Manual_e n_p ar C 1 CCAL (1)CAT (3)CF (5)CH AG (11)CH AT (13)CH CO (16)CH (17)CH (18)CH (2)CH (2)CH (25)CH (2)CK (2)CLE AR (2)CM (2)CO L (30)CO LR (32)CO (33)CP (34)CR AB (37)CS LI (39)CT LALT L (4)CU (41)calGen er al C mman ds M an alNAMEal, n al — disp lay s a c alen dar an d the date o E asterNOManual_e n_p ar C 2 al [-hj [[mo th] y earal [-hj -m mo th [y earal [-hj [-s c tr de] [[mo th] y earal [-hJ eo [y earES Nhe c al u tility disp lay s a simp le c alen dar in tr aditio al f mat an d n al o er s an alterͲativ e lay t, mo e o tio s an d the date o E aster. he n ew f mat is a little c amp edt it mak es a y ear f it o a 2 ter min al. ar men ts ar e n t sp ec if ied, the c en tmo th is disp lay ed.he o tio s ar e as f llo s:-3in t the p ev io s mo th, the c en t mo th, an d the n ex t mo th all o o e r.-h s o hig hlig htin o to day.-J isp lay J lian C alen dar if c mb in ed w ith the -e o tio disp lay date o E asterac din to the J lian C alen dar.-e isp lay date o E aster ( w ester c hu hes).-j isp lay J lian day s (day s o e-b ased, n mb er ed f m J an ar 1.-m monthisp lay the sp ec if ied mo th. mo th is sp ec if ied as a dec imal n mb er it may b ello ed b the letter ‘ o ‘ to in dic ate the f llo in o p ec edin mo th othat n mb er r esp ec tiv ely.-o isp lay date o O tho do E aster (Gr eek an d Ru ssian O tho do C hu hes).-p in t the c tr c des an d sw itc hin day s f m J lian to Gr eg ian C alen dar as they ar e assu med b n al. he c tr c de as deter min ed f m the lo al en irͲmen t is mar ed w ith an aster isk.-s c ountry_odessu me the sw itc h f m J lian to Gr eg ian C alen dar at the date asso iated w iththe c tr de. n t sp ec if ied, n al tr ies to g ess the sw itc h date f m thelo al en ir men t o f alls b ac to S ep temb er 2 1. his w as w hen Gr eat B itainan d her c lo ies sw itc hed to the Gr eg ian C alen dar.-w in t the n mb er o the w eek b elo eac h w eek c lu mn.-y isp lay a c alen dar f the sp ec if ied y ear.-M eek s star t o M day.-S eek s star t o S day.sin le p ar ameter sp ec if ies the y ear (–9 to b e disp lay ed; n te the y ear mu st b eManual_e n_p ar C 3 lly sp ec if ied: “al 8 w ill n t disp lay a c alen dar f 1. p ar ameter s den te themo th an d y ear the mo th is either a n mb er b etw een 1 an d 1 o a f ll o ab ev iatedame as sp ec if ied b the c en t lo ale. th an d y ear def au lt to tho se o the c en tsy stem c lo an d time z e (so “al -m 8 w ill disp lay a c alen dar f the mo th o A stin the c en t y ear.y ear star ts o J an ar 1.EE ALalen dar str time(c al c mmand ap ear ed in V er sio 5 A U. he n al c mman d ap ear ed ineeB 2.2.6. he o tp t o the c al c mman d is su sed to b e b it f b it c mp atib le tothe o ig in al U ix c al c mman d, b ec au se its o tp t is p essed b o ther p ams lik e C GIsc ip ts, that sho ld n t b e b en. T her ef e it w ill alw ay s o tp t 8 lin es, ev en if o lyc tain data. T his ex tr a b lan lin e also ap ear s w ith the o ig in al c al c mman d, at leastso lar is 8AUhe n al c mman d an d man al w er e w itten b W lf an H elb igۦhelb ig eeB.oۧ.he assig men t o J lian–Gr eg ian sw itc hin dates to c tr c des is histo ic ally n aiv eman c tr ies.ar h 1 2catser C mman dsNAMEat - c aten ate f iles an d p in t o the stan dar d o tp tNOat [O... [F...ES Naten ate F s) o stan dar d in t, to stan dar d o tp t.