专业英文文献 (1)

参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识：M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

参考文献一律置于文末。

其格式为：（一）专著示例[1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989.[2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956.[3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集示例[1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979.[2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979.凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。

（三）报纸文章示例[1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3）（四）期刊文章示例[1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）.（五）学位论文示例[1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998.（六）报告示例[1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。

参考文献的类型根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识：M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著）C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——研究报告S——标准P——专利A——专著、论文集中的析出文献Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识：DB——数据库CP——计算机程序EB——电子公告非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型：DB/OL——联机网上的数据库DB/MT——磁带数据库M/CD——光盘图书CP/DK——磁盘软件J/OL——网上期刊EB/OL——网上电子公告一、参考文献著录格式1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码2、专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码3、论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期6、标准编号．标准名称〔S〕7、报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次)8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期二、文献类型及其标识1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下：①期刊〔J〕②专著〔M〕③论文集〔C〕④学位论文〔D〕⑤专利〔P〕⑥标准〔S〕⑦报纸〔N〕⑧技术报告〔R〕2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下：①磁带〔MT〕②磁盘〔DK〕③光盘〔CD〕④联机网络〔OL〕3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。

RESEARCH PAPERFatigue strength improvement of steel structures by high-frequency mechanical impact:proposed procedures and quality assurance guidelinesGary Marquis &Zuheir BarsoumReceived:18March 2013/Accepted:29May 2013/Published online:16June 2013#International Institute of Welding 2013Abstract High-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)has emerged as a reliable,effective,and user-friendly method for post-weld fatigue strength improvement technique for welded structures.During the past decade,46documents on HFMI technology for fatigue improvements have been presented within Commission XIII of the International Institute of Welding (IIW).This paper presents an overview of the lessons learned concerning appropriate HFMI procedures and quality assurance measures.Due to differences in HFMI tools and the wide variety of potential applications,certain details of proper treatment procedures and quantitative quality control measures are presented generally.Specific details should be documented in an HFMI procedure specification for each structure being treated.It is hoped that this guideline will provide a stimulus to researchers working in the field to test and constructively criticize the proposals made with the goal of developing inter-national guidelines relevant to a variety of HFMI technologies and applicable to many industrial sectors.A companion docu-ment presents a fatigue design proposal for HFMI treatment of welded steel structures.The proposal is considered to apply to steel structures of plate thicknesses of 5to 50mm and for yield strengths ranging from 235to 960MPa.Stress assessment may be based on nominal stress,structural hot spot stress,or effec-tive notch stress.Keywords High-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI).Weld toe improvement .Fatigue improvement .Quality control1IntroductionIn 2007,Commission XIII:Fatigue of Welded Components and Structures approved the best practice recommendations concerning post-weld treatment methods for steel and alu-minum structures [1].This recommendation covers four commonly applied post-weld treatment methods:burr grind-ing,tungsten inert gas (TIG)remelting (i.e.,TIG dressing),hammer peening,and needle peening.Burr grinding and TIG remelting are generally classified as geometry improvement techniques for which the primary aim is to eliminate weld toe flaws and to reduce local stress concentration by achieving a smooth transition between the plate and the weld face.Ham-mer peening and needle peening are classified as residual stress modification techniques which eliminate the high ten-sile residual stress in the weld toe region and induce com-pressive residual stresses at the weld toe.These methods also result in a reduced stress concentration at the weld toe.The guidelines also give practical information on how to imple-ment the four improvement technologies,namely good work practices,training,safety,and quality assurance.The improvement techniques described in these recommen-dations are intended to be used both for increasing the fatigue strength of new structures and for the repair or upgrade of existing structures.It has consistently been emphasized that,especially with respect to new structures,weld improvement techniques should never be implemented to compensate for poor design or bad fabrication practices.Instead,improvement measures should be implemented as a means of providing additional strength after other measures have been taken.Doc.IIW-2395,recommended for publication by Commission XIII “Fatigue of Welded Components and Structures.”G.Marquis (*)Department of Applied Mechanics,Aalto University,Espoo,Finlande-mail:gary.marquis@aalto.fiG.Marquis :Z.BarsoumDivision of Lightweight Structures,KTH-Royal Institute of Technology,Stockholm,SwedenWeld World (2014)58:19–28DOI 10.1007/s40194-013-0077-8Simultaneous with the development of the 2007recom-mendations,an increasing number of presentations within Commission XIII focused on high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)as a means of improving the fatigue strength of welded structures.From 2002to 2012,46IIW Commis-sion XIII documents reporting HFMI technology or experi-mental studies involving HFMI-based fatigue strength im-provement were presented.HFMI has emerged as a reliable,effective,and user-friendly method for post-weld fatigue strength improvement technique for welded structures.This paper represents an attempt to summarize and synthe-size the knowledge gained both within the IIWand presented in the open