新高考高三英语复习讲义(五)书面表达 “概要写作”对应翻译题训练(B)

2020届新高考高三英语复习讲义（七）书面表达“概要写作”对应翻译题训练（D）关于高考概要写作的指导与训练，我要求学生根据原文所划要点并结合原文理解，用中文概括出段落大意，然后用一句话翻译出来。

说得简要一点，高考概要写作体现学生的中译英水平。

所以，如果学生能理解原文，抓住原文要点并能用中文概括出大意，那么，问题的关键就是如何提升学生的翻译能力。

一、翻译原题空气污染 air pollution随着世界人口越来越多，空气污染已经成了严重的问题。

空气污染主要来源于四个不同领域：工业、能源业、交通运输业以及农业。

经营工厂，为火车、飞机和公共汽车提供动力(power)都需要能源。

几乎所有这些能源都是通过燃烧燃料产生的，这就会造成空气污染。

科学家们正在研究对环境破坏较少的新的发电方法。

同时，政府开始意识到环保的重要性并采取相应的措施。

As the world population explodes, air pollution has become a severe problem. Air pollution mainly comes from four different fields: industry, energy, transportation and agriculture. Energy is needed to run factories and provide power for trains, planes and buses. Nearly all the energy is produced by burning fuels, which will result in air pollution. Scientists are studying new ways of producing electricity that can be less damaging to the environment. Meanwhile,the government has come to realize the importance of environmental protection and take appropriate measures.二、单句翻译① 随着世界人口越来越多，空气污染已经成了严重的问题。

2020届新高考高三英语复习讲义（九）书面表达“概要写作”常用短语与表达整理一、说明文一、介绍事物1.因..出名be famous for...well-known/renowned/noted2.历史追溯到...date/be traced back to...3....发生变化The past 10 years have witnessed great changes...4.重要性...is of great/vital importance in......counts/matters.What matter is that...attach significance to...speak highly/poorly of...二、研究现象1....描述现象(越来越流行,引起关注等)The phenomenon of...is gaining popularity....is now a hot topic worldwide....is booming/becoming a trend.The phenomenon that...has long confused/puzzled scientists.2.往往会...people tend to do...people have a tendency to...3....原因在于...fail to realize the importance/necessity of sth.without realizing...be/seem unaware of...key factors lie in/include...4.问题是...... is a big problem waiting for us to deal with....is still a problem to be solved.5.解决办法是...take various approaches/measures to deal with...The long-term solution is to get local people involved in protecting the forest and developing new ways of living without damaging it.6. 渴望/急盼long/desire for...long/desire to do sthbe eager for...be eager to do...be desperate for...be desperate to do sth三、调查报告1.调查结果显示......face challengesA study has found that...Recent research has proved that...It is common that...Nowadays/Today/Currently...find it difficult to do......is highly suggested.As the study hasn't taken all factors into account, further research is needed.2....与...有关be linked to...be associated with...be connected with...发现A和B之间有强烈的关联find a strong link between...and...A是导致B的直接原因。

