) become energeticC) feel dissatisfiedD) be extremely depressed5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakenedB) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patientsC) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleepD) Short sleepers would be better off with more rest倒计时47天We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educators have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For the entire claim that examinations test what you know it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack(技能) of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person's true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn't matter that you weren't feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don't count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of "drop-outs": young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the rising suicide rate among students?1. We can infer from the passage that ____.A) educators try to devise more reliable tests but in vainB) examinations account for the failure of many studentsC) examinations exert a harmful influence on the school systemD) the examination system should remain unchallenged2. Examinations are generally believed to be ____.A) a reflection of an examinee's knowledge and abilityB) extremely anxiety-makingC) a very unfair competition among studentsD) inefficient and unreliable3. According to the author, examinations ____.A) are a marvelous memory testing deviceB) make an army of students kill themselvesC) usually fail to evaluate students' school performanceD) may determine a student's future4. By "vicious"(Line5, Para.2) the author means ____.A) harmfulB) virtualC) significantD) adequate5. The author ____.A) recommends the mark of success and failure in our societyB) argues against the assessment of students' ability in terms of their test scoresC) offers educators advice on the design of some more reliable testsD) emphasizes the importance of discipline on students倒计时46天There has been a lot of unfair and biased criticism of families who welcome foreign students into their homes. I should like to tell you of my own personal experiences, which are not so different from my neighbors' experience, I might add.A host family is sent students by school or college and their homes are regularly inspected by the accommodation staff. If a home is below the required standard, the family is removed from the school's accommodation list. Apart from this, the host family is obliged to follow certain rules, as laid down by the school.The problem is that the host family cannot inspect students or refuse to accept the ones who look dirty, unreliable or noisy. And they don't seem to follow any rules at all in their behavior to the host family. We are often treated like servants or hotel staff, which is rude and bad manners.The fee paid to a host family only just covers the actual cost of providing meals etc. A hostess islucky to make more than a pound or two "profit" on each student. One has to remember that she has to wash their clothes, allow them to have hot baths, pay for their lighting and the heating in their bedrooms, and cope with damage to furniture, bedding and carpets.Another thing is that most of them do not want to be part of the family. They prefer to be out with other students causing annoyance to local residents in the town center. They remain in their bedrooms all morning and afternoon if they can, resting before the evening so that they can go out until the early hours of the morning.Bedrooms like pigsties(猪圈). Food, empty bottles and waste paper all go under the bed. When taken to task the reply is invariably that they don't understand or that the school has told them they may do as they wish.Not only that, but we have to put up with their complaints about the food, the weather and even our TV programs. It's time foreign students were taught to be polite and to behave properly, as well as how to speak English!1. The author's attitude towards foreign students as mentioned in the passage is ____.A) criticalB) questioningC) approvingD) objective2. By "biased" (Line1, Para.1) the author means ____.A) supremeB) partialC) preferableD) prejudiced3. Which of the following is mentioned in the second paragraph?A) The accommodation standard is set up by the staff of a hotelB) A host family usually has no alternative but to accept the student assignedC) A student is sometimes treated rudely, like a servantD) A host family may reject any student candidate who looks undesirable4. The passage tell us ____.A) foreign students keep good terms with their hostessesB) foreign students come to stay with their host families to learn EnglishC) a hostess does not make much profit because she has to buy new furnitureD) the local TV programs are very popular among foreign students5. The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is ____.A) to criticize foreign students for not sharing housework with their hostessesB) to suggest that a new accommodation standard be laid down。