international literature concerning quality assurance of HFMI-treated welds.It covers procedure-related and quality assurance-related items such as relevant equipment,proper application procedures,material requirements,safety,training requirements for operators and inspectors,quality controlmeasures,and documentation.All HFMI devices have unique features,and the type of structure being treated (and especially the material grade and welding procedures)will greatly influ-ence the optimal treatment procedures.For this reason,the current document is intended to provide only general guidance especially with respect to operator training,procedures,and inspection.Specific operator training is provided by the tool manufacturers.Specific treatment procedures and requirements can normally be developed in cooperation with the HFMI device manufacturer.It is not the intention of this paper to compare HFMI tools or their efficiency.The goal is only to give an overview of topics which must be considered when preparing an HFMI procedure specification.A companion document [2]presents a fatigue design pro-posal for HFMI treatment of welded steel structures.The design proposal is considered to apply to steel structures of plate thicknesses between 5and 50mm and for yield strengths ranging from 235to 960MPa.Stress assessment may be based on nominal stress,structural hot spot stress,or effective notch stress using stress analysis procedures as defined by the IIW Commission XIII.The design proposal includes a pro-posal for the effect of material strength and a proposal for high R ratio and variable amplitude loading.Several topics for future study with respect to HFMI are given.2High-frequency mechanical impact 2.1BackgroundThe innovation of improving the fatigue strength of welded structures by locally modifying the residual stress state usingas-weldedafter HFMIHFMIAW Fig.1Typical weld toe profile in the as-welded condition and follow-ing HFMI treatment [13,14]Photo courtesy of Applied Ultrasonics.Photo courtesy of Integrity Testing Laboratory (ITL) and Structural Integrity Technologies Inc. (SINTEC)Photo courtesy of Pfeifer Seil-undHebetechnik GmbHPhoto courtesy of PITEC GmbHbc dFig.2Examples of HFMI devices available worldwide.a ultrasonic impact treatment,b ultrasonic peening,c high-frequency impact treatment,and d pneumatic impact treatment (PIT)ultrasonic technology is attributed to scientists and engineers working in the former Soviet Union [3,4].In the past decade,there has been a steady increase in the number of HFMI peening equipment manufacturers and service providers.In 2010,Commission XIII of the IIW introduced the term HFMI as a generic term to describe several related technologies.Alternate power sources are employed,for example,ultrasonic piezoelectric elements,ultrasonic magnetostrictive elements,or compressed air.In all cases,however,the working principal is identical:cylindrical indenters are accelerated against a component or structure with high frequency (>90Hz).The impacted material is highly plastically deformed causing changes in the material microstructure and the local geometry as well as the residual stress state in the region of impact.Various names have been used in literature to describe the devices:ultrasonic impact treatment [5],ultrasonic peeningPhoto courtesy of Integrity Testing Laboratory (ITL) and Structural Integrity Technologies Inc. (SINTEC)a bFig.3a Examples of indenter sizes and configurations and b a double radius indenter developed by the Northern Scientific and Technical Company,Russia for Esonix UIT [18]weld metalHAZweld metalbase metaldefectbase metaldefectdefectshiny defect-free HFMI grooveabcFig.4a Potential introduction of a crack-like defect due to HFMI treatment of a weld with a steep angle or with too large of an indenter and b resulting grooves for a properly treated weld toe (left )and animproperly treated one (right );c micrographs of the induced crack-like defects due toimproper HFMI treatment [18][6],ultrasonic peening treatment[7][8],high-frequency impact treatment[9],pneumatic impact treatment[10],and ultrasonic needle peening[11,12].Figure1shows typical weld profiles in the as-welded condition and following HFMI treatment.In comparison to hammer peening,the operation is considered to be more user-friendly and the spacing between alternate impacts on the work piece is very small resulting in a finer surface finish.2.2EquipmentAs previously mentioned,numerous new HFMI devices have been developed during the past10years,and the number continues to increase.Figure2shows some of the HFMI devices that are in use worldwide.A recent round robin exercise[15]and literature survey[16,17]have iden-tified several HFMI tools which,when properly used,pro-vide the degree of improvement noted in the proposed fa-tigue design guideline for HFMI-treated welded joints[2]. Similar devices can be assigned to this group if they have the same operating principal and are objectively tested and are shown to have the same reliable and beneficial effect on the fatigue strength of welds as in the proposed guideline.Ultrasonic devices consist of a power unit and tool.These normally require compressed air or circulating water to con-trol the temperature of the tool.Other devices known to the authors are pneumatic.The indenters are high-strength steel cylinders,and manufacturers have customized the effective-ness of their own tools by using indenters with different diameters,tip geometries,or multiple indenter configura-tions.Indenters are consumable items which from time to time require replacement or refurbishment.Figure3shows several examples of indenter sizes and configurations which are available.3Procedures3.1Operator trainingWhen delivering new equipment,tool manufacturers normal-ly provide1–2days of operator training.As new applications arise,tool manufactures can provide specialized training or customized procedure specifications.In some cases,HFMI treatment of structures with curvilinear weld toes,e.g.,weld toes in trusses fabricated from circular hollow sections,has proven to be very demanding and will require more expertise than for treating long straight welds or short weld corners.Because HFMI is normally specified as a fatigue strength improvement