-A --show-al eq iv alen t to -v-b, --number-nonbl ank mb er n emp ty o tp t lin es-e eq iv alen t to -vManual_e n_p ar C 4 -E --show-ends disp lay $ at en d o eac h lin e-n, --number mb er all o tp t lin es-s, --squeez e-bl ank su ess r ep eated emp ty o tp t lin es-t eq iv alen t to -v-T --show-tabs disp lay T c har ac ter s as ^-u ig ed)-v, --show-nonpri nti ng se ^ an d M- n tatio ex ep t f L an d T--hel p disp lay this help an d ex it--versi on tp t v er sio in matio an d ex itith n F o w hen F is -, r ead stan dar d in t.EX AMP ESat f - gtp t f s c ten ts, then stan dar d in t, then g s c ten ts.at stan dar d in t to stan dar d o tp t.AUitten b T Gr an lu d an d Ric har d M. S tallman.EP NG BRep t c at b s to b-c eu tils@.oGN c eu tils ho me p ag e: <http.g.o so tw ar e/eu tils/Gen er al help u sin GN so tw ar e: <http.g.o ethelpRep t c at tr an slatio b s to <http tr an slatio ec t.o team/ig ht ee S tw ar e F datio I. ic en se GP GN GP v er sio 3 o later <http.o lic en ses/l.html>.his is f ee so tw ar e: y ar e f ee to c han e an d r edistr ib te it. her e is RͲRA to the ex ten t p er mitted b law.EE ALhe ll do men tatio f c at is main tain ed as a T ex in man al. the in an d c atams ar e p er ly in stalled at y site, the c mman din c eu tils 'at in atiosho ld g iv e y ac ess to the c mp lete man al.GN c eu tils 8.5 e 2Manual_e n_p ar C 5 cfin P ammer s M an alNAMEdisk - C ses/slan b ased disk p ar titio tab le man ip lato f L inNOdisk [-ag [-c c lin der s] [-h heads] [-s sec to s-p er-tr ac [-P o t] [dev ic e]ES Ndisk is a ses/slan b ased p am f p ar titio in an har d disk dr iv e. ic alalu es o the dev ic e ar men t ar e:[o der to w ite the p ar titio tab le c disk n eeds so methin c alled the eo metrthe disk the mb er o `heads' an d the n mb er o `sec to s p er tr ac. L in do es n tse an g eo metr so if the disk w ill n t b e ac essed b o ther er atin sy stems,an saf ely ac ep t the def au lts that c disk c ho ses f y. T he g eo metr u sed b c diskis f d as f llo s. F ir st the p ar titio tab le is ex amin ed, to see hat eo metr assed the p ev io s p am that c han ed it. I the p ar titio tab le is emp ty o cͲtain s g ar ag e, o do es n t p in t at a c sisten t eo metr the er el is ask edadv ic e. n thin w s 2 heads an d 6 sec to s/tr ac is assu med. T he g eo metr c an b eer idden o the c mman d lin e o b u se o the ` c mman d. W hen p ar titio in an emp tylar e mo der disk p ic in 2 heads an d 6 sec to s/tr ac is alw ay s a g d idea. her eis n n eed to set the n mb er o c lin der s, sin e c disk k s the disk siz e.ex t, c disk tr ies to r ead the c en t p ar titio tab le f m the disk dr iv e. it isab le to ig e t the p ar titio tab le, an er is disp lay ed an d the p am w illex it. his mig ht also b e c au sed b in ec t g eo metr in matio an d c an b e er idͲden the c mman d lin e. ther w ay ar d this p lem is w ith the -z o tio. hisill ig e the p ar titio tab le o the disk.he main disp lay is c mp sed o f sec tio s, f m to to b tto m: the header the arͲtitio s,the c mman d lin e an d a w ar in lin e. he header c tain s the p am n ame an der sio n mb er f llo ed b the disk dr iv e an d its eo metr. he ar titio