时事语法填空春分；我国首批5名战斗机女飞行学员顺利单飞；中国睡眠研究报告2023；春分胃是情绪器官Passage1 –语篇语法填空China's first group of five female pilots fly J-11B fighter jets successfully我国首批5名歼-11B战斗机女飞行学员顺利单飞！China's first group of five female pilots flying J-11B fighter jets successfully completed their maiden solo training recently. The five female pilots 1.____________(involve) were at an average age of 23.During the training, pilots had to complete simulated single engine and landing procedures 2._____________(accurate) under high altitude supersonic conditions, 3.___________ greatly tested their situational awareness, technical and tactical capabilities.The first solo flight also involved challenging maneuvers such as hovering at maximum angular speed. It tests our ability 4.____________ (master) the boundary performance of the aircraft and how to control the aircraft accurately, providing a solid foundation for us to achieve tactical intention in the later air combat, said Wang Chen.It was a step toward becoming a qualified third generation fighters' pilots. Following their maiden flight in the J-11B, they will receive training on formation flying, low-altitude 5.___________ air combat training before they will participate into frontline combat units this year."We are honored to be part of the first group of female pilots flying J-11B fighter jets but it was also a test for us. Though we're weak in physical strengths compared 6.___________ men, flying these jets is not about arm wrestling. What matters is decision-making and control of the jets. With the stronger endurance and tolerance, women would be better adapting for long-hour fighting," Yan Zhongyue, one of the 7.___________ (pilot) from Xi'an Flying College of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force.Women obviously enjoy advantages in operating weapons and sophisticated 8.____________(equip) because of the careful, meticulous and sensitive characteristics, which also aligns with future warfare in which accurate manipulation of weapon platforms would be one of focuses, Lang Linchao a deputy brigade commander from Xi'an Flying College of the PLA Air Force noted.Training female fighter pilots is an important measure to strengthen the quality of the Air Force's talent pool. The Air Force has gradually rolled out the J-10 and J-11B fighter jets, which were equipped with combat troops into academies. The move 9.___________(design) to shorten training cycles for third generation fighters' pilots."We have proved that female pilots can do 10.__________ same things as men, we can operate heavy combat fighters. Today we can fly the J-11B, in the future same on the J-20. Our journey is the sea of stars," said Yan.Passage2-语篇语法填空Chinese Sleep Study Report 2023中国睡眠研究报告2023About half of Chinese adults sleep less than eight hours every night, a new report said on Friday. The report, 1.____________ (release) by the Chinese Sleep Research Society, said that last year Chinese adults slept an average 7.4 hours per night.The report was based on 2.__________ survey of 6,168 people aged 18 to 70 from July to November last year. The report found that 90 percent of the respondents said that their sleep quality is "OK" or "very good", 3.__________ only 10 percent saying that their sleep quality was "not good" or "very bad".University students sleep the longest (7.74 hours), followed by white-collar workers, blue-collar workers and unemployed people. Those with stronger academic backgrounds tended 4.__________ (sleep) longer and better, but those who have earned master's or doctorates reported less, lower-quality sleep. People from families earning less 5.___________ 3,000 yuan ($435) per month get the least amount of sleep and experience 6.__________ worst sleep quality, the report showed, while those with mid-level incomes sleep 7.____________ (long) and generally reported good-quality sleep. For people 8.____________(make) more than 10,000 yuan per month, their hours of sleep were less than those with mid-level incomes, 9.____________ they reported a better quality of sleep.Gao Xuemei, deputy director-general of the Chinese Sleep Research Society, said sleep is important in stabilizing metabolism, emotion, behavior and strengthening memory. People 10._________ go without good sleep for a long time risk memory loss, anxiety, depression, anger, hair loss, weight gain, high blood pressure and cardiovascular damage, she added.Passage3–关注提示词为动词的语法填空the Spring Equinox春分The traditional Chinese lunar calendar divides the year 1.__________ 24 solar terms. Spring Equinox, as the fourth term of the year starts on March 21 and ends on April 4 this year.The Spring Equinox signals the equal length of the day and night time. On the day of the Spring Equinox, sun is directly above the equator(赤道). After the equinox, the sun moves northwards, 2.__________ (result) in gradually longer day time in the Northern Hemisphere and 3.___________(long) night in the Southern Hemisphere.Swallows fly northAs the old saying goes, swallows fly back to the North in the first hou; thunder cracks the sky in the second hou; lightning occurs frequently in the third hou, which vividly 4.___________ (reveal) the climate feature during the Spring Equinox.Egg-standing gamesIt 5.___________(believe) that if someone can make the egg stand, he 6._________(have) good luck in the future. Some believe that the Spring Equinox is the best time to practice this game because on this day the axis of the earth is relatively balanced against the orbital plane of the earth’s rotation around the sun, which makes 7.___________ easier to erect an egg.Eating spring vegetables'Spring vegetables' refers to seasonal vegetables that differ from place to place. The ancient teachings in the Chinese classic, Huangdi Neijing, suggest that people eat seasonal foods 8.___________(help) preserve health and bring good luck.Sacrifice to the sun godIn the Ming Dynasty (1368－1644) and Qing Dynasty (1636—1912), the imperial family 9.___________(hold) this ritual in Ritan park every Spring Equinox. The Ritan park gradually became a common place for public recreation. However, the practice still exists among the public.Reward farm cattleAs the Spring Equinox comes, farm work starts and both the farmers and the cattle start to become busy. Farmers will reward cattle with sticky rice balls to express their 10.___________(grateful). Meanwhile, people will also make sacrifice to birds, to thank them for bringing signals for farm work and to ask them not to eat grains later in the year.词汇积累：1. hemisphere /ˈhemɪsfɪə(r)/ 半球2. swallow /ˈswɒləʊ/ 燕子3. axis /ˈæksɪs/ 轴4. orbital /ˈɔːbɪtl/ 轨道的5. plane 平面6. ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ 仪式7. recreation /ˌriːkriˈeɪʃn/ 娱乐；消遣Passage4关注无提示词的语法填空The stomach is an emotional organ胃是情绪器官The stress that anxiety puts on your body can lead to various different issues, including those relating to the digestive system. One of the more common symptoms is stomach pain.The brain has a direct effect 1.__________ the stomach and intestines. This connection goes both ways. A troubled intestine can send signals to the brain, just as a troubled brain can send signals to the gut. The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists2.___________ bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional3.__________ cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. The enteric nervous system (ENS), a key component of the brain-gut connection, is often referred to4._________ the "second brain." Within the ENS, you have millions of nerve connections that regulate digestion. The ENS is connected to the nervous system, which is, of course, connected to the brain. Therefore, when a change occurs in the brain,5.__________ affects the gut and vice versa.Psychology combines with physical factors to cause pain and other bowel symptoms. Psychosocial factors influence the actual physiology of the gut, as well as symptoms. 6.________ fact, the gut contains more serotonin, which is the neurotransmitter that regulates mood, than the brain. Therefore, a person's stomach or intestinal distress can be the cause or 7.__________ product of anxiety, stress, or depression. The gastrointestinal tract is sensitive to emotion. Anger, anxiety, sadness, elation — all of these feelings (and others) can trigger symptoms in the gut. Stress, depression or other psychological factors, can affect movement and contractions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.Most people with anger management issues often suffer 8._________ stomach ailments. Extreme anger will not aid in releasing chemicals 9._________ are required for healthy digestion. Intense anger also releases stomach acids that can irritate the ulcers and cause diarrhoea, constipation and abdominal pain. Smoking increases stomach cancer risk, particularly for cancers of the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus. The rate of stomach cancer is about doubled in people 10._________ smoke.Multiple studies have found that psychologically based approaches lead to greater improvement in digestive symptoms compared with only conventional medical treatment.词汇积累：1. the digestive system 消化系统2. symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/n.症状3. intestine /ɪnˈtestɪn/ n.肠4. neurotransmitter /ˈnjʊərəʊtrænzmɪtə(r)/ n.神经递质5. regulate /ˈreɡjuleɪt/ v.管理；控制6. trigger /ˈtrɪɡə(r)/ v.引起；触发答案Passage1Involved accurately which to master and with pilots equipment is designed thePassage2released a with to sleep than the longer making but whoPassage3into resulting longer reveals is believed will have itto help held gratefulnessPassage4On of and as it in the from which/that who。

