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西方文明简史斯德哥尔摩综合症斯德哥尔摩综合症(Stockholm syndrome)，斯德哥尔摩效应，又称斯德哥尔摩症候群或者称为人质情结或人质综合症，是指犯罪的被害者对于犯罪者产生情感，甚至反过来帮助犯罪者的一种情结。
这个情感造成被害人对加害人产生好感、依赖心、甚至协助加害于他人。
人质会对劫持者产生一种心理上的依赖感。
他们的生死操在劫持者手里，劫持者让他们活下来，他们便不胜感激。
他们与劫持者共命运，把劫持者的前途当成自己的前途，把劫持者的安危视为自己的安危。
于是，他们采取了“我们反对他们”的态度，把解救者当成了敌人。
地理大发现地理大发现是指在十五,十七世纪，欧洲航海者开辟新航路和“发现”新大陆的通称，它是地理学发展史中的重大事件。
1409年，湮没了一千多年的托勒密《地理学指南》被译为拉丁文后，大地球形说广泛传播。
但古代学者没有可能直接验证地球的形状，也很少能精确地测定地球的大小和海洋陆地的分布。
15,17世纪，由欧洲通往印度新航路的发现、美洲大陆的发现、环球航行的成功以及其他航海探险活动，圆满解决了这个问题，使人类对地球的认识产生飞跃。
这些事件被通称为地理大发现。
地理大发现引起了人们思想上的变革，对地球科学的进步和欧洲资本主义的发展都起了很大促进作用。
希腊文明对西方文明的贡献古希腊是哲学发展的源头，哲学在古希腊是作为一种独立的学科来发展的。
古典希腊哲学，或称早期希腊哲学集中在辩论与质询的任务。
在很多方面，它同时为现代科学与现代哲学铺设了道路。
早期希腊哲学家对后世产生的影响从未间断，从早期穆斯林哲学到文艺复兴，再到启蒙运动和现代的普通科学。
古希腊文学反映了欧洲从氏族社会向奴隶制社会过渡时期的现实生活，特别体现了古代世界的人们对战争与和平、人与自然之间的关系的思考。
古希腊时代显赫的英雄行为和社会历史的重大变迁都在文学作品中得以深刻的体现。
这些文学作品不仅为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调，也为人们研究古希腊世界的历史与社会提供了丰富的文献资料。
What Happened in Europe after the Second World War With Germany and Japanese defeated,the second world war, which took more lives and caused more destruction than any other war in history, finally came to end.As the main battle field, most of Europe lay in ruins. There was a lot of work to do to restore Europe.The war stroke a deadly blow to Europe in economics.After the second world war, millions of people were homeless, the European economy had been destroyed. The war forced the people development to go backwards several years. The common people is the most innocent and heaviest victims.The war cost the United Kingdom more than a quarter of its national wealth. As a result, Britain's debt was described by some in the American administration as a " millstone round the neck of the British economy"(Dorothy Crisp); As the main murder of the war, German had to spare no effort to pay reparations. Hilter's guilty left the poor Germany nothing but a broken-down stall. Certainly, the other European countries experienced the same tragic story and tried their best to recover collapsed economy. Thanks to the Marshall Plan from the United States, the European economy began to save itself out of its economic distress.Belgian economic historian Herman Van der Wee concludes the Marshall Plan was a great success:"It gives a new impetus to reconstruction in Western Europe and made a decisive contribution to the renewal of the transport system, the modernization of industrial and agricultural equipment, the resumption of normal production, the raising of productivity, and the facilitating of intra-European trade."In return of the Marshal Plan ,European countries must follow the US to prevent Communism and the USSR, which the US was beginning to regard as its biggest enemy.Politically, the war seriously undermined the ability of Germany, Britain and France to continue playing the leading role in the world. Without the support of advanced economy and mighty military, the traditional powerful empire lost the ability to dominate the Europe. It followed that, the new two superpowers took their place, and became the new ruler of the global.Especially,German was divided into two parts, the east part,which had a Communism government, dominated by the USSR, and the west part, which was a democratic state, was under the yoke of the US.The Berlin Wall was the unforgettable hurtThe cold war between the two superpower spread the whole Europe, which