s sec tioalw ay s disp lay s the c en t p ar titio tab le. he c mman d lin e is the p lac e w her e c mͲman ds an d tex t ar e en ter ed. he av ailab le c mman ds ar e u su ally disp lay ed in ac ets.he ar in lin e is u su ally emp ty ex ep t w hen ther e is imp tan t in matio to b e disͲlay ed. he c en t p ar titio is hig hlig hted w ith r ev er se v ideo ( an ar if the -atio is g iv en. ll p ar titio sp ec if ic c mman ds ap ly to the c en t p ar titio.Manual_e n_p ar C 6 he mat the ar titio tab le in the p ar titio s sec tio is, f m lef t to r ig ht:ame, F lag s, P ar titio T e, F ilesy stem T e an d S iz e. he n ame is the p ar titio dev ic eame. he f lag s c an b e B t, w hic h desig ates a b tab le p ar titio o N w hic h stan ds"t C mp atib le w ith D o O. O an d p ssib ly o ther er atin sy stemseq ir e the ir st sec to o the f ir st p ar titio o the disk an d all lo ic al p ar titio sto b eg in o the sec d head. his w astes the sec d thr h the last sec to their st tr ac o the f ir st head (the f ir st sec to is tak en b the p ar titio tab le itself.disk allo s y to r ec er these "lo st" sec to s w ith the max imiz e c mman d (m). te:disk an d so me ear ly v er sio s o D c eate all p ar titio s w ith the n mb er o sec to salr eady max imiz ed. mo e in matio see the max imiz e c mman d b elo. he p ar titioty e an e o e o P imar o L ic al. u allo ated sp ac e o the dr iv e, the p ar tiͲtio ty e c an also b e P i/ o emp ty (if the sp ac e is u sab le). he f ilesy stem ty esec tio disp lay s the n ame o the f ilesy stem u sed o the p ar titio if k. it isthen U an d the hex v alu e o the f ilesy stem ty e ar e disp lay ed. sp ec ial ase s hen ther e ar e sec tio s o the disk dr iv e that c an t b e u sed (ec au se allthe p imar p ar titio s ar e u sed). hen this is detec ted, the f ilesy stem ty e is disͲlay ed as U sab le. he siz e f ield disp lay s the siz e o the p ar titio in meg ab tes (def au lt). t c an also disp lay the siz e in sec to s an d c lin der s (see the han e itsmman d elo. an aster isk ( ap ear s af ter the siz e, this mean s that the p ar tiͲtio is n t alig ed o c lin der b dar ies.6 W AR NI NGhe D 6.x F RM c mman d lo s f so me in matio in the f ir st sec to the dataar ea o the p ar titio an d tr eats this in matio as mo e r eliab le than the in matioin the p ar titio tab le. F RM ex ec ts D F to c lear the f ir st testhe data ar ea a p ar titio w hen ev er a siz e c han e o s. F RM w ill lo atthis ex tr a in matio ev en if the / f lag is g iv en -- w e c sider this a inRM an d D F.he b tto m lin e is that if y u se c disk o f disk to c han e the siz e o a D p ar titiotab le en tr then y mu st also u se dd to z er the f ir st 5tes that ar titioef e sin D F RM to f mat the p ar titio. ex amp le, if y w er e u sin c diskto mak e a D p ar titio tab le en tr f /dev hda1 then (af ter ex itin f disk diskan d eb tin L in so that the p ar titio tab le in matio is v alid) y w ld u se themman d "dd if dev er o dev hda1 b s= c t= to z er the f ir st 5 b tes o thear titio. N te:RE RE if y u se the dd c mman d, sin e a small ty c an mak e all o the data o y disk u seless.b est r esu lts, y sho ld alw ay s u se an O-sp ec if ic ar titio tab le am.ex amp le, sho ld mak e D p ar titio s w