清华数学实验复习试题八蒙特卡罗方法龙格库塔方法

龙格-库塔⽅法（Runge-Kutta）龙格-库塔⽅法（Runge-Kutta）3.2 Runge-Kutta法3.2.1 显式Runge-Kutta法的⼀般形式上节已给出与初值问题(1.2.1)等价的积分形式(3.2.1)只要对右端积分⽤不同的数值求积公式近似就可得到不同的求解初值问题(1.2.1)的数值⽅法，若⽤显式单步法(3.2.2)当，即数值求积⽤左矩形公式，它就是Euler法(3.1.2)，⽅法只有⼀阶精度，若取(3.2.3)就是改进Euler法，这时数值求积公式是梯形公式的⼀种近似，计算时要⽤⼆个右端函数f的值，但⽅法是⼆阶精度的.若要得到更⾼阶的公式，则求积分时必须⽤更多的f值，根据数值积分公式，可将(3.2.1)右端积分表⽰为注意，右端f中还不能直接得到，需要像改进Euler法(3.1.11)⼀样，⽤前⾯已算得的f值表⽰为(3.2.3)，⼀般情况可将(3.2.2)的表⽰为(3.2.4)其中这⾥均为待定常数，公式(3.2.2)，(3.2.4)称为r级的显式Runge-Kutta法，简称R-K⽅法.它每步计算r个f值(即)，⽽k由前⾯(i-1)个已算出的表⽰，故公式是显式的.例i如当r=2时，公式可表⽰为(3.2.5) 其中.改进Euler 法(3.1.11)就是⼀个⼆级显式R-K ⽅法.参数取不同的值，可得到不同公式.3.2.2 ⼆、三级显式R-K ⽅法对r=2的显式R-K ⽅法(3.2.5)，要求选择参数，使公式的精度阶p 尽量⾼，由局部截断误差定义11122211()()[(,())(,)]n n n n n n n T y x y x h c f x y x c f x a h y b hk ++=--+++ (3.2.6) 令，对(3.2.6)式在处按Taylor 公式展开，由于将上述结果代⼊(3.2.6)得要使公式(3.2.5)具有的阶p=2,即，必须(3.2.7)即由此三式求的解不唯⼀.因r=2，由（3.2.5）式可知，于是有解(3.2.8)它表明使(3.2.5)具有⼆阶的⽅法很多，只要都可得到⼆阶精度R-K⽅法.若取，则，则得改进Euler法(3.1.11)，若取，则得，此时(3.2.5)为(3.2.9)其中称为中点公式.改进的Euler法(3.1.11)及中点公式(3.2.9)是两个常⽤的⼆级R-K⽅法，注意⼆级R-K⽅法只能达到⼆阶，⽽不可能达到三阶.因为r=2只有4个参数，要达到p=3则在(3.2.6)的展开式中要增加3项，即增加三个⽅程,加上(3.2.7)的三个⽅程，共计六个⽅程求4个待定参数，验证得出是⽆解的.当然r=2,p=2的R-K⽅法(3.2.5)当取其他数时，也可得到其他公式，但系数较复杂，⼀般不再给出.对r=3的情形，要计算三个k值，即其中将按⼆元函数在处按Taylor公式展开，然后代⼊局部截断误差表达式，可得可得三阶⽅法，其系数共有8个，所应满⾜的⽅程为这是8个未知数6个⽅程的⽅程组，解也是不唯⼀的，通常.⼀种常见的三级三阶R-K⽅法是下⾯的三级Kutta⽅法：(3.2.11)附：R-K 的三级Kutta ⽅法程序如下function y = DELGKT3_kuta(f, h,a,b,y0,varvec) format long; N = (b-a)/h;y = zeros(N+1,1); y(1) = y0; x = a:h:b;var = findsym(f); for i=2:N+1K1 = Funval(f,varvec,[x(i-1) y(i-1)]);K2 = Funval(f,varvec,[x(i-1)+h/2 y(i-1)+K1*h/2]); K3 = Funval(f,varvec,[x(i-1)+h y(i-1)-h*K1+K2*2*h]);y(i) = y(i-1)+h*(K1+4*K2+K3)/6; %满⾜c1+c2+c3=1,(1/6 4/6 1/6)endformat short; 3.2.3 四阶R-K ⽅法及步长的⾃动选择利⽤⼆元函数Taylor 展开式可以确定(3.2.4)中r=4,p=4的R-K ⽅法，其迭代公式为111223344()n n y y h c k c k c k c k +=++++其中1(,)n n k f x y =，2221(,(,))n n n n k f x a h y b hf x y =++，⽽33311322(,)n n k f x a h y b hk b hk =+++ 44411422433(,)n n k f x a h y b hk b hk b hk =++++共计13个参数待定，Taylor 展开分析局部截断误差，使得精度达到四阶，即误差为5()O h 。