arose panic among the people. They worried about a new war broke out. At that time, the situation of the world was just like a chess game, the US and the USSR are the two players, the rest of the world were their chessman, including Europe who had lost the right to express their voice.On the other hand, Europe no longer had the financial and military capacity to expand their vast territories in Asia and Africa.It generally was labeled "decolonization" because of the decline of European colonial and the rise of the third world.The British pulled out of India in 1947, leaving behind two new countries of India and Pakistan. Burma, Sri Lanka and Malaysia followed the road of independence not long after. The Dutch fought a losing war but finally conceded independence to Indonesia, the former Dutch East Indies, in 1949. France tried to regain its colonies in Indochina but was forced out in 1954 after a humiliating defeat at the hands of Vietnamese forces. The Europeans' African empires crumbled in the 1950s and early 1960s. The United Nations grew from 51 nations in 1945 to 189 by the end of the century(Margaret MacMillan).The age when the western powers controlled is over. The people of Asia and Africa can guide their own destinies.The war changed the role of Europe, but the current Europe where locate the most developed countries , is still the main artery of the world.Works CitedHerman Van der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy, 1945-1980 (1984) p. 44 </wiki/Marshall_Plan>Margaret MacMillan "Rebuilding the world after the second world war" The Guardian, Friday11 September 2009 </world/2009/sep/11/second-world-war-rebuilding> Dorothy Crisp,The Dominance of England, Holborn Publishing, London 1960, pages 22-26,。
西方文明简史：历史中的主导权和多样性1. 西方文明的起源西方文明的起源可以追溯到古希腊和罗马文明时期。
古希腊和罗马文明是欧洲历史上最重要的两个文明，这两个文明为西方文明奠定了坚实的基础。
古希腊文明以其哲学、政治和文化的发展而闻名。
罗马文明则因其法律体系、城市规划和行政管理而著名。
2. 中世纪的西方文明在中世纪，西方文明经历了许多重要事件，其中包括基督教的兴起和罗马帝国的崩溃。
基督教成为西方文明的一大特征，影响了政治、文化和社会方面的许多方面。
在这个时期，许多欧洲国家的基础也被奠定了下来，如英格兰、法国和德国等。
中世纪的西方文明也被认为是欧洲的黑暗时期，因为它的文化和科技发展相对缓慢，没有古希腊和罗马文明那样繁荣和发达。
3. 文艺复兴时期的西方文明文艺复兴时期是西方文明发展的一个重要时期，它标志着古典文化和艺术的再次发展。
这个时期在欧洲的文化、政治和经济中产生了重大变革，包括意大利文艺复兴和文艺复兴的传播到欧洲其他地区。
在这个时期，欧洲的政治和经济情况也发生了变化，欧洲的贸易、商业和工业活动得到了加强。
4. 工业革命对西方文明的影响工业革命是西方文明的又一重要时期，它从18世纪末期开始，标志着工业的兴起和现代科技文明的到来。
在工业革命之前，欧洲的经济主要是农业、手工业和贸易，工业革命使得欧洲的经济、技术和文化都发生了重大变革。
这个时期，许多新的科技和工业技术被发明出来，西方文明的科技和文化也扩大了在世界上的影响力。
5. 西方文明的主导权和多样性西方文明虽然经历了不同的时期和发展，但其主导地位一直是毋庸置疑的。
然而，西方文明也包括许多不同的国家、文化和信仰，因此也是多样性的。
西方国家之间存在着不同的政治和经济制度，如美国的资本主义和瑞典的社会民主主义。
西方文化也具有多样性，如西班牙、意大利、法国等各自拥有独特的文化和艺术风格。
6. 总结西方文明是一个贯穿欧洲历史的重要文化现象。
其起源可以追溯到古希腊和罗马帝国时期，其后的中世纪、文艺复兴时期和工业革命时期都标志着重要的发展和变革。
西方文明简史斯德哥尔摩综合症斯德哥尔摩综合症(Stockholm syndrome)，斯德哥尔摩效应，又称斯德哥尔摩症候群或者称为人质情结或人质综合症，是指犯罪的被害者对于犯罪者产生情感，甚至反过来帮助犯罪者的一种情结。
这个情感造成被害人对加害人产生好感、依赖心、甚至协助加害于他人。
人质会对劫持者产生一种心理上的依赖感。
他们的生死操在劫持者手里，劫持者让他们活下来，他们便不胜感激。
他们与劫持者共命运，把劫持者的前途当成自己的前途，把劫持者的安危视为自己的安危。
于是，他们采取了“我们反对他们”的态度，把解救者当成了敌人。
地理大发现地理大发现是指在十五,十七世纪，欧洲航海者开辟新航路和“发现”新大陆的通称，它是地理学发展史中的重大事件。
1409年，湮没了一千多年的托勒密《地理学指南》被译为拉丁文后，大地球形说广泛传播。
但古代学者没有可能直接验证地球的形状，也很少能精确地测定地球的大小和海洋陆地的分布。
15,17世纪，由欧洲通往印度新航路的发现、美洲大陆的发现、环球航行的成功以及其他航海探险活动，圆满解决了这个问题，使人类对地球的认识产生飞跃。
这些事件被通称为地理大发现。
地理大发现引起了人们思想上的变革，对地球科学的进步和欧洲资本主义的发展都起了很大促进作用。
希腊文明对西方文明的贡献古希腊是哲学发展的源头，哲学在古希腊是作为一种独立的学科来发展的。
古典希腊哲学，或称早期希腊哲学集中在辩论与质询的任务。
在很多方面，它同时为现代科学与现代哲学铺设了道路。
早期希腊哲学家对后世产生的影响从未间断，从早期穆斯林哲学到文艺复兴，再到启蒙运动和现代的普通科学。
古希腊文学反映了欧洲从氏族社会向奴隶制社会过渡时期的现实生活，特别体现了古代世界的人们对战争与和平、人与自然之间的关系的思考。