高考英语一轮复习专项提升训练概要写作与翻译专项提升训练（上海卷适用）一、阅读表达1.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60wonds. Use your own words as, far as possible.Every time there is a mass shooting, the debate surrounding guns tends to flare up in America. The abuse of guns has been a serious problem in the US all along, but why doesn’t the US government just dismiss owning guns privately?The right to own a gun and defend oneself is central to American society. As early as the1600s, when the first Europeans set foot on the continent of North America, they had to face a lot of dangers. They could only rely on themselves. Therefore, guns played a significant role in self-defense. Guns were also important in American’s Independent War and the Civil War.Secondly, the American founding fathers believed that gun ownership was necessary for a truly free country. If the government distrusts the people and disarms them, then that government no longer represents the people. The Second Amendment to the US Constitution specifies that the American people cannot be deprived of the “right to keep and bear arms.” So the sale and purchase of firearms are legal in the United States according to law.The importance of guns is also derived from the role of hunting in American culture. In the nation’s early years, hunting was essential for food and shelter. Today, guns are a vital part of hunting, which remains very popular as both a sport and a way of life in many parts of the country. People spend time with friends, sharing the pleasure that the sport brings.For those reasons, when critics say guns mean violence, they miss a large part of the picture, and they misrepresent the complex nature of America’s diverse gun culture. Most people who own guns privately, are actually part of the gun culture. They have rational and thoughtful reasons to own and use guns.2.Summary WritingQuiet Virtue: The ConscientiousThe everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. Success in creative professions like art or advertising calls for a balance between wild ideas and conscientiousness. Without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.3.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It is universally true that all parents in the world love their children. However, as parents’ views of life vary, they show their love in different ways.The monarch type of parents are intolerant and self-centered. They lay down regulations in the family for their children to observe. Furthermore, they insist that their children should act upon them without question. With a firm belief in their own philosophy of life, they have little respect for others’ opinions, least of all, their children’s. The sentence they say most frequently to their children is, “ you should do this.”Contrary to the monarch-type parents, the servant-type parents revolve around their children all the time. They are soft, good-natured, and easy-going. They never deny their children any wish, and cheerfully run to buy anything their children ask for. They are happy so long as their children are content. With the sincere belief that love means sacrifice, they are ready to give up anything for their children’s sake. With their children at the center of their lives, they always ask, “What else can we do for you?”The friend-type parents, as the term implies, treat their children as friends. They are generous and wise. Like good friends, they discuss with their children the latest news, share their children’s interests, and listen attentively to their children’s expression of emotion, whether it is anger, fear, joy or sorrow. They have a close relationship with their children while sticking to their principledstand. They discuss problems with their children rather than provide ready solution. They respect their children as their equal s. They often say: “Let’s put out heads together and see what we can do.”There is no doubt that children welcome the third type of parents, for a free, friendly, and sympathetic atmosphere at home is most favorable to the development of youngsters both in body and in mind. All parents should re-examine and change some of their ways of showing their love if they want their children to grow up happily and healthily.4.Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Workaholic EconomyAlthough the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for the unemployed and underemployed. Those who workfull-time spend as much time on the job as they did at the end of World War Ⅱ. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970. Bookstores now abound with manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.There are mainly two reasons for lost leisure.Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. A host of factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend more time on the job. Most of those incentives(诱因) involve the structure of compensation(报酬). The way salaries and benefits are organized makes it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than to hire one more worker to do the same 40-hour job. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work their existing employees harder.For all that employees complain about long hours, they, too, have reasons not to trade money for leisure. “People who work reduced hours pay a huge penalty in career terms,” Bai lyn of Massachusetts Institute of Technology maintains. “It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm.” He adds that many corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their employees to a firm’s well-being, so they estimate staff productivity in terms of hours worked. Employees know this, and they adjust their behavior accordingly.5.Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Screen-addicted teens are unhappyA new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting –wereless happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.Total screen avoidance does n’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater h appiness.”Twenge said.“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,” the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”6.Summary WritingThe Conflict of the OrdersThe types of people who served as officials in the Roman government changed over time. These changes stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the Orders.In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who made up most of the population, were mainly farmers and workers. For many years, plebeians had few rights. They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served as judges.Over time, plebeians increased their power through demand and strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450, B.C. the Romans engraved their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all to view.The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342 B.C., a plebeian always held one of the consul positions. By about 300 B.C. many plebeians had become so powerful and wealthy themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, thedistinction between patricians and plebeians was not a important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still controlled the republic.二、书面表达7Summary WritingA Fath er’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.8.概要写作阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

2020届新高考高三英语书面表达作文“内容概要”模拟练习（五）写作指导（考试说明版）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.One possible version:(参考范文)People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点4)第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的)范文点拨1要点分析1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。

第三节点拨高考常考文体——让流程清晰顺畅一、电子邮件因特网的普及，使得越来越多的人使用电子邮件进行交流。

与书信比起来，电子邮件没有复杂的格式，只有称呼、正文、结束语、签名等，而内容则与书信没有区别。

1．称呼电子邮件一般使用非正式的文体，称呼不像书信那样严格，朋友、同辈之间可以直呼其名，对于长辈可以加上头衔或者姓氏。

2．正文正文是电子邮件的主体部分。

可每段第一行右缩进，转行顶格，也可每行都顶格。

3．结束语结束语(客套话)通常也很简明。

常常只需一个词，如：“Thanks”“Best”“Cheers”，也可以用一般信函中的“Sincerely yours”或“Best regards”。

4．签名直接写发件人的姓名即可。

1．I’m writing to ask if you can come next week.我写信是想问你下周能不能来。

2．I was delighted to receive your e­mail.收到你的邮件我很高兴。

3．I cannot tell you how much your e­mail delighted me.我无法表达你的邮件使我多么高兴。

4．I intend to give up my present post in order to get a more challenging opportunity.我打算放弃目前的职位，以便得到一个更有挑战性的机会。

5．He is good at solving difficult problems with logical mind.他善于用逻辑思维解决难题。

6．It gave me a great deal of pleasure to learn...我十分高兴地获悉……7．Please accept my heartiest congratulations.请接受我最衷心的祝贺。

8．Thank you for contributing so much to the pleasure of our stay in...感谢你为使我们在……的停留期间过得愉快所做的一切。

2020届新高考高三英语复习讲义（八）书面表达“概要写作”对应翻译题训练（E）关于高考概要写作的指导与训练，我要求学生根据原文所划要点并结合原文理解，用中文概括出段落大意，然后用一句话翻译出来。

说得简要一点，高考概要写作体现学生的中译英水平。

所以，如果学生能理解原文，抓住原文要点并能用中文概括出大意，那么，问题的关键就是如何提升学生的翻译能力。

一、翻译原题睡眠紊乱 sleep disorders我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。