technology for new structures or during repair and retrofitting operations,it is always essential to consult fatigue experts to ensure that all critical regions in a structure are identified and properly treated.Most fatigue-loaded struc-tures will normally have only a limited number of locations that are critical from a fatigue point of view.Proper identifica-tion of these regions is also important to avoid extra costs and treatment of regions which are not fatigue critical.Additional-ly,the possibility of a failure starting at some other location must always be considered.For instance,if the failure origin is merely shifted from the weld toe to the root,there may be no significant improvement in fatigue life.Some additionalTable1Sample treatment procedure parameters for two HFMI toolsParameter HFMI toolHigh-frequency Impact treatment(HiFIT)[21]Ultrasonic Impact Treatment(UIT)[22,23]Power source Pneumatic Ultrasonic magnetostrictiveNumber of indenters11–4Angle of the axis of the indenters with respect to the plate surface,ϕ(see Fig.5)60°to80°30°to60°[22]40°to80°[23]Angle of the axis of the indenterswith respect to the direction oftravel,ψ(see Fig.5)70°to90°90°(all pins should contact the weld toe)Working speed3to5mm/s5to10mm/s[22]5to25mm/s[23]Other The self-weight of the tool is sufficient[22,23]Minimum of5passes[23]travel speedFig.5Orientation of the HFMI tool with respect to the weld beingtreatedcomments on this topic may be found in the companion fatigue design proposal for HFMI-treated welded joints [2].In the case of multipass welds,it is also needed to treat also the interpass weld toes [19].3.2Weld preparationThe weld cap and adjacent parent material shall be fully de-slagged and wire-brushed or ground to remove all traces of oxide,scale,spatter,and other foreign material.HFMI treat-ment of a convex weld profile or of a weld with a large weld angle can cause the plastically deformed metal to fold over the original weld toe and leave a crack-like lap feature that resembles a cold lap.The weld bead profile should meet the acceptance limits for the weld profile quality level B in ISO 5817[20].This requirement does not imply that the weld must fulfill all quality level B criteria in ISO 5817.However,weld profile-related quality criteria in ISO 5817need to be evaluated.These include undercuts (imperfection 1.7),ex-cessive overfill (imperfection 1.19),excessive concavity (imperfection 1.10)and overlaps (imperfection 1.13).If the weld profile does not comply with these acceptance limits,light grinding before treatment may be desired.It should be noted,however,that HFMI treatment is most effective when the weld toe region itself is treated.Thus,grinding operations which make it difficult for the HFMI operator to distinguish the exact location of the weld toe should be avoided.De-cisions on the need for weld grinding and the proper grinding procedure should be agreed on with an experienced HFMI operator.The need for a proper weld profile before HFMI is illus-trated in Fig.4a which illustrates the formation of a crack-like defect due to improper contact between the indenter and theweld toe.Surface inspection of such a defect reveals a dark crack-like line in the middle of the otherwise smooth and shiny HFMI groove as seen in Fig.4b .Figure 4c shows section micrographs of these defects.The resulting fatigue performance of a welded joint with such defects may actually be less than that of the original as-welded joint.The same type of flaw has been observed in welds with adequate profiles but with improper indenter selection or too severe treatment,i.e.,too many passes over the same region.For specific applica-tions,it may be needed to consult with the HFMI tool manu-facturer in order to select the proper treatment procedures and optimal indenter configuration to avoid crack-like defects.3.3Safety aspectsNoise and vibration from HFMI is significantly less than for more traditional peening equipment.HFMI treatment can be a noisy operation,and it is essential that the operator and others working in the vicinity should use ear protection.Normal protective clothing for working in a fabrication shop is ade-quate but it should include approved eye protection.Vibration from HFMI equipment is usually low enough so that contin-uous operation is permitted without restriction during a nor-mal 8-h work shift.If the vibration of the specific HFMI tool has not been determined,it may be needed to limit the amount of time per day for performing HFMI treatment.Equipment-specific safety issues are provided by the tool manufacturers.3.4Weld toe treatmentSpecific weld toe treatment procedures will vary greatly from application to application and depending on the tool being used.Thus,only general topics can be covered.Table 1weld metalbase metalFig.6The HFMI groove in a shows a thin crack-like defect which reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of the HFMI treatment [21].b shows a defect-free groove but with an individual indenter strike still visible,indicating the need for additional passes [27]Fig.7a Proper profile of an HFMI groove which has no sharp or crack-like features and b an improper HFMI groove profile which shows thepresence of a crack-like feature due to plastic deformation of the materialprovides example procedure parameters for two HFMI tools with alternate power sources and indenter configurations (see also Fig.5).Excessive treatment of a weld toe should be avoided.The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)have developed sample procedures [23]based on research performed at Lehigh University,USA [24,25].3.5Other treatment conditionsHeat treatment and hot-dip galvanizing should not be performed after HFMI.HFMI introduces beneficial compressive residual stresses which may be reduced or eliminated by these opera-tions.The fatigue strength of an HFMI-treated component which is then treated by hot-dip galvanizing may have improved strength with respect to a hot-dip galvanized component without HFMI.In such a case,the fatigue design proposal for HFMI treatment of welded steel structures [2]cannot be used and fatigue strength should be determined by fatigue testing.Static local stresses near a weld toe are the result of both welding residual stresses and dead