Vitamins ---- Translation1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7.Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1.The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3.Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.rge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.rmation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8.Addiction is the body’s continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

医护英语ContentsUnit 1 Registration and Visiting a Doctor (3)Unit 2 Examination Process (9)Unit 3 Diagnosis (15)Unit4 Administering Medications (24)Unit 5 Hospitalization (29)Unit 6 Hospitalization (35)Registration and Visiting a Doctor 挂号与就诊Examination Process 检查过程Diagnosis 诊断Administration and Medication 门诊处置与取药Hospitalization 办入院手续与住院Rehabilitation 康复Unit 1 Registration and Visiting a DoctorReading A:Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about common diseases of the body systems by answering the following questions.1.How can you decide that a specific disease belongs to one of the body systems?2.Which hospital department might you refer a patient to if he/she has a stomachache?Common diseases of the Body SystemsHuman body diseases vary in both severity and diversity. Any body part or function can contract a disease or have s disorder. We are more capable of fighting these diseases today than ever before and medicine is advancing every day.Below are introductions to human body diseases and disorders.Skin DisordersThe skin is susceptible to physical injury and to infection by bacteria, virus, fungi, and exposure to sunlight. Almost and teenager can tell you the most common skin disorder: acne. There are other skin problems far more serious than acne, e.g. skin cancer, melanoma, psoriasis and vitiligo.Nervous System DisordersDamage to nervous system through physical injury or disease can impair both physical and mental function. Brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease and stroke are some of the nervous system conditions.Cardiovascular DisordersCardiovascular disorders are conditions of the heart and blood vessels, which consist of mainly coronary heart disease (CHD), or coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, arrhythmia and heart failure. What we eat and the amount of exercise we get can affect our cardiovascular system.Immune DisordersWhen the immune system does not function properly, a number of diseases can occur. There are two types of immune system disorders: allergies and autoimmune disease including juvenile diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and anemia, etc. and immunodeficiency disease such a AIDS.Digestive DisordersMost digestive diseases are very complex. Common disorders include hepatitis, heartburn and stomach cancer. Abusing alcohol imposes the greatest risk for digestive diseases.Reproductive DisordersDisorders that may affect the proper functioning of the reproductive system include abnormal hormone secretion, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as syphilis and gonorrhea, and the presence of cancerous tissue in the region. Such problems frequently affect fertility. There are also functional problems caused by infertility or sexual dysfunction.Respiratory DisordersRespiratory disorders, or lung diseases, are disorders such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and others. They can affect people of all ages and both genders.Endocrine disordersEndocrine system disorders occur either due to too much or tool little or sometimes nohormone. These disorders may lead to abnormal growth pattern, diabetes, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Endocrine system disorders include hyperthyroidism, growth hormone deficiency and hypothyroidism.Musculoskeletal DisordersDisease of the musculoskeletal system may result in the inability to walk, sit, or even breathe. The musculoskeletal conditions having the most impact on population health will be presented: back pain, repetitive strain injury (RSI) and osteoarthritis.Task 2 Read the passage and match each common disease with one body system.1.hypertension a. respiratory system2.acne b. skin system3.bone fracture c. nervous system4.stomach cancer d. cardiovascular system5.brain tumors e. endocrine system6.AIDS f. digestive system7.lung cancer g. immune system8.hypothyroidism h. musculoskeletal systemTask 3 Read the passage again, and tick the facts mentioned in the passage about the common diseases of the body system.✧Our ability to fight human body diseases✧The case history of the patients✧Various disorders of the nine body systems✧Disorders typical of the body systems✧An introduction to the now cures for the diseases✧Two types of immune disorders✧The skin featuring its susceptibility✧Alcoholism contributing to digestive diseases✧The specialists in some ot the diseases✧Asthma as a respiratory problemListeningTask 1 Mr. Black is making a call to pre-register at a hospital. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1.Why can’t Mr. Black register right now?A.Because of a power cut.B. Because of lack of record.C. Because of the system failure.2.Which card is NOT necessary for registration?A.ID card.B. Credit card.C. Insurance card.3.What is the registration time?A. 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.B. 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.C. 8 a.m. to 4 p. m.4. When does the nurse suggest Mr. Black come to the hospital?A. In the morning.B. In the afternoon.C. On weekdays.5. Where will Mr. Black find receptionists in the hospital?A. At the registration office.B. In the Outpatient Hall.C. Outside the consulting room. Task 2. Mr. Black is registering at the hospital in person. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear.Mr. Black: Good Morning.Nurse: Good morning. Sorry to have kept you waiting. Have you ever been here before? Mr. Black: No, this is my first _______ here.Nurse: In this case, you have to fill in this registration form. Your name, age, ________ and things like that. I will make a record for you.Mr. Black:No problem.Nurse: Well, what’s troubling you?Mr. Black: I have a stomachache and feel like __________ sometimes. Besides, it’s difficult for me to swallow. Which department should I register ___________?Nurse: I think you should go to the Department of Gastroenterology (胃肠学) first. If necessary w e’ll __________ you to the Department of Chest Surgery.Mr. Black: Okay, here is my form.Nurse:Thank you. The registration ___________ is five Yuan. This is your registration card. Please don’t lose it and bring it whenever you came.Mr. Black: Thank you for your help.Nurse: That’s all rightTask 3. Mr. Liu, an overseas student in Britain, is calling at St. Paul’s Hospital to make an appointment. Listen to the conversation and help the nurse to fill in the record.Appointment RecordPatient’s name:Date of Birth:Visiting Purpose:Time:Doctor’s Name:Reading BProcedures to Visit a Doctor●How to Visit a Doctor in the West:When you get sick, you might have to make an appointment to visit a doctor for a physical checkup. Talking to the doctor and explaining your symptoms might not be too difficult. Here is how to make the most of your doctor’s visit.●Before You GoWhen you make the appointment, state the nature of your concern so that a proper length of time can be scheduled.If it’s your first visit to that clinic or with that physician, be ready to give your medical history.✧Provide information about diseases that run in your family.✧Describe current and past heath problems and treatments.✧Bring the original containers for any prescription and over-the-counter medications, herbs,supplements and vitamins you are taking.Preparing written information to bring with can help you communicate well with your doctor.