古希腊时代显赫的英雄行为和社会历史的重大变迁都在文学作品中得以深刻的体现。
这些文学作品不仅为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调，也为人们研究古希腊世界的历史与社会提供了丰富的文献资料。
西方文明史讲义第一章、绪论：人类文明之大势与泛地中海文明进化论的全球史观：维科、孔多塞、特莱帕。
马克思主义属此。
斯宾格勒、汤因比文化类型史观（文明形态说）：反对文化有优劣并强调诸文明都不能避免“生命周期”。
四阶段：“起源、生长、衰落、解体”。
主要机制：由挑战——应战机制产生文明。
（吴宓书英文本《斯宾格勒之文化论》页边注：“成，住，坏，劫。
生，住，异，灭。
）（《西方的没落》The Decline of the West第2卷举出9个高等文化：（1）埃及文化；（2）巴比伦文化；（3）印度文化；（4）中国文化；（5）希腊罗马文化；（6）阿拉伯文化；（7）墨西哥文化；（8）西欧文化；（9）俄罗斯文化。
其实是八个：古典文化、西方文化、巴比伦文化、中国文化、埃及文化、墨西哥文化、阿拉伯文化、印度文化。
西欧文化，即所谓的“浮士德”文化，也已步入绝境，将来起而代之的是俄罗斯文化。
“文化之灵”的假说。
每一种文化的历史，都只是文化之灵的一个发现、一个化身。
真正的文化之灵都具有宗教性，文化所表露的一切生命的形式，即各种艺术、礼拜、教理、形而上学及数学的形式世界、装饰艺术、诗歌、思想等，都有宗教性。
一切文化的本质是宗教的，因而一切文明的本质，便是伪宗教的。
进而区分“文化”与“文明”两个概念。
文化一发展到老年时代，便入于文明之死亡的绝境，没有哲学、艺术，剩下的只有一群野蛮人，从事于物质的扩张和帝国主义的发展。
）（以中国文化来说，先秦时代是文化时代，汉、唐、宋、明、清时代就是文明时代；以印度文化来说，吠陀时代是文化时代，佛教、印度教时代就是文明时代；以地中海文化来说，希腊时代是文化时代，希腊化、罗马时代就是文明时代；以中东文化来说，早期基督教时代是文化时代，回教时代就是文明时代；以美索布达米亚文化来说，苏美时代是文化时代，巴比伦、亚述时代就是文明时代；以埃及文化来说，古王国、中王国是文化时代，新帝国就是文明时代；以墨西哥文化来说，玛雅时代是文化时代，阿兹提克时代就是文明时代；以秘鲁文化来说，印加帝国以前的时代是文化时代，以后的就是文明时代了。
2007-2008学年第一学期05级2班英语专业西方文明简史63062020学号：20056301050姓名：张雪荣成绩：96Christianity and Western CivilizationChristianity is the predominant religion in western society. It may be broadly divided into three major groups: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestantism. It has enormous influence on western civilization, to some extent，we can say that without Christianity, there is no western civilization. Given its great importance, in the following part, I’ll talk about the relationship between Christianity and western political, economic, and cultural civilization in details.Christianity and western politics are closely related to each other. Especially in Medieval time, they are a unity. Firstly, Christianity as a religion is an important tool for rulers to control their countries, e.g. at the end of 2 century, Christianity swept Roman Empire. Gregory the Great set the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. Christianity became a religion serving for Roman rulers. It crammed people with the idea that they had sins which were caused by their own faults, and which were God’s curse. It made people became obedient and succumbed to their fate. This was helpful to maintain the social order. So it was easy for rulers to take advantage of Christianity. On the other hand, Christianity got self-development in this process. In 313, the legality of Christianity was justified, and in 392, Christian Church became National Church of the Roman Empire, and furthermore, in the 13th century, CatholicChurch reached the height of its political and secular power.Secondly, the reformation in Christianity, in some way can trigger political reformation and propel the social development. Take the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century for example. They challenged the authority of the pope and Catholic Church and interfered in political affairs of the nation. They represented the demand of the bourgeois class for free development. In England, it caused a life-to-death struggle between capitalism and feudalism. Protestants attacked the king for the absolute monarchy, and successfully placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This greatly facilitated the development of western political civilization.Christianity and western economy mutually affect each other. Economy is the base of a society, so Christianity is surely based on it. The