ith the D F p am an d L in p ar titio sith the L in f disk o L in c disk p am.MMANDdisk c mman ds c an b e en ter ed b p essin the desir ed k ey essin ter af ter themman d is n t n ec essar. er e is a list o the av ailab le c mman ds:b le tab le lag o thec en t p ar titio. his allo s y to selec t w hic himar p ar titio is b tab le o the dr iv e.Manual_e n_p ar C 7 delete the c en t p ar titio. his w ill c er t the c en t p ar titio in to eesp ac e an d mer e it w ith an f ee sp ac e immediately su din the c en t p ar tiͲtio. p ar titio alr eady mar ed as f ee sp ac e o mar ed as u sab le an t edeleted.ghan e the disk g eo metr (lin der s, heads, o sec to s-p er-tr ac. RN G: T histio sho ld o ly b e u sed b p eo le w ho k w hat they ar e do in. c mman dlin e tio is also av ailab le to c han e the disk g eo metr. hile at the c han edisk g eo metr c mman d lin e, y c an c ho se to c han e c lin der s heads h)an d sec to s p er tr ac (s). he def au lt v alu e w ill b e p in ted at the p mp t w hic hc an ac ep t b simp ly p essin the E ter k ey o y c an ex it w itho t c han esessin the E k ey. y w an t to c han e the def au lt v alu e, simp ly en ter the desir ed v alu e an d p ess E ter. he alter ed disk p ar ameter v alu es do n t tak eef ec t til y r etu to the main men ( p essin E ter o E at the c han edisk g eo metr c mman d lin e). y c han e the eo metr su h that the diskap ear s lar er the ex tr a sec to s ar e added at the en d o the disk as f ee sp ac e.the disk ap ear s smaller the p ar titio s that ar e b ey d the n ew last sec toar e deleted an d the last p ar titio o the dr iv e ( the f ee sp ac e at the en d othe dr iv e) is made to en d at the n ew last sec to.h in t the help sc een.max imiz e disk u sag e o the c en t p ar titio. his mman d ill ec er thesed sp ac e b etw een the p ar titio tab le an d the b eg in in o the p ar titio b tat the c st o mak in the p ar titio in mp atib le ith an d ssib lyther er atin sy stems. his o tio w ill to le b etw een max imal disk u sag e an dO etc. c mp atib le disk u sag e. he def au lt w hen c eatin a p ar titio is to c eate D O etc. c mp atib le p ar titio s.neate ew p ar titio f m f ee sp ac e. the p ar titio ty e is P imar o L iͲal, a p ar titio o that ty e w ill b e c eated,t if the ar titio ty e isi/ y w ill b e p mp ted f the ty e y w an t to c eate. e aw ar e that (ther e ar e o ly f slo ts av ailab le f p imar p ar titio s an d sin e ther ean b e o ly o e ex ten ded p ar titio w hic h c tain s all o the lo ic al dr iv es, allthe lo ic al dr iv es mu st b e c tig s (ith n in ter en in p imar p ar titio.disk ex t mp ts f the siz e o the p ar titio y w an t to c eate. hedef au lt siz e, eq al to the en tir e f ee sp ac e o the c en t ar titio is disͲlay ed in meg ab tes. c an either p ess the E ter k ey to ac ep t the def au ltsiz e o en ter a dif er en t siz e at the p mp t. disk ac ep ts siz e en tr ies inmeg ab tes ( [def au lt] k ilo tes ( c lin der s ( an d sec to s ( b en ter inthe n mb er immediately f llo ed b o e o ( K C o S. the p ar titio f illsthe ee sp ac e av ailab le, the p ar titio is c eated an d y ar e r etu ed to themain c mman d lin e. ther ise, the p ar titio c an b e c eated at the eg in inthe en d the f ee sp ac e, an