✧ A short description of your health problems should include a list of symptoms and detailson when the problem started, where it is, what it fells like, and if there’s anything you do that makes it worse or better.✧ A list of medications you are taking should include the dose and frequency of prescriptionand over-the-counter drugs, as well as herbs, supplements and vitamins.●While You’re ThereWhen talking with your doctor, remember that your health is worth his or her time.✧Clearly describe you health concern (symptoms, when it started, where it is, what it fellslike). Information written in advance can help.✧Restate explanations and ask for clarification, until you’re sure that the doctorunderstands your concerns and completely answer your questions.✧Don’t forget about your emotional health; it influences your physical health. So mentionall health-related concerns, not just the visible ones.✧Make sure your provider is aware of the prescription and over-the-counter medications,herbs, supplements and vitamins you are taking.Before leaving, find out✧It and when you should return for another visit.✧Whether you are to phone in for any test results or to report on your condition.✧If there are certain warning signs you should watch for✧Whether there are materials you could take home or a website you should visit to learnmore about your diagnosis or treatmentNever leave uncertain about your diagnosis or treatment●Common Procedures to Visit a Doctor in China’s HospitalThe first thing you should know about the medical services is that you should have some basic knowledge about the procedures.In china patients simply show up at local hospitals. No preset appointment is necessary, except for surgical procedures. Treatment techniques include diagnosis, medication, injection or the necessary scans. Your doctor may give you a prescription for you to buy medicine from the in-house pharmacy, most of the time at the lobby of the outpatient section building.● A chart on how to visit a doctor in Chinese hospital:Patient pre-check register diagnosis pay feestake medicine leavecheck & test specific section observation pay fees take medicine leave Task 1 Complete the procedures to visit a doctor in Western countries according to the passage.How to Visit a Doctor in the West1.Before you goa.Make an _____________ with your ____________.b.Be ready to give your _____________ on your first visit.c.Prepare __________________________.2.While You’re Therea.When _____________ with your doctor, remember that your ____________ is worthhis or her time.b.Before leaving, make sure of __________________ things.c.Never leave _____________ about your diagnosis or treatment.Task 2 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.In china patients simply show up at local hospitals. No preset appointment is necessary, exceptfor surgical procedures. Treatment techniques include diagnosis, medication, injection or the necessary scans. Your doctor may give you a prescription for you to buy medicine from the in-house pharmacy, most of the time at the lobby of the outpatient section building.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WritingPublic NoticeTask 1 A public notice is written for many reasons. By writing a public notice, you will inform people about some news. No matter which kind of public notice you write, you will find several tips useful: be brief and to the point, well-worded, coherent and smooth with a definite purpose. Now read the following sample public notice and learn about the way it is written.A Sample:Public NoticeNotice is hereby given that Liu Dan from the Department of General Surgery in our hospital won the first place in the City’s 2009 Nursing Skills Contest held on May 4th, 2009.We inform you that a commendation meeting is to be held at the hospital auditorium on Wednesday afternoon, at 1:30. Representatives from all departments are expected to attend the meeting on time.The Office of Hospital PresidentMay 5th, 2009Commendation meeting 表彰会Task 2 Suppose you are a secretary with the human resource department. Please write a public notice based on the following information.Information:Li Lan has succeeded in competing for the position of head nurse in the emergency department. She took the first place in both the theoretical examination and interview for the position. Therefore the hospital leaders and the nursing department, after due consideration, have officially decided to appoint Li Lan head nurse in the emergency department.Technical Words:Coronary artery disease (CAD) 冠状动脉疾病Coronary heart disease (CHD) 冠心病Juvenile diabetes 青少年糖尿病Parkinson’s disease 帕金森氏病；震颤性麻痹Repetitive strain injury （RSI）重复性过度劳累损伤Rheumatoid arthritis 风湿性关节炎Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) 性传播疾病Over-the-counter medication 非处方药Parkinson’s diseaseParkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of the brain marked by tremors, rigidity and slow movements.Parkinson’s disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, resting tremor, slowing of movement and, in extreme cases, nearly complete loss of movement. Secondary symptoms may include high level cognitive dysfunction, subtle language problems, and depression.Exercise: Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the word given in brackets.1. At first, we didn’t realize the (severe) _______ of her wounds.2. It is reported that this disease attacks the central (nerve) _____ system.3. The (injure) ________ to their key player could be a decisive factor in the game.4. We couldn’t feel the change in the blood pressure within the (arterial) _________.5. (Diabetic) ________ is by far the most frequent disease among the over-weight people.6. These bacteria can be thought of as an additional (digest) ________ organ.7. It is (normal) ________ for a man to walk in his sleep.8. They found it stimulated the (secrete) _______ of insulin in pancreatic (胰的) cells in thelaboratory.9. Impairment of the ability to write is usually caused by brain (function) ________ or disease.10. What is severe acute (respire) _________ syndrome?Unit 2 Examination ProcessReading ATask 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about medical tests by answering the following questions.3.What are the most common medical tests in the hospital?4.What are the purposes of medical tests?A Directory of Medical TestsTaking a medical history and performing a physical examination usually provide the information a doctor needs to evaluate a person’s health or to understand what is causing an illness. But sometimes, doctors need to order tests to find out more.Here are some common tests and what they involve:Blood TestsComplete Blood Count (CBC). A CBC measures the levels of different types of blood cells. By determining if there are too many or not enough of each blood cell type, a CBC can help to detect a wide variety of illnesses or signs of infection.Blood Chemistry Test. Basic blood chemistry tests measure the levels of certain electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in the blood. Doctors typically order them to look for any sign of kidney dysfunction, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and tissue damage.Liver Function Test. Liver function tests check to see how the liver is working and look for any sort of liver damage or inflammation.Radiology TestsX-Rays. X-rays can help doctors find a variety of conditions, including broken bones and lung infections.Ultrasound. Though they’re typically associated with pregnancy, doctors order ultrasounds in lots of different cases. The images seen on most ultrasounds are difficult for the untrained eye to decipher, so a doctor will view the image and interpret it.Computed Tomography (CAT scan or CT scan). CAT scans are a kind of X-ray, and typically are ordered to look for things such as appendicitis, internal bleeding, or abnormal growths. A scan may require the use of a contrast material (a dye or other substance) to improve the visibility of certain tissues or blood vessels.