大多数人每晚需要8到8.5个小时的睡眠才能正常运转。

找到更多的时间、更好的睡眠方法可能是个挑战。

科学家已经确认了80多种不同的睡眠紊乱症(sleep disorders)。

有些睡眠紊乱症是遗传的。

但是，许多睡眠紊乱症是由于熬夜，经常旅行以及上夜班(work nights)而引起的。

Our bodies need to sleep at night and stay awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly. Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently or by working nights.二、单句翻译①我们的身体夜晚需要休息，白天需要清醒。

专题模拟训练(概要写作)概要写作(一)A(2024·高考英语考前信息必刷卷)阅读下面短文，依据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

The production of fine art is the use of skill and imagination to create aesthetic objects or experiences which can be shared with other people.Photography is thought by some to be a form of fine art; however, others claim that photography is not.Those who believe that photography is not a form of art present several arguments.They claim a photograph is nothing but an objective record of a particular place at a particular time.Therefore, any beauty that is perceived in the picture is the beauty of the time and place where it was taken, and is not the creation of the photographer.They also argue that sophisticated and expensive equipment often plays a greater role in the success of a photograph than the photographerʼs creativity.Even some of the greatest photographers acknowledge that there is a limit to the amount of influence they can have on a final product.However, there are also many reasons why photography is appreciated on the same level as other recognized forms of visual art.The decisions involved in creating a photograph are analogous to those made by any other artist.A photograph is not just a banal record of the world, but a deliberately created image with its own artistic features.Ansel Adams, the American photographer, commented on this point when he noted: “You donʼt take a photograph, you make it.” There is a growing trend for photographers to call themselves artists and their photos are sold for millions of dollars.However, these high prices may not be enough to change peopleʼs perceptions of whether photography is art.The arguments about whether photography is art have been discussed since the earliest cameras were used.The creative process involved in taking a fine photograph, deciding what, when and how the picture should be taken, is certainly similar to the process of making fine art.However, cameras are also increasingly used to take photographs for non-artistic functions.Although we cannot say that photography itself is necessarilyart, we can certainly see that it is a medium that can be used to make art.【范文】Opinions vary from person to person on whether photography should be considered a fine art.Some are against it because they think it is just an objective record and the photographerʼs creativity isnʼt reflected.However, others are in favor of it.They think photograph is a deliberately created image.All in all, photography is a medium used to make art.B(2024·高考三轮冲刺卷)阅读下面短文，依据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

专题30 书面表达（新高考概要写作类）1. 【2019·浙江】概要写作(满分25分)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, "We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict." By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward." We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, "says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. "One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters."Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________【答案】Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect.（要点1）However, no praise from parents also does harm to their self-confidence. （要点2）Therefore, experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the processnot for the result. Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. （要点3）Anyway, the amount of praise you have depends on how hard they work. （要点4）【解析】作为概要写作，要注意每段归纳主题句和关键词，然后通过词汇替换，句式转变等多种方式，改写要点，要注意一定要用自己的语言，不可以完全照搬照抄。

话题词汇1.earthquake n.地震2.tsunami n.海啸3.famine n.饥荒4.shelter n.避难所5.victim n.受灾者6.natural disaster自然灾难7.stricken area受灾地区8.a state of emergency紧急状态9.the caring donation爱心捐赠10.donate blood义务献血经典语篇近年来地震的频繁发生给人类的生存带来了严峻影响，为此你所在的学校要求同学平常多了解关于地震逃命的方法。

现在，请你用英语为班里的同学做一次地震时在室内如何逃命的讲解，请结合下面要点写一篇英语发言稿。

1.来不及跑时可快速躲到牢固的家具下面或卫生间里面；2.趴下，闭目，并用毛巾等捂住口鼻，以阻挡灰尘；3.尽量关掉煤气开关或电器开关；4.不要外逃或从楼上跳下，不能使用电梯。

留意：1.词数150左右；2.短文要求包含以上要点，但不必逐条翻译；3.可以适当发挥，增加细节，以使行文连贯。

佳作观赏My dear classmates，we all know that life is precious.Then how can we protect ourselves when we come across a horrible earthquake？Now let me give you some advice on how to survive an earthquake①.When a serious earthquake takes place，we should hide in a bathroom or under some strong furniture immediately.At the same time we’d better fall on the ground and close our eyes with a towel on our nose and mouth ②to stop the dust.If it is possible，please turn off the gas stop③and the electric power switch.But you mustn’t try to run out or jump off a building.And do remember not to use the elevator④.That’s all.Thank you!思维发散1.仿照第①句用“介词＋疑问词＋to do...”翻译句子你们打算好什么时候去上海了吗？Have you decided on when to go to Shanghai?2.仿照第②句用“with复合结构”完成句子有一些问题尚待解决，因此我们还需尽快再召开一次会议。