development of Christianity depends on the corresponding level of social economy. Here I’d like to talk about the influence of Christianity on western economy. In the first place, Christianity has a positive effect on economy. Once Christianity advocated that people should live a simple life, with thrifty and self-denial. And God required everyone to work hard and have a productive life. This idea urged people to be hard working and puritanical, which was favorable for the economic development. In addition, some missionaries’ preaching activities, in some sense, facilitated the trade development, e.g. Marco’s experience in Asia motivated the venturesome to explore the New World, which in turn helped western countries accumulate capital, and accelerate the development of western capitalist economy.On the contrary, Christianity also has its negative effect on western economy. In Medieval time, Christianity looked down on trade and business activities. This was unfavorable for economic development. Moreover, a large number of Christian churches were built, which were grand, lavish, and magnificent. The expenditure was very large, and this put a burden on the society. So in some degree, it put obstacles on the road of economic development.Christianity can not be separated from western culture. Culture, in ageneral sense, includes education, literature, painting, architecture, etc. Firstly, Christianity enriches the variety of western culture by providing rich materials, and in turn, the development of western culture favors the transmission of Christianity. For example, in Middle Ages, monastic school was very important for educating elites. Until recently religious education was the only subject which was insisted to be learned. Now the influence of the Christian church on schooling is still strong. Biblical themes are used in literature, such as Milton’s Paradise lost; Steinbeck’s East of Eden; and Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises. Christian painting reached its peak in the Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper; Raphael’s Alba Madonna. In terms of architecture, there are St. Peter church, St. Sophia church, and the Gothic style churches. These splendid achievements are all related to Christianity. Without Christianity, the western cultural civilization wouldn’t take shape.Let’s view things in a different light and from different angles. Some literature works reflect the corruption of the church, and satire the evils of the time, especially some dishonest priest. The novel Scarlet Letter is a very good example. What’s more, in the 18th century, the conflict between science and Catholic Church became obvious. In order to maintain Catholic doctrine, they persecuted many excellent scientists, such as Galileo. This blocked the scientific progress. Also the persecution of Jews has something to do with Christianity. Every coin has two sides, and we should take an objective stand to see things.All in all, Christianity has played an important role in western civilization; it has a lasting effect on the conduct and social relations of the western people, and has offered spiritual support for the individuals. Now it spreads not only in Europe, America, and also in some eastern countries. Its contributions to western civilization shouldn’t be ignored. Hope that it can make more contributions to the global civilization.。