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRIs use radio waves and magnetic fields to produce an image. MRIs are often used to look at bones, joints, and the brain. Contrast material is sometimes given through an IV in order to get a better picture of certain structures.Other TestsStool Test. Stool (or feces or poop) test can provide doctors with valuable information about what’s wrong when one has a problem in the stomach, intestines, or another part of the gastrointestinal system.Urine Test. Doctors order urine tests to make sure that the kidneys are functioning properly or when they suspect an infection in the kidneys or bladder.Electroencephalography (EEG). EEGs often are used to detect conditions that affect brain function, such as epilepsy, seizure disorders, and brain injury.Electrocardiography (EKG). EKGs measure the heart’s electrical activity to help evaluate its function and identify any problems. The EKG can help determine the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of the heart’s chambers, and whether there is any damage present. EKGs can detect abnormal heart rhythms, some congenital heart defects, and heart tissue that isn’t getting enough oxygen.Task 2 After reading the passage, group the medical tests mentioned in the passage into each category.Blood Tests: Radiology Tests: Other Tests:Take 3 Read the passage again. Match each medical test with one fact as its target.9.Ultrasound a. lung infections10.X-rays b. an infection in the kidneysplete Blood Test c. metabolic disorders12.Blood Chemistry Test d. abnormal growths13.Liver Function Test e. blood cell type14.Urine Test f. heart rhythms15.EKG g. pregnancy16.Stool Test h. a problem in the intestines17.MRI a. liver inflammation18.EEG b. brain injuryputed Tomography k. joint problemsListeningTask 1 Mr. Black is having a check at the Department of Gastroenterology. A nurse will draw some blood for him. Listen to the conversation and put the following items in correct order.Sterilize the skinGet the reportTake off coat and roll up your sleeveClench your fistOpen your handSend specimen to the laboratoryTie the tourniquetPress with cotton swabTask 2 Mr. Black is going to have a gastroscopy（胃镜检查）. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to each question you hear.1. What does an endoscope look like?A. As long as a fingerB. Thin and flexible.C. A large pipe2. What should Mr. Black do before having the gastroscopy?A. Smoke as little as possible.B. Empty the stomach.C. Drink a lot of water.3. When is Mr. Black supposed to come tomorrow?A. 6 a.m..B. 2 p.m.C. 8 a.m.4. When will Mr. Black get the result?A. In several days.B. Immediately.C. The day after tomorrow.5. What will be sent to the pathology laboratory?A. Blood Sample.B. Gastric fluid sample.C. Biology sample.Task 3. Mr. Black is in the gastroscope room. Listen to the conversation and fill in the blanks with what you hear.Nurse: Mr. Black, I’d like to know whether you ________ today.Mr. Black: Never.Nurse: Fine. The gastroscopy usually takes about ten minutes. But now we should make some ________ for it.Mr. Black:Okay. Please tell me what to do.Nurse: I will give you a ________ by an injection to help you relax.Mr. Black: When it works, shall I fall sleep?Nurse: No, it can only make you drowsy. It’s not a ___________ anesthetic.Mr. Black:Will I feel intense pain during the test?Nurse:No, the doctor will numb the back of your throat by spraying on some _________ anesthetic. You may just feel a little uncomfortable, particularly when you first swallow the _______.Mr. Black: I see. Thank you.Nurse: By the way, the doctor may take one or more _________ in the testing process. But don’t worry. That is painless.Mr. Black: Alright, I will try to cooperate.Reading BView a Sample CBCA complete blood count (CBC) is a calculation of the cellular makeup of blood. It measures the concentration of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood and aids in diagnosing conditions and diseases such as malignancy, anemia, or blood clotting problems. The CBC is typically reported in the format below, although different labs may use different formats.●Sample CBC TestThe sample CBC below shows that the patient’s white blood cells and red blood cells are low.Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential Test Results Result Units Reference Interval White Blood Count 1.5L ×103/mm3 5.0-10.0Red Blood Count 3.50L ×106/mm3 4.1-5.3 Hemoglobin 10.8L g/dl 12.0-18.0 Hematocrit 31.1L % 37.0-52.0 Platelets 302 ×103/mm3150-400 Polys(neutrophils) 23L % 45-76 Lymphs 68H % 17-44 Monocytes 7 % 3-10Eosinophil 2 % 0-4 Basophil 0.6 % 0.2Polys(absolute) 3.4L ×103/mm3 1.8-7.8 Lymphs(absolute) 1.0 ×103/mm30.7-4.5 Monocytes(absolute) 0.1 ×103/mm30.1-1.0Eos(absolute) 0.1 ×103/mm30.0-0.4 Basos(absolute) 0.0 ×103/mm30.0-0.2●Understanding the ChartResult:The “Result”column shows the counts. The “L”or “H”after the count shows whether the counts are lower (“L”) or higher (“H”) than the normal range.Reference Interval (or Reference Range): The “Reference Interval”column shows the normal range for each measurement for the lab performing the test. Note that reference intervals may vary slightly among different laboratories.White Blood Cells: The complete blood count (CBC) report shows that the patient’s total white blood cell count (WBC) is 1.5, which is lower than the normal range of 5.0-10.0. The low WBC count (leucopenia) may point toward autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, bone marrow problem, disease of the liver or spleen, or related to some medications, such as chemotherapy.Red Blood Cells: The report shows that the patient has a red blood cell count of 3.50, which is lower than the normal range of 4.1-5.3. The low red blood cell count may suggest anemia, which can have many causes. Possible causes include autoimmune diseases, bone marrow failure, leukemia, malnutrition, heavy menstrual bleeding, stomach ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease, or some tumors.Hemoglobin: The report indicates that the patient’s Hb count is 10.8, which is below the normal range of 12.0-18.0. Low hemoglobin values may indicate anemia, or blood loss.Hematocrit: Hematocrit is also low. This means that the patient has mild anemia and may be starting to notice symptoms.Platelets: The report indicates that the platelet count for this patient is normal.Differential: also known as white blood cell (WBC) differential count. This portion of the report shows the counts for the five main types of white blood cells, either as percentages (the first five counts) or as the absolute number of cells (the second five counts). Such information helps the doctor monitor patients with allergies and determine how a patient is recovering from an illness or responding to therapy.Task 1 Match the following terms with their Chinese meanings.3.reference interval a. 白血球减少症4.stomach ulcer b. 胃溃疡5.bone marrow failure c. 参考范围6.rheumatoid arthritis d. 骨髓衰竭7.leucopenia f. 