loads on a structure.If the tensile residual stresses following welding are close to theyield strength of the material (as is normally assumed),the addition of a dead load will cause local yielding but will not result in increased maximum local stresses.HFMI treatment following the application of the dead load will produce compressive residual stresses in the critical weld toe region.On the other hand,if HFMI treatment is performed before the dead loads are applied,the compressive residual stresses following treatment may be partially counteracted by the local tensile stresses due to the dead load.Thus,if significant dead loads are present on the structure during normal usage,it is recommended that the dead loads are applied prior to treatment,i.e.,erect the structure with the welds untreated and then perform the treatment on-site [26].4Quality controlVisual inspection of the HFMI groove following treatment consists of both qualitative and quantitative measures of the treated area.4.1Qualitative measuresVisual inspection following treatment includes an evaluation of the quality of the groove and the groove depth.The resulting groove must be smooth along all defined welds.A smooth and shiny groove without lines is one characteris-tic of a properly treated weld toe (see Fig.4b ).No thin line representing an original fusion line should be visible in the groove.A thin crack-like line such as that shown in Fig.6a is an indication that the weld fusion line has not been treated as previously described in section 3.2.Dye penetrant or simple magnification with a ×3to×10magnifying glass with proper surface illumination (minimum 350lx)will be helpful in assessing the quality of the HFMI groove.Figure 6b shows an HFMI groove which is not smooth and showsindicationsFig.8The HFMI indentation depth following treatment should be 0.2–0.6mm while the resulting width is typically 2–5mmgapFig.9Depth inspection using simple gauges [21].The gap between the base plate and the gauge in the right-hand picture indicates that 0.2mm has not been achievedof individual indenter strikes.Additional passes of the tool would be required to obtain a smooth finish.The HFMI groove must be continuous with no breaks.If the treatment cannot be performed without interruption,e.g.,long welds or around corners,it is recommended that the operation be restarted at least 10mm behind the stop posi-tion.No indications of undercut or porosity in the HFMI area can be visible.Similar qualitative measures have been spec-ified by AASHTO [23,26].HFMI produces significant local cold-forming of the ma-terial near the weld fusion line.If the indenters are directed excessively in one specific location,the resulting plastic displacement of the metal can result in a crack-like featureat the side of the HFMI groove as shown in Fig.7.Failures of this type have been occasionally observed but not studied systematically [28].The crack-like feature should be re-moved by light grinding and the weld toe should be retreated.4.2Quantitative measuresThe depth of the groove is an excellent indicator of the extent of HFMI treatment [29].Depending on the yield strength of the steel and the size of the indenters,typically the optimum HFMI groove will be 0.2–0.6mm in depth and the width will be 3–6mm,see Fig.8[23,26,30,31].However,it should be noted that no single groove dimension is optimal in all situations.AFig.10An example of a HFMI-PS (LETSGlobal —Ultrasonic Peening Procedure Specification)developed for each weld in a structures as a quality assurance measure [19]welded structure with relatively deep undercuts at the weld toe of which requires light grinding of the weld toe before HFMI will necessarily have deeper grooves following HFMI.Also, HFMI grooves in high-strength steel structures will typically be shallower and narrower than grooves in low-strength steel. Groove depth can be checked relatively easily by using simple depth gauges such as is shown in Fig.9.Calipers can be used to measure the width of the groove.The center of the HFMI groove should correspond to the fusion line of the weld.The portion of the HFMI groove in the weld metal must be between 25and75%of the total HFMI groove width[30].In large,complex welded structures,welding heat input will not always be constant along a long weld.For this reason, material hardness at the weld toe may vary and the HFMI treatment may need to be systematically adapted.HFMI groove dimension checks will be needed at regular intervals.4.3DocumentationAn HFMI procedure specification(HFMI-PS)similar to a welding procedure specification should be prepared for the HFMI treatment.The HFMI-PS includes information concerning the component being treated;base and filler material;HFMI equipment type and power settings;number,size and shape of the indenters to be used;special inspection requirements includ-ing HFMI groove dimension,etc.Lopez Martinez and Haagensen have developed an HFMI-PS template which is prepared for each weld in a structure[19],see Fig.10.4.4CalibrationAll of the available HFMI devices have variable power settings which can be adjusted depending on the material being treated and the indenter configuration.As a quality assurance measure,the intensity should be recorded in the HFMI-PS.In some cases,HFMI tool calibration is accom-plished during treatment of a welded joint by ensuring that the resulting HFMI groove dimensions for a specified power setting and treatment time are consistent with predetermined limits.For its own tools,PITEC and other companies have developed a simple test for measuring the intensity of HFMI treatment[32].The concept is similar to that used in the well-known Almen strip test which is common for measuring the intensity of shot peening and blasting operations.The simple equipment used for this test is shown in Fig.11.Residual stress-free flat strips(200mm×20mm×4mm)of S355J2 steel are held in a special fixture.HFMI is applied to the strip via the longitudinal slots.Four to five passes with an HFMI tool with a predefined power setting are applied.Curvature of the strip,which is related to the resulting residual stress,is measured by means of a dial gauge.5DiscussionA great deal of experimental evidence has demonstrated that HFMI can significantly improve the