数值分析中，龙格－库塔法（Runge-Kutta）是用于模拟常微分方程的解的重要的一类隐式或显式迭代法。

这些技术由数学家卡尔·龙格和马丁·威尔海姆·库塔于1900年左右发明。

经典四阶龙格库塔法龙格库塔法的家族中的一个成员如此常用，以至于经常被称为“RK4”或者就是“龙格库塔法”。

令初值问题表述如下。

则，对于该问题的RK4由如下方程给出：其中这样，下一个值(y n+1)由现在的值(y n)加上时间间隔(h)和一个估算的斜率的乘积决定。

该斜率是以下斜率的加权平均：∙k1是时间段开始时的斜率；∙k2是时间段中点的斜率，通过欧拉法采用斜率k1来决定y在点t n + h/2的值；∙k3也是中点的斜率，但是这次采用斜率k2决定y值；∙k4是时间段终点的斜率，其y值用k3决定。

当四个斜率取平均时，中点的斜率有更大的权值：RK4法是四阶方法，也就是说每步的误差是h5阶，而总积累误差为h4阶。

注意上述公式对于标量或者向量函数(y可以是向量)都适用。

显式龙格库塔法显示龙格－库塔法是上述RK4法的一个推广。

它由下式给出其中如果要求方法有精度p则还有相应的条件，也就是要求舍入误差为O(h p+1)时的条件。

这些可以从舍入误差本身的定义中导出。

例如，一个2阶精度的2段方法要求b1 + b2 = 1, b2c2 = 1/2, 以及b2a21 = 1/2。

在Matlab下输入：edit，然后将下面两行百分号之间的内容，复制进去，保存%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%function dxdt=ode_Miss_ghost(t,x)%分别用x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4)代替N1,P1,N2,P2N1=x(1);P1=x(2);N2=x(3);P2=x(4);K=2;tau_c=3e-9;tan_p=6e-12;beta =5e-5;delta=0.692;eta =0.0001;fm =8e6;Ith =26e-3;Ib =1.5*Ith;Im =0.3*Ith;I1=Ib+Im*sin(2*pi*fm*t)+K*P2;I2=Ib+Im*sin(2*pi*fm*t)+K*P1;dxdt=[(I1/Ith-N1-(N1-delta)/(1-delta)*P1)/tau_e;((N1-delta)/(1-delta)*(1-eta*P1)*P1-P1+beta*N1)/tau_p;(I2/Ith-N2-(N2-delta)/(1-delta)*P2)/tau_e;((N2-delta)/(1-delta)*(1-eta*P2)*P2-P2+beta*N2)/tau_p;]; %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%在Matlab下面输入：t_start=0;t_end=2e-9;y0=[1e-3;1e-4;0;0]; %初值[x,y]=ode15s('ode_Miss_ghost',[0,t_end],y0);plot(x,y);legend('N1','P1','N2','P2');xlabel('x');Mathlab定步长龙格－库塔法[345阶]、自适应步长rkf45经常看到很多朋友问定步长的龙格库塔法设置问题，下面吧定步长三阶、四阶、五阶龙格库塔程序贴出来，有需要的可以看看ODE3 三阶龙格－库塔法CODE:function Y = ode3(odefun,tspan,y0,varargin)%ODE3 Solve differential equations with a non-adaptive method of order 3.% Y = ODE3(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0) with TSPAN = [T1, T2, T3, ... TN] integrates% the system of differential equations y' = f(t,y) by stepping from T0 to% T1 to TN. Function ODEFUN(T,Y) must return f(t,y) in a column vector.% The vector Y0 is the initial conditions at T0. Each row in the solution% array Y corresponds to a time specified in TSPAN.%% Y = ODE3(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0,P1,P2...) passes the additional parameters% P1,P2... to the derivative function as ODEFUN(T,Y,P1,P2...).%% This is a non-adaptive solver. The step sequence is determined by TSPAN% but the derivative function ODEFUN is evaluated multiple times per step.% The solver implements the Bogacki-Shampine Runge-Kutta method of order 3.%% Example% tspan = 0:0.1:20;% y = ode3(@vdp1,tspan,[2 0]);% plot(tspan,y(:,1));% solves the system y' = vdp1(t,y) with a constant step size of 0.1, % and plots the first component of the solution.