风湿性关节炎Task 2 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts areamongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient’s general health status. A CBC is routinely performed during annual physical examination in some districts._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WritingMemorandum (Memo)Task 1 A memo is generally made up of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. It needs to be brief, to the point and clear. Now read the following sample memo and learn about how it is organized.A Sample Memo:TO: (person or group to whom the memo is addressed)FROM: (person of group sending the memo)DA TE: (current date—month /date/year)SUBJECT: (what the memo is about, this should be in bold)First Sentence:Reason for the memoe.g. I would like to remind you that…Second Sentence—Main BodyAny Instruction or InformationClosing Sentence:What is required of the readerse.g. confirmation, answers or feedbackPlease share this announcement with co-workers immediatelyTask 2 Suppose you are a clerk working in the family planning office of a hospital. Please write a memo based on the following information. Your memo should include the tips given in Task 1.Situation:A summing-up meeting on the 2008 family planning work of the hospital is to be held on April 25th, 2008. Besides, the 2009 family planning work will be assigned at the meeting. Those who are in charge of family planning work in all departments and offices are requested to attend the meeting.Technical Words:Complete Blood Count (CBC) 全血球计数Computed Tomography (CT-scan) 计算机断层摄影Contrast material 造影剂Electrocardiograph (EKG) 心电图Electroencephalograph (EEG) 脑电图Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 核磁共振成像Basophil 嗜碱性粒细胞Eosinophil嗜酸性粒细胞Hematocrit 血细胞比容Hemoglobin 血红蛋白Leucopenia 白细胞减少Lupus erythematosus 红斑狼疮Monocyte 单核细胞Neutrophil 嗜中性粒细胞，中性白细胞Exercise: Fill in each blank with the appropriate form of the word given in brackets.1. The frontiers of (medicine) ________ knowledge are being pushed forwards as time goes on.2. The (metabolism) ________ abnormalities were corrected and renal function remained normal.3. Will you please recommend some (typical) ______ Chinese dishes to the foreign guests？4. Some women experience morning sickness during the first three months of (pregnant) ______.5. Dense fog is covering roads in the north and (visible) _______ is very poor.6. Modern machines, (range) _________ from TV to computers, can do various types of work forman.7. Dictionaries and encyclopedias are (refer) _________ books. You may (refer) _______ them while reading and writing.8. A (consult) ________ room is a place where a doctor sees his patient.9. (Immune) _________ can be acquired by having had the disease or by the use of vaccines.10. The illness was (diagnose)__________ as mumps (腮腺炎).Unit 3 DiagnosisReading A:Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about the treatment of common chronic and acute diseases by answering the following questions.1.What are the differences between acute diseases and chronic diseases?2.What are the most common chronic diseases of older adults?Treatment of Common Chronic and Acute DiseasesHealth concerns are usually classified as either acute or chronic. Acute illnesses often begin abruptly and last only a short time. Most people with an acute illness can expect to return to normal health. However, chronic diseases usually develop slowly, last a long time, and are often progressive and incurable.Chronic DiseasesChronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, are by far the leading cause of mortality in the world. Treatment includes medication and lifestyle changes such as diet and physical activity, and stress management.Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease, hypertension, congenital heart disease, heart failure, etc. Once diagnosed with CVDs, patients are typically prescribed medication that will regulate cardiovascular functions and are usually taken daily for the rest of their life. Certain treatments are usually started right away if a heart attack is suspected, even before the diagnosis is confirmed. These include: oxygen, aspirin to prevent further blood clotting, nitroglycerin to reduce the workload on the heart, and treatment for chest pain.Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses. The three most common types of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, which aim at removing the cancer cells or destroying them in the body with medicines or other agents. Choice of treatment is influenced by several factors, including the specific characteristics of the cancer, the patient’s overall condition, and whether the goal of treatment is to cure the cancer, keep it from spreading, or relieve the symptoms.All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, but there is no cure. The insulin injection is a basic treatment of type I diabetes. TypeⅡis managed with a combination of dietary treatment, exercise, medications and insulin supplementation.Acute DiseasesTreatment for acute diseases usually involves medication of antibiotics, which have direct effects on inflammation.Pneumonia is a common illness which occurs in all age groups. Most cases of pneumonia can be treated without hospitalization. Typically, oral antibiotics, rest, fluids, and home care are sufficient for complete resolution. However, if the symptoms get worse, or complications occur, the person will often have to be hospitalized.。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-全国医学统考考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题21-25问题1选项A.He is a man who has a gene of longevity.B.He is a professor at Boston University.C.He is the owner of the website .D.He is the creator of a website on longevity.问题2选项A.Women don't like red meat as much as men.C.Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.D.The incidence of cardiovascular disease is much lower in women.问题3选项A.in their 50s and 60s.B.in their 60s and 70s.C.in their 70s and 80s.D.in their 80s and 90s.问题4选项A.Calcium.B.Lodine (骨关节炎).C.Zinc.D.Iron.问题5选项A.The reason why red meat is harmful to health.B.The reason why vegetarian food is so popular.C.Another possibility for women's longevity.D.The important role iron plays in cellular reactions.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B【解析】Across the industrialized world, women still live 5 to 10 years longer than men. Among people over 100 years old, 85% are women, (21) according to Tom Perls, founder ofthe New England Centenarian Study at Boston University and creator of the website Livingto . asks him why.Why do women live longer than men?(22)One important reason is the big delay—and advantage—women have over men in terms of cardiovascular disease, like heart attack and stroke. (23) Women develop these problems usually in their 70s and 80s, about 10 years later than men who develop them in their 50sand 60s. For a long time, doctors thought the difference was due to estrogen. But studieshave shown that this may not be the case, and now we know that giving estrogen to womenpost-menopause can actually be bad for them.Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE (24)(25) One reason for that delay in onset of cardiovascular disease could be that womenare relatively iron-deficient compared to men—especially younger men, those in their late teens and early 20s—because of menstruation. Iron plays an very important part in the reactions in our cells that produce damaging free radicals, which glue onto cell membranesand DNA, and may translate into aging the cell. In fact, in our diets, red meat is the main source of iron, and lack of iron is probably one major reason that being vegetarian is healthyfor you. There was a very good study looking at the intake of red meat and heart diseasein Leiden in the Netherlands: in regions where people didn't eat red meat, those populationshad half the rate of heart attack and stroke compared to the populations that did eat red meat.21. According to the passage, what is true about Tom Perls, founder of the New England Centenarian Study?【解析】细节题。