fatigue strength of welded structures.Rarely,but on occasion,test results have been presented which indicate that the HFMI treatment pro-cedure has not been fully understood and/or implemented incorrectly.While HFMI can be considered as environmen-tally friendly,safe,and relatively easy to apply,operators must still exercise safe work practices and understand the equipment and the nature of the post-weld operation which is being imparted to a welded structure.Longitudinal stotsFixtureSteel strip Dial gaugeFig.11Equipment needed to perform the Almen test-type calibration procedure developed by PITEC[32]This paper presents an overview of the lessons learned concerning appropriate HFMI procedures and quality assur-ance measures as discussed primarily with the IIW.Due to differences in the HFMI tools and the wide variety of poten-tial applications,certain details of proper treatment proce-dures and quantitative quality control measures are presented generally.For example,the HFMI groove depth,which is considered to be an important quantitative quality assurance measure,can optimally vary from0.2mm to as much as 0.6mm depending on the steel being treated and the geom-etry of the indenter(s).Travel speed,the number of passes needed to obtain optimal treatment,and the angle of the axis of the indenters with respect to the plate surface(see Fig.5) will also vary significantly depending on the tool being used. Specific details of the treatment process and inspection re-quirements for a structure or component should be docu-mented in an HFMI procedure specification.Qualitative inspection requirements including the shiny appearance of the HFMI groove,the lack of any crack-like lines in the groove,the position of the groove with respect to the original weld fusion line,and the continuity of the HFMI groove are applicable to all tool types and for all welds.Weld preparation prior to HFMI treatment and safety items can also be considered to be universally applicable.It is hoped that this guideline will provide a stimulus to researchers working in the field to test and constructively criticize the proposals made with the goal of developing an international guideline relevant to a variety of HFMI tech-nologies and applicable for many industrial sectors.There are a number of questions which cannot yet be reliably answered nor included into guidelines.These remain as areas for further research studies.For example,what type of repair procedures can be recommended if a crack-like defect(see Fig.6a)still exists after five HFMI passes?When do crack-like defects such as those shown in Fig.7become significant and how should these be removed?Is it possible to develop a catalog of suitable treatment processes for common HFMI devices and typical construction situations? The influence of fabrication processes following HFMI treat-ment also need to be better quantified.For example,if weld repair is required,at what distance from the weld repair does HFMI treatment remain unaffected.What is the quantitative influence of galvanizing on HFMI-treated structures?In refurbishment situations,what is the precise role of the service load history prior to HFMI treatment?6ConclusionsA proposal for procedures and quality assurance for HFMI-treated welded joints in steel has been presented.It was developed based on discussions,presentations,and experi-mental evidence published within Commission XIII of the IIW.The proposal has been reviewed by several HFMI tool manufacturers and has been compared to other available technical documents.The proposal includes brief descrip-tions of HFMI equipment,operator training,weld prepara-tion,safety aspects,treatment procedures,qualitative and quantitative quality control measures,procedure documen-tation,and equipment.Certain details of the precise treat-ment procedures and quantitative quality control measures can vary greatly depending on the specific welded structure being treated.A companion document presents a fatigue design proposal for HFMI treatment of welded steel struc-tures.The proposal is considered to apply to steel structures of plate thicknesses from5to50mm and for yield strengths ranging from235to960MPa.Stress assessment may be based on nominal stress,structural hot spot stress,or effec-tive notch stress.Acknowledgments Support for this work has been partially provided by the LIGHT research program of the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster,the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation,and the European Union’s Research Fund for Coal and Steel Research Programme under grant agreement no RFSR-CT-2010-00032:“Improving the fatigue life of high strength steel welded struc-tures by post weld treatments and specific filler material.”Cooperation with HFMI companies Pfeifer Seil-und Hebetechnik GmbH,Germany; Structural Integrity Technologies Inc.,Canada;LETS Global AB,Swe-den,Applied Ultrasonics,the Netherlands;and PITEC GmbH,Germa-ny are acknowledged.References1.Haagensen PJ,Maddox SJ(2012)IIW recommendations on postweld fatigue life improvement of steel and aluminium structures.Woodhead Publishing Ltd.,Cambridge2.Marquis GB,Mikkola E,Yildirim HC,Barsoum Z(2013)Fatiguestrength improvement of steel structures by HFMI:proposed fa-tigue assessment guidelines.International Institute of Welding, Paris,IIW Document XIII-2452r1-133.Statnikov ES,Shevtsov UM,Kulikov VF(1977)Ultrasonic impacttool for welds strengthening and reduction of residual stresses.Publ Sci Works:Metall SEVMASH,USSR92:27–28(in Russian)4.Kudryavtsev YF,Trufyakov VI,Mikheev PP,Statnikov EF,Burenko AG,Dobykina EK(1994)Increasing the fatigue strength of welded joints in cyclic compression.International Institute of Welding,Paris,Document XIII-1596-945.Applied Ultrasonics.In:/.6.Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc.In:/.7.Lets Global.In:/.8.Huo L,Wang D,Zhang Y(2005)Investigation of the fatiguebehaviour of the welded joints treated by TIG dressing and ultra-sonic peening under variable-amplitude load.Int J Fatigue27:95–1019.Pfeifer.In:http://www.pfeifer.de/.10.Pitec.In:/.11.Sonats.In:/.12.Bousseau M,Millot T(2006)Fatigue life improvement of weldedstructures by UNP compared to TIG dressing.International Insti-tute of Welding,Paris,Document XIII-2125-06。