d c disk w ill ask y to c ho se w her e to p lac e theManual_e n_p ar C 8 ar titio. ter the p ar titio is eated,disk au to matic ally adj sts thether p ar titio s' p ar titio ty es if all o the p imar p ar titio s ar e u sed.pin t the p ar titio tab le to the sc een o to a f ile. T her e ar e sev er al dif er en tmats f the p ar titio that y c an c ho se f m:r Raw data f mat (ex ac tly w hat w ld b e w itten to disks ar titio tab le in sec to o der f matt ar titio tab le in r aw f mathe r aw data f mat w ill p in t the sec to s that w ld b e w itten to disk if aite mman d is selec ted. ir st, the p imar p ar titio tab le is p in ted, f lͲlo ed b the p ar titio tab les asso iated w ith eac h lo ic al p ar titio. he datais p in ted in hex b te b b te w ith 1 b tes p er lin e.he p ar titio tab le in sec to o der f mat w ill p in t the p ar titio tab le o der edsec to n mb er. he f ields, f m lef t to r ig ht, ar e the n mb er o the ar tiͲtio the p ar titio ty e, the f ir st sec to the last sec to the o set f m their st sec to o the p ar titio to the star t o the data, the len th o the ar tiͲtio the ilesy stem ty e ith the hex v alu e in p ar en thesis) an d the f lag sith the hex v alu e in p ar en thesis). additio to the p imar an d lo ic al p arͲtitio s, f ee an d u sab le sp ac e is p in ted an d the ex ten ded p ar titio is p in tedef e the f ir st lo ic al p ar titio.a p ar titio do es n t star t o en d o a c lin derb dar o if the ar titiolen th is t div isib le b the c lin der siz e, an aster isk ( is p in ted af terthe n-alig ed sec to n mb er t. his u su ally in dic ates that a p ar titio w aseated an o er atin sy stem that either do es n t alig p ar titio s to c lin derdar ies o that u sed dif er en t disk g eo metr in matio. the disk eo metr o the o ther o er atin sy stem, y c ld en ter the g eo metr inͲmatio w ith the c han e g eo metr c mman d (.the f ir st p ar titio o the disk an d f all lo ic al p ar titio s, if the o setm the eg in in the p ar titio is n t eq al to the n mb er o sec to s p ertr ac (i.e., the data do es n t star t o the f ir st head) a mb er sig isin ted af ter the set. the r emain in p ar titio s, if the o set is n ter a n mb er sig w ill b e p in ted af ter the o set. his c esp ds to the Nlag in the p ar titio s sec tio o the main disp lay.he ar titio tab le in r aw f mat w ill p in t the p ar titio tab le o der ed b p arͲtitio n mb er. t w ill leav e o t all f ee an d u sab le sp ac e. he f ields,mlef t to r ig ht, ar e the n mb er o the p ar titio the f lag s (in hex the star tinhead, sec to an d c lin der the f ilesy stem I (in hex the en din head,sec toan d lin der the star tin sec to in the p ar titio an d the n mb er o sec to s inthe p ar titio. he in matio in this tab le c an b e dir ec tly tr an slated to theaw data f mat.Manual_e n_p ar C 9 he p ar titio tab le en tr ies o ly hav e 1 b its av ailab le to r ep esen t the star tinan d en din c lin der s. hu s, w hen the ab so lu te star tin (en din sec to n mb er isa lin der g eater than 1 the max imal v alu es f star tin (en din head,sec to an d c lin der ar e p in ted. his is the metho d u sed b O an d thu s f ix esthe lems asso iated w ith O s f disk r ew itin the p ar titio tab le w hen itis n t in this