关于热狗致癌的英语作文Title: The Cancer Risk of Hot Dogs。

In recent years, concerns have arisen regarding the potential cancer risk associated with consuming hot dogs and other processed meats. This topic has sparked significant debate and investigation within the scientific community. In this essay, I will delve into the research and arguments surrounding this issue.Firstly, it's essential to understand what constitutes processed meats like hot dogs. Processed meats are those that have undergone salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to enhance flavor or improve preservation. Hot dogs, specifically, typically contain a mix of meats, additives, and preservatives, which can include sodium, nitrates, and other chemicals.The primary concern regarding hot dogs and cancer risk revolves around the presence of certain additives and themethods used in processing. For instance, nitrates and nitrites, commonly used in processed meats like hot dogs, can form nitrosamines when exposed to high heat, such as during cooking or digestion. Nitrosamines are known to be carcinogenic, meaning they have the potential to cause cancer.Numerous studies have examined the relationship between processed meats and cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified processed meats as Group 1 carcinogens, which means there is convincing evidence linking their consumption to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. This classification has understandably raised concerns among consumers and health experts alike.Colorectal cancer is not the only type of cancer potentially linked to processed meats. Studies have also suggested associations with stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and possibly other forms of cancer. The mechanisms underlying these associations are complex and involve various factors, including the chemical composition of processed meats and their effects on the digestive system.It's important to note that the risk posed by consuming hot dogs or other processed meats is relative. While the evidence suggests an increased risk of certain cancers associated with their consumption, individual risk factors such as genetics, overall diet, and lifestyle also play significant roles.In response to these concerns, there have been callsfor greater regulation and awareness surrounding the risks of processed meats. Some advocates argue for clearer labeling on products to inform consumers about potential health risks. Others suggest stricter guidelines on the use of additives like nitrates and nitrites in food processing.Despite these findings and recommendations, it'scrucial to maintain a balanced perspective. Enjoying a hot dog occasionally is unlikely to pose a significant health risk in an otherwise healthy diet. However, regular and excessive consumption of processed meats may contribute to an increased cancer risk over time.In conclusion, the link between hot dogs and cancer risk is a complex and important topic. While processed meats like hot dogs have been classified as carcinogenic, the overall risk depends on various factors. Consumers should be aware of these risks and make informed choices about their diets. Ultimately, moderation and a diverse diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are key to reducing overall cancer risk associated with dietary factors.。

关于胃癌的英语作文Stomach cancer is a serious and devastating disease that affects many people around the world. 胃癌是一种严重而具毁灭性的疾病，影响着全球许多人。

It is important to understand the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for stomach cancer. 了解胃癌的原因、症状和治疗选项至关重要。