翻译文献（1）（1）费兰德斯和荷兰水体中的优先有机污染物和用纳滤膜去除的可行性的评估摘要有机微污染物在地下水和地表水中的发现已经成为饮用水工业非常关注的问题，主要由于其可能的健康影响，由于这些污染物的极性，导致它们用传统的水处理栅栏无法完全去除，这篇论文综述了优先有机微污染物及它们在费兰德斯和荷兰的水体中的出现，此外，用纳滤膜去除的废弃物是对筛选优先微污染的定性预测，这个定性的预测是依据重要的溶质和纳滤膜参数，然后将预测值与文献中获得的实验值进行比较。

总之，定性地预测值与文献值大致相同，依据关键参数的预测可能因此被证明是一个在饮用水厂设计中评估纳滤膜的实施作为有机微污染的处理步骤的快速而有用的技术。

简介在上几个世纪，饮用水工业一直非常关注有机微污染物在饮用水中的出现，在二十世纪八十年代，荷兰和费兰德斯饮用水公司面临着地表水中的不断提高的杀虫剂的浓度问题，一个双轨办法可解决这个问题：政府对农民和生产者施加的压力是开发杀虫剂的替代物，饮用水问题通过实施活性炭吸附得到改善，在二十世纪九十年代，更精确的分析方法和更高的产量以及这些污染物再度侵入环境使其它有机微污染物也得到关注，尤其是内分泌干扰化合物，因为它们对人体与动物内分泌系统会产生负面影响。

对于多种化合物，世界卫生组织与美国环保局已经对人类安全饮水浓度发布指引，为了在水龙头提供安全的饮用水，研究新兴的微量污染物的去除，使其浓度低于健康限制浓度是必要的，特别是极微量的污染物往往在目前的饮用水过程中难以去除。

压力驱动膜过程，如纳滤膜（NF）和反渗透（RO）可能被证明是去除有机微污染物的一项有趣的技术。

然而，虽然观察到大多数有机微污染物有相对较高的废弃值，但多种污染物仍然可以在纳滤膜NF/ 反渗透RO装置中发现。

本文的目的是双重的，包括准备了有机微污染物的优先级列表（特别是佛兰德斯/荷兰的情况，但也是普遍适用的）。

其次用NF去除这些优先控制污染物的可能性进行评估，这一评估将为将预测排斥反应值比作实验测定的文献值提供更多的理论基础。

常用11大国外数据库详细介绍一、美国(1)Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊) Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。

通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。

WileyInterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。

其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。

期刊具体学科划分为：Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science（计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law（法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics（数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。

(2)美国IEEE (英文文献期刊)IEEE（Institute of Electrical & ElectronicsEngineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学术团体，其会员分布在世界150多个国家和地区。

据IEEE统计，IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。

随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。

IEEE应成为IEEE会员获得信息的首选之地。

IEEE必须识别正确的信息，并提供对它们的访问方法。

实现这个目标的重要一步是通过IEEEXplore与IEEE/IEE Electronic Library(IEL)连接。

xxxxxx 大学本科毕业设计外文翻译Project Cost Control: the Way it Works项目成本控制：它的工作方式学院（系）: xxxxxxxxxxxx专业: xxxxxxxx学生姓名: xxxxx学号： xxxxxxxxxx指导教师： xxxxxx评阅教师：完成日期：xxxx大学项目成本控制：它的工作方式在最近的一次咨询任务中，我们意识到对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的,仍有一些缺乏理解。