f mat. in e L in an d O u se ab so lu te sec to c ts, the v alͲes in the star tin an d en din head, sec to an d c lin der ar e n t u sed.q it p am. his w ill ex it the p am w itho t w itin an data to disk.than e the f ilesy stem ty e. def au lt, n ew p ar titio s ar e c eated as L in p arͲtitio s, b t sin e c disk c an c eate ar titio s ther er atin sy stems,han e ar titio ty e allo s to en ter the hex v alu e o the f ilesy stem ydesir e. list o the k f ilesy stem ty es is disp lay ed. c an ty e in theilesy stem ty e at the p mp t o ac ep t the def au lt f ilesy stem ty e [L in.uhan e its the p ar titio siz e disp lay. t w ill r tate thr h meg ab tes,sec to s an d c lin der s.War titio tab le to disk (mu st en ter an u er c ase . in e this mig htdestr data the disk y mu st either c ir m o den the w ite b en ter ines' o `. y en ter `es' c disk w ill w ite the p ar titio tab le to diskan d the tell the k er el to r e-r ead the p ar titio tab le f m the disk. he r e-eadin o the p ar titio tab le do es n t w in so me ases,ex amp ledev ic e-map er dev ic es. ar tic lar c ase y n eed to in m k er el ab t n ewar titio s b p ar tp e( k ar tx o r eb t the sy stem.p A rrowown A rrowe c so to the p ev io s o n ex t p ar titio. ther e ar e mo e p ar titio s thanan e disp lay ed o a sc een y c an disp lay the n ex t (ev io s) set o p ar tiͲtio s b mo in do ( at the last (ir st) p ar titio disp lay ed o the sc een.RL-LRedr aw s the sc een. c ase so methin g es w an d y c an tr ead an thinc an r ef esh the sc een f m the main c mmand lin e.?in t the help sc een.ll the c mman ds c an b e en ter ed w ith either u er o lo er c ase letter s (ex ep t fites). hen in a su-men o at a p mp t to en ter a f ilen ame, y c an hit the E k eyto r etu to the main c mman d lin e.NS-a se an ar c so in stead o r ev er se v ideo f hig hlig htin the c en t p ar tiͲtio.Manual_e n_p ar C 10 -gn t u se the g eo metr g iv en b the disk dr iv er b t tr to ess a eo metrm the p ar titio tab le.-v in t the v er sio n mb er an d c ig ht.-ztar t w ith z er ed p ar titio tab le. his o tio is u sef l w hen y w an t to r ep arͲtitio y en tir e disk. te: this o tio do es n t z er the p ar titio tab lethe disk r ather it simp ly star ts the p am w itho t r eadin the ex istin p arͲtitio tab le.-c c yl nders-h heads-s sec tors-per-tracer ide the n mb er o c lin der s, heads an d sec to s p er tr ac r ead f m the B.y B o adap ter do es n t su ly this in matio o if it su lies inͲec t in matio u se these o tio s to set the disk g eo metr v alu es.-P optin ts the p ar titio tab le in sp ec if ied f mats. t c an b e o e o mo e os" o "t". ee the p in t c mman d (ab e) f mo e in matio o the p in t fͲmats.EX S ATN er s; 1 I atio er 2 I er 3 c an t g et g eo metr 4ad ar tiͲtio tab le o disk.EE ALdisk sf disk mk s( p ar ted( p ar tp e( k ar txhe c en t v er sio do es n t su t mu ltip le disk s.AUev in E. M ar tin (mar tin AV AI ABhe disk mman d is ar t the til-lin-n ac ag e an d is av ailab le f mtp tp.k er el.o lin tils/til-lin-n.he B GU L in Release J e 1Manual_e n_p ar C 11 ch agGE ser C mman ds GENAMEhag e - c han e u ser p assw d ex ir in matioNOhag e [o tio s] [L GIES Nhe c hag e c mman d c han es the n mb er o day s b etw een p assw d c han es an d the date othe last p assw d c han e. T his in matio is u sed b the sy stem to deter min e w hen aser mu st c han e his/her p assw d.NShe o tio s w hic h ap ly to the c hag e c mman d ar e:-d, --l astday LA STet the n mb er o day s sin e J an ar 1st, 1 w hen the p assw d w as last c han ed.he date may also b e ex essed in the f mat Y-M-D ( the f mat mo e c mmo lysed in y ar ea).