One of the major risk factors for stomach cancer is infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria. 胃癌的一个主要危险因素是幽门螺杆菌感染。

This bacterium can cause chronic inflammation in the stomach lining, leading to the development of cancerous cells. 这种细菌可以引起胃壁的慢性炎症，最终导致癌细胞的发展。

Other risk factors for stomach cancer include age, gender, family history, and diet. 其他胃癌的危险因素包括年龄、性别、家族史和饮食。

People over the age of 50, men, those with a family history of stomach cancer, and individuals who consume a diet high in smoked, pickled, or salty foods are at a higher risk for developing the disease. 超过50岁的人、男性、有胃癌家族史的人以及食用烟熏、腌制或咸食物较多的人患病的风险更高。

第 45 卷第 5 期2023 年 9 月Vol.45 No.5Sept. 2023宁夏大学学报（人文社会科学版）Journal of Ningxia University（Humanities & Social Sciences Edition）汉英“胃（stomach）”隐喻词簇异同及其体认语言学—文化脚本理据阐发孙毅（广东外语外贸大学外国语言学及应用语言学研究中心，广东广州510420）摘要：隐喻是人类认识世界和探索世界的一大核心手段，其核心运行原则是“现实—认知—语言”。

隐喻享有深厚的文化底蕴和历史积淀，人类对隐喻领域的研究也层出不穷，涵盖方面包罗万象。

身体是我们与外部世界连接的主要站点，有了身体，才有了自我，进而有了自我对外部世界的探索和认识。

其中，“胃”作为身体的一个重要部分，是维持人类生理活动的重要基础。

本研究借助CCL和COCA语料库，诉诸“胃（stomach）”的汉英相关隐喻表达，总结两种语言中此概念的隐喻词簇及应用规律，基于体认语言学理论归纳汉英胃（stomach）隐喻共有意象及特有意象，并运用文化脚本理论阐发分析两种语言在哲学思想、思维方式、用语习惯等方面的差异，以期推动身体内部器官在不同文化背景下的隐喻性研究。

关键词：认知隐喻；胃隐喻；体认语言学；文化脚本中图分类号：H030 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-5744（2023）05-0030-10隐喻不仅是一种语言现象，也是人类对客观存在的认知模式，是用某一方面的经验和知识来解释另一领域的认知活动［1］。

语言的隐喻实则是概念隐喻的外在体现［2］，映射（mapping）是概念隐喻中的另一个重要概念，探讨起点域或源域（source domain）和目标域或靶域（target domain）之间的映射关系，用以解释隐喻［3］。

例如在LOVE IS A JOURNEY（爱是旅行）这一概念隐喻中，两域间剪不断理还乱的关系，使得爱与旅行在交织碰撞中得以建立隐喻关系，其中旅行是源域，爱是靶域。

英语作文食物与癌症关系Title: The Relationship Between Food and Cancer。

Cancer, a formidable adversary to human health, continues to challenge medical science. While numerous factors contribute to cancer development, the relationship between food and cancer remains a subject of intense study. In this essay, we will explore the complex interplay between dietary choices and cancer risk.Firstly, it's essential to acknowledge that food serves as more than just sustenance; it is a potent source of nutrients and bioactive compounds that can influence cellular processes in the body. Certain dietary patterns, characterized by high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, have been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Conversely, diets rich in processed meats, sugary beverages, and unhealthy fats have been linked to an increased risk of various cancers.The role of specific nutrients in cancer prevention is a focal point of research. For instance, antioxidants, found abundantly in fruits and vegetables, help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body, potentially reducing the risk of cellular damage and mutations that can lead to cancer. Similarly, fiber, prevalent in whole grains and legumes, aids in digestive health and may lower the risk of colorectal cancer by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing exposure to carcinogens.However, the relationship between food and cancer is nuanced, and not all findings are straightforward. Some studies suggest that certain dietary components may have dual roles, acting as both protective agents and potential carcinogens depending on various factors such as dosage, timing, and individual genetics. For example, while moderate alcohol consumption has been linked to a lowerrisk of heart disease, excessive intake is associated with an increased risk of several cancers, including those of the liver, breast, and digestive tract.Processed foods, characterized by high levels of addedsugars, unhealthy fats, and preservatives, pose aparticular concern in cancer prevention. These foods not only lack essential nutrients but also contribute to obesity and chronic inflammation, both of which are established risk factors for cancer development. Reducing the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods in favor of whole, nutrient-dense alternatives is thus advocated as a crucial strategy for cancer prevention.Moreover, dietary choices can influence obesity rates, which in turn impact cancer risk. Obesity is associated with a higher likelihood of developing certain cancers, including breast, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer. By promoting weight management through a balanced diet and regular physical activity, individuals can mitigate their risk of obesity-related cancers and improve overall health outcomes.Cultural and socioeconomic factors also play a significant role in shaping dietary habits and, consequently, cancer risk. Access to affordable, nutritious foods is often limited in underserved communities, leadingto disparities in cancer outcomes based on socioeconomic status. Addressing these disparities requires multifaceted approaches, including public health initiatives, policy changes, and community-based interventions aimed at improving access to healthy foods and nutrition education.In conclusion, the relationship between food and cancer is complex and multifactorial. While certain dietary patterns and nutrients may offer protective effects against cancer, others may increase susceptibility to the disease. Adopting a balanced diet rich in whole, minimally processed foods, along with maintaining a healthy weight and lifestyle, is essential for reducing cancer risk. Additionally, addressing socioeconomic inequalities in access to healthy foods is crucial for promoting equitable cancer prevention efforts. By understanding the intricate interplay between food and cancer, individuals andsocieties can take proactive steps towards improving public health outcomes and reducing the burden of this devastating disease.。