%if ~isnumeric(tspan)error('TSPAN should be a vector of integration steps.');endif ~isnumeric(y0)error('Y0 should be a vector of initial conditions.');endh = diff(tspan);if any(sign(h(1))*h <= 0)error('Entries of TSPAN are not in order.')endtryf0 = feval(odefun,tspan(1),y0,varargin{:});catchmsg = ['Unable to evaluate the ODEFUN at t0,y0. ',lasterr];error(msg);endy0 = y0(:); % Make a column vector.if ~isequal(size(y0),size(f0))error('Inconsistent sizes of Y0 and f(t0,y0).');endneq = length(y0);N = length(tspan);Y = zeros(neq,N);F = zeros(neq,3);Y(:,1) = y0;for i = 2:Nti = tspan(i-1);hi = h(i-1);yi = Y(:,i-1);F(:,1) = feval(odefun,ti,yi,varargin{:});F(:,2) = feval(odefun,ti+0.5*hi,yi+0.5*hi*F(:,1),varargin{:});F(:,3) = feval(odefun,ti+0.75*hi,yi+0.75*hi*F(:,2),varargin{:});Y(:,i) = yi + (hi/9)*(2*F(:,1) + 3*F(:,2) + 4*F(:,3));endY = Y.';ODE4 四阶龙格－库塔法CODE:function Y = ode4(odefun,tspan,y0,varargin)%ODE4 Solve differential equations with a non-adaptive method of order 4.% Y = ODE4(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0) with TSPAN = [T1, T2, T3, ... TN] integrates % the system of differential equations y' = f(t,y) by stepping from T0 to% T1 to TN. Function ODEFUN(T,Y) must return f(t,y) in a column vector.% The vector Y0 is the initial conditions at T0. Each row in the solution% array Y corresponds to a time specified in TSPAN.%% Y = ODE4(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0,P1,P2...) passes the additional parameters % P1,P2... to the derivative function as ODEFUN(T,Y,P1,P2...).%% This is a non-adaptive solver. The step sequence is determined by TSPAN % but the derivative function ODEFUN is evaluated multiple times per step.% The solver implements the classical Runge-Kutta method of order 4.%% Example% tspan = 0:0.1:20;% y = ode4(@vdp1,tspan,[2 0]);% plot(tspan,y(:,1));% solves the system y' = vdp1(t,y) with a constant step size of 0.1,% and plots the first component of the solution.%if ~isnumeric(tspan)error('TSPAN should be a vector of integration steps.');endif ~isnumeric(y0)error('Y0 should be a vector of initial conditions.');endh = diff(tspan);if any(sign(h(1))*h <= 0)error('Entries of TSPAN are not in order.')endtryf0 = feval(odefun,tspan(1),y0,varargin{:});catchmsg = ['Unable to evaluate the ODEFUN at t0,y0. ',lasterr]; error(msg);endy0 = y0(:); % Make a column vector.if ~isequal(size(y0),size(f0))error('Inconsistent sizes of Y0 and f(t0,y0).');endneq = length(y0);N = length(tspan);Y = zeros(neq,N);F = zeros(neq,4);Y(:,1) = y0;for i = 2:Nti = tspan(i-1);hi = h(i-1);yi = Y(:,i-1);F(:,1) = feval(odefun,ti,yi,varargin{:});F(:,2) = feval(odefun,ti+0.5*hi,yi+0.5*hi*F(:,1),varargin{:}); F(:,3) = feval(odefun,ti+0.5*hi,yi+0.5*hi*F(:,2),varargin{:}); F(:,4) = feval(odefun,tspan(i),yi+hi*F(:,3),varargin{:});Y(:,i) = yi + (hi/6)*(F(:,1) + 2*F(:,2) + 2*F(:,3) + F(:,4));endY = Y.';定步长RK4(自编):CODE:function Y=RungeKutta4(f,xn,y0)% xn=0:.1:1;% y0=1;% y_n=[];% f=@(X1,Y1) Y1-2*X1/Y1;y_n=[];h=diff(xn(1:2));for i=1:length(xn)-1K1=f(xn(i),y0);K2=f(xn(i)+h/2,y0+h*K1/2);K3=f(xn(i)+h/2,y0+h*K2/2);K4=f(xn(i)+h,y0+h*K3);y_n=[y_n;y0+h/6*(K1+2*K2+2*K3+K4)];y0=y_n(end);endY=y_n;ODE5 五阶龙格－库塔法CODE:function Y = ode5(odefun,tspan,y0,varargin)%ODE5 Solve differential equations with a non-adaptive method of order 5.