所以我们决定描述它是如何工作的.理论上，项目成本控制不是很难跟随。

首先，建立一组参考基线。

然后，随着工作的深入，监控工作,分析研究结果,预测最终结果并比较参考基准。

如果最终的结果不令人满意，那么你要对正在进行的工作进行必要的调整，并在合适的时间间隔重复。

如果最终的结果确实不符合基线计划，你可能不得不改变计划.更有可能的是，会 (或已经) 有范围变更来改变参考基线，这意味着每次出现这种情况你必须改变基线计划。

但在实践中，项目成本控制要困难得多，通过项目数量无法控制成本也证明了这一点。

正如我们将看到的，它还需要大量的工作，我们不妨从一开始启用它。

所以，要跟随项目成本控制在整个项目的生命周期.同时，我们会利用这一机会来指出几个重要文件的适当的地方。

其中包括商业案例，请求（资本)拨款（执行），工作包和工作分解结构，项目章程（或摘要),项目预算或成本计划、挣值和成本基线。

所有这些有助于提高这个组织的有效地控制项目成本的能力。

业务用例和应用程序（执行）的资金重要的是要注意，当负责的管理者对于项目应如何通过项目生命周期展开有很好的理解时,项目成本控制才是最有效的。

这意味着他们在主要阶段的关键决策点之间行使职责。

他们还必须识别项目风险管理的重要性，至少可以确定并计划阻止最明显的潜在风险事件。

在项目的概念阶段•每个项目始于确定的机会或需要的人.通常是有着重要性和影响力的人,如果项目继续,这个人往往成为项目的赞助。

会计舞弊财务舞弊外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Global Corporate Accounting Frauds and Action for Reforms1、IntroductionDuring the recent series of corporate fraudulent financial reporting incidents in the U.S., similar corporate scandals were disclosed in several other countries. Almost all cases of foreign corporate accounting frauds were committed by entities that conduct their businesses in more than one country, and most of these entities are also listed on U.S. stock exchanges. Following the legislative and regulatory reforms of corporate America, resulting from the SarbanesOxley Act of 2002, reforms were also initiated worldwide. The primary purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to identify the prominent American and foreign companies involved in fraudulent financial reporting and the nature of accounting irregularities they committed; and (2) to highlight the global reaction for corporate reforms which are aimed at restoring investor confidence in financial reporting, the public accounting profession and global capital markets.2、Cases of Global Corporate Accounting FraudsThe list of corporate financial accounting scandals in the U.S. is extensive, and each one was the result of one or more creative accounting irregularities. Exhibit 1 identifies a sample of U.S. companies that committed such fraud and the nature of their fraudulent financial reporting activities.EXHIBIT 1. A SAMPLE OF CASES OF CORPORATE ACCOUNTING3、Global Regulatory Action for Corporate and Accounting ReformsI. U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA 2002)In response to corporate and accounting scandals, the effects of which are still being felt throughout the U.S. economy, and in order to protect public interest and to restore investor confidence in the capital market, U.S. lawmakers, in a compromise by the House and Senate, passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. President Bush signed this Act into law (Public Law 107-204) on July 30, 2002. The Act resulted in major changes to compliance practices of large U.S. and non-U.S. companies whose securities are listed or traded on U.S. stock exchanges, requiring executives, boards of directors and external auditors to undertake measures to implement greater accountability, responsibility and transparency of financial reporting. The statutes of the act, and the new SEC initiatives that followed, are considered the most significant legislation and regulations affecting the corporate community and the accounting profession since 1933. Other U.S. regulatory bodies such as the New York StockExchange (NYSE), the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) and the State Societies of CPAs have also passed new regulations which place additional burdens on publicly traded companies and their external auditors.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOA) is expressly applicable to any non-U.S. company registered on U.S. exchanges under either the Securities Act of 1933 or the Security Exchange Act of 1934, regardless of country of incorporation or corporate domicile. Furthermore, external auditors of such registrants, regardless of their nationality or place of business, are subject to the oversight of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and to the statutory requirements of the SOA .The United States' SOA has reverberated around the globe through the corporate and accounting reforms addressed by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the European Commission (UC); and authoritative bodies within individual European countries.II. International Federation of Accountants (IFAC)The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is a private governance organization whose members are the national professional associations of accountants. It formally describes itself as the global representative of the accounting profession, with the objective of serving the public interest, strengthening the worldwide accountancy profession and contributing to the development of strong international economies by establishing and promoting adherence to high quality standards. The Federation represents accountancy groups worldwide and has served as a reminder that restoring public confidence in financial reporting and the accounting profession should be considered a global mission. It is also considered a key player in the global auditing arena which, among other things, constructs international standards on auditing and has laid down an international ethical code for professional accountants. The IFAC has recently secured a degree of support for its endeavors from some of the world's most influential international organizations in economic and financial spheres, including global Financial Stability Forum (FSF), the International Organization ofSecurities Commissions (IOSCO), the World Bank and, most significantly, the European Communities(EC).In October 2002, IFAC commissioned a Task Force on Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting to use a global perspective to consider how to restore the credibility of financial reporting and corporate disclosure. Its report, "Rebuilding Public Confidence in Financial Reporting: An International Perspective," includes recommendations for strengthening corporate governance, and raising the regulating standards of issuers. Among its conclusions and recommendations related to audit committees are :1. All public interest entities should have an independent audit committee or similar body .2. The audit committee should regularly report to the board and should address concerns about financial information, internal controls or the audit .3. The audit committee must meet regularly and have sufficient time to perform its role effectively .4. Audit committees should have core responsibilities, including monitoring and reviewing the integrity of financial reporting, financial controls, the internal audit function, as well as for recommending, working with and monitoring the external auditors.5. Audit committee members should be financially literate and a majority should have "substantial financial experience." They should receive further training as necessary on their responsibilities and on the company.6. Audit committees should have regular private "executive sessions" with the outside auditors and the head of the internal audit department. These executive sessions should not include members of management. There should be similar meetings with the chief financial officer (CFO) and other key financial executives, but without other members of management.7. Audit committee members should be independent of management .8. There should be a principles-based approach to defining independence on an international level. Companies should disclose committee members' credentials,remuneration and shareholdings.9. Reinforcing the role of the audit committee should improve the relationship between the auditor and the company. The audit committee should recommend the hiring and firing of auditors and approve their fees, as well as review the audit plan.10. The IFAC Code of Ethics should be the foundation for individual national independence rules. It should be relied on in making decisions on whether auditors should provide non-audit services. Non-audit services performed by the auditor should be approved by the audit committee.11. All fees, for audit and non-audit services, should be disclosed to shareholders.12. Key audit team members, including the engagement and independent review partners, should serve no longer than seven years on the audit .13. Two years should pass before a key audit team member can take a position at the company as a director or any other important management position .III. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a quasi-think tank made up of 30 member countries, including the United States (U.S.) and the United Kingdom (UK), and it has working relationships with more than 70 other countries. In 2004, the OECD unveiled the updated revision of its "Principles of Corporate Governance" that had originally been adopted by its member governments (including the U.S. and UK) in 1999. Although they are non-binding, the principles provide a reference for national legislation and regulation, as well as guidance for stock exchanges, investors, corporations and other parties .The principles have long become an international benchmark for policy makers, investors, corporations and other stakeholders worldwide. They have advanced the corporate governance agenda and provided specific guidance for legislative and regulatory initiatives in both the OECD and non-OECD countries.The 2004 updated version of "Principles of Corporate Governance" includes recommendations on accounting and auditing standards, the independence of board members and the need for boards to act in the interest of the company and theshareholders. The updated version also sets more demanding standards in a number of areas that impact corporate executive compensation and finance, such as :1. Granting investors the right to nominate company directors, as well as a more forceful role in electing them.2. Providing shareholders with a voice in the compensation policy for board members and executives, and giving these stockholders the ability to submit questions to auditors.3. Mandating that institutional investors disclose their overall voting policies and how they manage material conflicts of interest that may affect the way the investors exercise key ownership functions, such as voting .4. Identifying the need for effective protection of creditor rights and an efficient system for dealing with corporate insolvency .5. Directing rating agencies, brokers and other providers of information that could influence investor decisions to disclose conflicts of interest, and how those conflicts are being managed .6. Mandating board members to be more rigorous in disclosing related party transactions, and protecting so-called "whistle blowers" by providing the employees with confidential access to a board-level contact .4、ConclusionThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the U.S. government's response to the wave of fraudulent corporate financial reporting experienced during the 1990s and early 2000s an represented a significant step in regaining investors' confidence in the global financial reporting process. The SOA created new and stricter statutes to avoid a repeat of previous corporate financial disasters. The Act not only applies to U.S. entities but also covers primarily large non-U.S. companies whose securities are listed or traded on U.S. stock exchanges, as well as their non-U.S. external auditors, regardless of their nationality or place of business. Foreign entities have to comply with the SOA by June 2005 .Across the Atlantic, the IFAC, OECD and EU have recognize the recent eruption of corporate scandals in Europe and affirmed the inevitable need forcorporate governance reforms and regulation of the public accounting profession worldwide. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) has passed the Code of Professional Ethics for international accounting firms. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has passed guidelines for improving corporate governance. The European Union (EU) has proposed a code of conduct for independent auditors, which include a five-year auditor rotation requirement. European countries are also individually involved in improving their corporate laws through governance codes of practice.Sourse: Badawi, Ibrahim M. Review of Business; Spring2005, Vol. 26 Issue 2, p8-14, 7p译文：全球公司会计舞弊和改革行为一、前言随着最近一系列公司虚假财务报告事件在美国发生,类似丑闻也在其他国家被曝光。