-E --expi redate E PI REet the date o n mb er o day s sin e J an ar 1 1 o w hic h the u ser s ac t w illlo er b e ac essib le. T he date may also b e ex essed in the f mat Y-M-D (the f mat mo e c mmo ly u sed in y ar ea). A u ser w ho se ac t is lo ed mu sttac t the sy stem admin istr ato b ef e b ein ab le to u se the sy stem ag ain.assin the n mb er -1 as the E RE w ill r emo e an ac t ex ir atio date.-h, --hel p isp lay help messag e an d ex it.-I --i nac ti ve I NA VEet the n mb er o day s o in ac tiv ity af ter a p assw d has ex ir ed b ef e the ac tis lo ed. T he I o tio is the n mb er o day s o in ac tiv ity. A u ser w ho seac t is lo ed mu st c tac t the sy stem admin istr ato b ef e b ein ab le to u se thesy stem ag ain.assin the n mb er -1 as the I w ill r emo e an ac ts in ac tiv ity.-l --l st ho ac t ag in in matio.-m, --mi ndays MI N_Set the min imu m n mb er o day s b etw een p assw d c han es to M. A v alu e o z erthis f ield in dic ates that the u ser may c han e his/her p assw d at an time.Manual_e n_p ar C 12 -M, --maxdays MA Set the max imu m n mb er o day s du in w hic h a p assw d is v alid. W hen M p lu sis less than the c en t day the u ser w ill b e r eq ir ed to c han e his/herassw d b ef e b ein ab le to u se his/her ac t. T his o en e c an b e p lan edin adv an e b u se o the -W o tio w hic h p ides the u ser w ith adv an ear in.assin the n mb er -1 as M w ill r emo e c hec in a p assw ds v alidity.-W, --warndays WA RN_Set the n mb er o day s o w ar in b ef e a p assw d c han e is r eq ir ed. T heRN o tio is the n mb er o day s p io to the p assw d ex ir in that a u serill b e w ar ed his/her p assw d is ab t to ex ir e.n e o the o tio s ar e selec ted, c hag e o er ates in an in ter ac tiv e f ashio p mp tinthe u ser w ith the c en t v alu es f all o the f ields. E ter the n ew v alu e to c han ethe f ield, o leav e the lin e b lan to u se the c en t v alu e. T he c en t v alu e isdisp lay ed b etw een a p air o [ ] mar s.NO Ehe c hag e p am r eq ir es a shado p assw d f ile to b e av ailab le.he c hag e c mman d is r estr ic ted to the r t u ser ex ep t f the -l o tio w hic h may b esed b an u iv ileg ed u ser to deter min e w hen his/her p assw d o ac t is du e toex ir e.ESetc assw dser ac t in matio.etc shadoec e u ser ac t in matio.EX V AL EShe c hag e c mman d ex its w ith the f llo in v alu es:0su ess1er missio den ied2in alid c mman d sy tax15an t f in d the shado p assw d f ileEE ALassw d( shado.ser C mman ds GEManual_e n_p ar C 13 ch atR(R(NAMEhattr - c han e f ile attr ib tes o a L in f ile sy stemNOhattr [ -RV ] [ -v v er sio ] [ mo de ] f iles...ES Nhattr c han es the f ile attr ib tes o a L in f ile sy stem.f o a s m i +-=au ses the selec ted attr ib tes to b e added to the ex istin attr ib tes the f iles; `-' c au ses them to b e emo ed;an d au ses them to e the lyattr ib tes that the