% Y = ODE5(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0) with TSPAN = [T1, T2, T3, ... TN] integrates % the system of differential equations y' = f(t,y) by stepping from T0 to% T1 to TN. Function ODEFUN(T,Y) must return f(t,y) in a column vector.% The vector Y0 is the initial conditions at T0. Each row in the solution% array Y corresponds to a time specified in TSPAN.%% Y = ODE5(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0,P1,P2...) passes the additional parameters % P1,P2... to the derivative function as ODEFUN(T,Y,P1,P2...).%% This is a non-adaptive solver. The step sequence is determined by TSPAN % but the derivative function ODEFUN is evaluated multiple times per step.% The solver implements the Dormand-Prince method of order 5 in a general % framework of explicit Runge-Kutta methods.%% Example% tspan = 0:0.1:20;% y = ode5(@vdp1,tspan,[2 0]);% plot(tspan,y(:,1));% solves the system y' = vdp1(t,y) with a constant step size of 0.1,% and plots the first component of the solution.if ~isnumeric(tspan)error('TSPAN should be a vector of integration steps.');endif ~isnumeric(y0)error('Y0 should be a vector of initial conditions.');endh = diff(tspan);if any(sign(h(1))*h <= 0)error('Entries of TSPAN are not in order.')endtryf0 = feval(odefun,tspan(1),y0,varargin{:});catchmsg = ['Unable to evaluate the ODEFUN at t0,y0. ',lasterr];error(msg);endy0 = y0(:); % Make a column vector.if ~isequal(size(y0),size(f0))error('Inconsistent sizes of Y0 and f(t0,y0).');endneq = length(y0);N = length(tspan);Y = zeros(neq,N);% Method coefficients -- Butcher's tableau%% C | A% --+---% | BC = [1/5; 3/10; 4/5; 8/9; 1];A = [ 1/5, 0, 0, 0, 03/40, 9/40, 0, 0, 044/45 -56/15, 32/9, 0, 019372/6561, -25360/2187, 64448/6561, -212/729, 0 9017/3168, -355/33, 46732/5247, 49/176, -5103/18656];B = [35/384, 0, 500/1113, 125/192, -2187/6784, 11/84]; % More convenient storageA = A.';B = B(:);nstages = length(B);F = zeros(neq,nstages);Y(:,1) = y0;for i = 2:Nti = tspan(i-1);hi = h(i-1);yi = Y(:,i-1);% General explicit Runge-Kutta frameworkF(:,1) = feval(odefun,ti,yi,varargin{:});for stage = 2:nstageststage = ti + C(stage-1)*hi;ystage = yi + F(:,1:stage-1)*(hi*A(1:stage-1,stage-1));F(:,stage) = feval(odefun,tstage,ystage,varargin{:});endY(:,i) = yi + F*(hi*B);endY = Y.';-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------自适应步长RKF45(相当于ode45)ODE45 是4阶方法提供候选解，5阶方法控制误差。