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Administration与Government文化语义辨析及其翻译. 外语与外语教学, 2006 (9).胡兆云. 自然语法与书本语法浅论. 山东大学学报, 1995 (3).黄爱华. 文学文体的语言特征及其运作. 浙江大学学报. 1996 (3).黄龙. 古诗文英译脞语. 南京师范大学学报. 1985 (3).黄友义. 坚持“外宣三贴近”原则，处理好外宣翻译中的难点问题. 中国翻译, 2004 (6).纪玉华. 帕尔默文化语言学理论的构建思路. 外国语, 2002 (2).江宛棣、闫昕霞. 翻译是“文化的翻译”——赵启正谈对外传播之中的翻译事业. 对外大传播, 2004 (10).金积令. 汉英词序对比研究——句法结构中的前端重量原则和末端重量原则. 外国语. 1998(1).李正栓. 文化背景与学习风格—中国语境下英语专业学生学习风格调查. 中国外语, 2007(2). 李正栓. 徐忠杰的翻译原则研析. 外语与外语教学, 2005(10).李正栓. 唐诗宋词英译研究：比较与分析. 中国外语, 2005(3).李正栓. 实践、理论、比较：翻译教学的几个重要环节. 河北师范大学学报（教育版）, 2003(4). 李正栓. 忠实对等：汉诗英译的一条重要原则. 外语与外语教学, 2004(8).李正栓. 汉诗英译中的忠实对等原则. 广东外语外贸大学学报, 2004(2).林大津. Meme的翻译. 外语学刊, 2008(10.林大津. 国外英汉对比修辞研究及其启示. 外语教学与研究. 1994 (3).凌云. 汉语类比造词初探. 语言教学与研究, 1999 (2).刘莉. 论法律文体翻译的准确性问题. 西南民族学院学报. 1999 (3).刘全福. 语境分析与褒贬语义取向. 中国科技翻译，1999 (3).刘全福. “批评法”在翻译课教学中的运用，中国翻译，1996 (5).刘全福. 对翻译教材译例的审美性思考与评价. 上海科技翻译，1998 (3).刘全福. 试析我国酒类产品简介英译存在的问题. 上海科技翻译，1997 (2).刘全福. 英汉叹词比较与翻译. 外国语，1996 (4).。