f iles hav e.selec t the n ew attr ib tes f the f iles: ap en d o ly (a) mp essed ( n du mp (d) ex ten t f mat (e) immu tab le i)data allinsec e deletio s) tail-mer in (t) u deletab le ( n atime u dates ( syͲhr s dir ec to u dates ( sy hr s u dates ( an d to o dir ec to hier ar hy (.he llo in attr ib tes ar e r ead-o ly an d may b e listed b lsattr b t n t mo dif iedc hattr hu e f ile (h) c mp essio er ( in dex ed dir ec to ( c mp essio awac ess ( an d c mp essed dir ty f ile (.NS-R Rec siv ely c han e attr ib tes o dir ec to ies an d their c ten ts.-V e v er se w ith c hattr s o tp t an d p in t the p am v er sio.-f ess mo st er messag es.-v versi on et the f ile's v er sio en er atio n mb er.AT EShen a f ile ith the ' attr ib te set is ac essed, its atime r ec d is n t mo dif ied.his av ids a c er tain amo t o disk I f lap to sy stems.f w t ` a s c an o ly b e o en in ap en d mo de f w itin. ly thesu er ser a ess p ssessin the C c ap ab ility c an set o c learthis attr ib te.f w t ` a s is au to matic ally c mp essed o the disk b the k er el.Manual_e n_p ar C 14 ead m this f ile r etu s u mp essed data. w ite to this f ile c mp esses dataef e sto in them o the disk. te: p lease mak e su e to r ead the s an d limitaͲtio s sec tio at the en d o this do men t.t ` a s is mo dif ied, the c han es ar e w itten syͲhr sly o the disk this is eq iv alen t to the `dir sy mo t o tio ap lied to asu set o the f iles.t ` a s is n t c an didate f b ac w hen the du mp p am is r.' a is u sed b the ex er imen tal c mp essio p atc hes to in dic ate t hat amp essed ile has a c mp essio er. t may n t b e set o r eset u sin c hattraltho h it c an b e disp lay ed b lsattr.' a in dic ates that the f ile is u sin ex ten ts f map in the lo s disk. t may n t b e r emo ed u sin c hattr.is sed the htr ee c de to in dic ate that a dir ec to is b ein in dex ed u sin hashed tr ees. t may n t b e set o r eset u sin c hattr altho h it c ane disp lay ed b lsattr.in dic ates the f ile is sto in its b lo s in u its o the f ilesy stem lo siz e in stead o in u its o sec to s, an d mean s that the f ile is at e timeas)lar er than. t may n t b e set o r eset u sin c hattr altho h it c an b edisp lay ed b lsattr.f w t ` a c an t b e mo dif ied: it c an t b e deleted en amed,lin c an b e c eated to this f ile an d n data c an b e w itten to the f ile. ly the su eͲser o a p ess p ssessin the C c ap ab ility c an set o lear thisattr ib te.a has all o its data w itten to the ex t3 j alb ef eein w itten to the f ile itself if the f ilesy stem is mo ted w ith the data=der ed"data=iteb ac tio s. hen the f ilesy stem is mo ted w ith the "data=al"tio all f ile data is alr eady j alled an d this attr ib te has n ef ec t. ly thesu er ser a p ess p ssessin the C RE RC c ap ab ility c an set o c lear thisattr ib te.a f w t ` a s is deleted, itsb lo s ar e er ed an d ittenac to the disk. te: p lease mak e su e to r ead the b s an d limitatio s sec tio atthe en d o this do men t.a f w t ` a is mo dif ied,the han es ar e itten syͲhr sly the disk this is eq iv alen t to the `sy mo t o tio ap lied to a suͲset o the f iles.d w t ' a w ill be deemed to b e the to o dir ec to hier ar hiesthe ses the O lo b lo allo ato. his is a hin t to the b lo allo ato。