例题1.11 用龙格-库塔法求解下列微分方程组：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧⨯--==1222212.31.0dx x x dtdx x dt 当t=0时，1x =1，2x =0.求解区间为（0，1），步长为0.2。

C 语言程序如下：#include<stdio.h>#include<math.h>#include<stdlib.h>main(){int i,a,b;double h,n,y1,y2,x[100],z[100],y[100],k1,k2,k3,k4,g1,g2,g3,g4;printf(" 请输入区间（a,b ）:\n\t");scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);printf(" 请输入步长h:\n\t");scanf("%lf",&h);printf(" 请输入初始条件x1,x2:\n\t");scanf("%lf %lf",&y1,&y2);n=(b-a)/h;y[0]=y1;z[0]=y2;x[0]=a;for(i=0;i<=n;i++){x[i+1]=x[i]+h;k1=z[i];k2=y[i]+k1*h*0.5;k3=y[i]+k2*h*0.5;k4=y[i]+k3*h;g1=-0.1*z[i]-3.2*3.2*y[i];g2=z[i]+g1*h*0.5;g3=z[i]+g2*h*0.5;g4=z[i]+g3*h;z[i+1]=z[i]+h*(g1+2*g2+2*g3+g4)/6;y[i+1]=y[i]+h*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6;}printf("\tT\tX0\tX1\n");for(i=0;i<=n;i++){printf("\t%1.3f\t%lf\t%lf\n",x[i],y[i],z[i]);}system("pause");}其运行结果如下：例题3.2 用黄金分割法求解下列最优化问题：目标函数：2016)(2+-=x x x f约束条件：⎩⎨⎧≤-≥+010010x x 根据约束条件，最优x 只能在区间 [-10,10]搜索。

考试课程数学实验下午班级姓名学号得分[说明]（1）第一、二、三题的答案直接填在试题纸上；（2）第四题将数学模型、简要解题过程和结果写在试题纸上；卷面空间不够时，请写在背面；（3）除非特别说明，所有计算结果小数点后保留4位数字。

（4）考试时间为120分钟。

一、（10分）某厂生产A、B两种产品，1千克原料在甲类设备上用12小时可生产3件A，可获净利润64元；在乙类设备上用8小时可生产4件B，可获净利润54元。

该厂每天可获得55千克原料，每天总的劳动时间为480小时，且甲类设备每天至多能生产80件A。

试为该厂制订生产计划使每天的净利润最大。

1）以生产A、B产品所用原料的数量x1、x2（千克）作为决策变量，建立的数学规划模型是：决策变量：生产A原料x1；生产B原料x2目标函数：y=64*x1+54*x2约束条件：x1+x2 ≤5512*x1+8*x2≤4803*x1≤80x1,x2 0基本模型：max(y)= 64*x1+54*x2s.t. x1+x2 ≤5512*x1+8*x2≤4803*x1≤80x1,x2 0c=[64 54];A1=[ 1 1 ;12 8 ;3 0];b1=[55;480;80];v1=[0 0];[x,z,ef,out,lag]=linprog(-c,A1,b1,[],[],v1)lag.ineqlin输出结果:x =10.000000004005848ans =0.0000000002784052）每天的最大净利润是___3070__元。

若要求工人加班以增加劳动时间，则加班费最多为每小时__2.5__元。

若A获利增加到26元/件，应否改变生产计划？____不变___c=[78 54];A1=[ 1 1 ;12 8 ;3 0];b1=[55;480;80];v1=[0 0];[x,z,ef,out,lag]=linprog(-c,A1,b1,[],[],v1)45.000000000000625二、(10分) 已知常微分方程组初值问题试用数值方法求()6y π=__ 1.73205____(保留小数点后5位数字)。