Emerson self-reliance and nature

爱默生 nature读后感英文回答：Nature is a philosophical essay written by Ralph Waldo Emerson. In this essay, Emerson explores the concept of nature and its relationship with humanity. He argues that nature is a source of inspiration and spiritual enlightenment.Emerson begins the essay by stating that nature is a reflection of the divine and that it is a source of truth and beauty. He believes that by immersing ourselves in nature, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Nature, according to Emerson, is a teacher that can guide us towards a more fulfilling and meaningful life.One of the main themes in Nature is the idea of self-reliance. Emerson encourages individuals to trust their own instincts and intuition, rather than relying on societalnorms and expectations. He believes that by connecting with nature, we can tap into our own inner wisdom and live authentically.Emerson also emphasizes the importance of solitude and contemplation. He argues that spending time alone in nature allows us to reconnect with our true selves and find inner peace. In the hustle and bustle of modern life, it is easy to lose touch with our own thoughts and emotions. Nature provides a sanctuary where we can escape from the noise and distractions of the world and find solace in silence.Furthermore, Emerson highlights the interconnectedness of all living beings. He believes that every part of nature is connected and that humans are part of a larger web of life. This interconnectedness should inspire us to treat nature with respect and care. Emerson urges us to see ourselves as stewards of the Earth, responsible for preserving its beauty and harmony.In conclusion, Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson is a thought-provoking essay that explores the significance ofnature in our lives. Through his eloquent writing, Emerson urges us to reconnect with nature, trust our own instincts, and live authentically. By immersing ourselves in nature,we can find inspiration, wisdom, and a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.中文回答：《自然》是拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生所写的一篇哲学性的文章。

爱默生作品的英文作文Ralph Waldo Emerson was a prolific writer and philosopher whose works continue to resonate with readers today. His essays and speeches explore a wide range of topics, from nature and self-reliance to the importance of individualism and the pursuit of truth. Emerson's writing style is characterized by its eloquence, depth, andthought-provoking ideas.In his essay "Nature," Emerson celebrates the beauty and power of the natural world. He encourages readers to connect with nature and find solace and inspiration in its presence. Emerson's vivid descriptions and poetic language transport the reader to the serene landscapes he describes, making them feel as if they are experiencing nature firsthand.Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance" is a powerful call to embrace one's individuality and reject societal conformity. He urges readers to trust their own instincts and beliefs,rather than relying on the opinions and expectations of others. Emerson's bold and assertive language challenges readers to question the status quo and forge their own path in life.In "The American Scholar," Emerson explores the role of the intellectual and the importance of education. He argues that true learning comes from personal experience and self-reflection, rather than simply absorbing information from books. Emerson's passionate and persuasive languageinspires readers to think critically and pursue knowledge for the sake of personal growth and enlightenment.Emerson's essay "The Over-Soul" delves into the concept of a universal spiritual essence that connects all living beings. He suggests that by tapping into this higher power, individuals can achieve a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. Emerson's mystical and metaphysical language invites readers to explore their own spirituality and seek a greater sense of purpose and connection.Emerson's works are not only intellectually stimulating but also emotionally resonant. His essays are filled with profound insights and philosophical musings that provoke deep reflection and contemplation. Emerson's ability to convey complex ideas in a clear and concise manner is a testament to his mastery of language and rhetoric.Overall, Emerson's works continue to captivate readers with their timeless wisdom and poetic beauty. His writings inspire us to embrace our individuality, connect with nature, seek knowledge, and explore our spirituality. Emerson's unique writing style and thought-provoking ideas make him a literary icon whose works will continue to be cherished and studied for generations to come.。

爱默生作品nature英文简介Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay "Nature" was published in 1836 and is regarded as one of the foundational texts of the transcendentalist movement in American literature. In this essay, Emerson explores the relationship between humans and nature, advocating for a closer connection to the natural world.Emerson argues that nature is a source of inspiration and spiritual renewal for humans. He suggests that by immersing oneself in nature, individuals can experience a sense ofunity with the universe and tap into their own inherent divinity. According to Emerson, nature can provide solace and bring harmony to one's soul.Emerson also emphasizes the importance of individuality and self-reliance, cautioning against conformity and blind adherence to societal norms. He urges his readers to followtheir own intuition and embrace their unique thoughts and ideas. Nature, for Emerson, serves as a direct incentive for cultivating individuality and pursuing personal growth.Furthermore, Emerson discusses the concept of "oversoul" in this essay, which refers to a universal spirit or divine essence that transcends individual existence. He suggeststhat by seeking harmony with nature, humans can tap into this higher consciousness and gain a deeper understanding oflife's purpose.Overall, "Nature" is an essay that encourages readers to embrace the beauty of the natural world, explore their own individuality, and strive for a deeper spiritual connection with the universe. It laid the groundwork for the transcendentalist movement and continues to inspire readers to this day.。

1.The History of American literatureThe literature of Colonial American (1607-1765)The literature of Reason and Revolution(1765—18世纪末）The literature of Romanticism（1800—1865）The literature of Realism（1865—1918）The literature of Modernism（1918－1945）The contemporary literature (1945－Now)2.Benjamin Franklin The AutobiographyThat good fortune, when I reflected on it, which is frequently the case, has induced me something to say that were it left to my choice, I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end, only asking the advantage authors have of correcting in a second edition some faults of the first.3.Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.4.Edgar Allan Poe The Cask of AmontilladoI must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong.5.Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle ( The Sketch Book )“Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.”Interpretations of Rip Van WinkleA New Critical Approach: A peaceful village before Revolution Natural world in the mountains ; A noisy world after revolution ------Irving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America ------both Rip and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like worldA Feminist Approach : Rip is a good person with more advantages than disadvantages, and readers always show sympathy on him because he has such bad-tempered wife. It seems that he has good reason to go out from his family. He was forced to go out .In fact , Rip: a lazy ,foolish man,an irresponsible father,a hard-hearted husband.His wife :a hard-working ,thrift woman, a kind ,responsible mother, an able, brave woman.6.Summit of Romanticism (American Transcendentalism)Emerson Nature & Self-RelianceThoreau WaldenNature : Standing on the bare ground, -- my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental: to be brothers, to be acquaintances, -- master or servant, is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. In the wilderness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.Self Reliance:Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist.It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.Walden:1 A man is rich in proportion to the number of things which he can afford to let alone.2 I have frequently seen a poet withdraw , having enjoyed the most valuable part of a farm, while the crusty farmers supposed that he had got a few apples only.3 The hollow and lichen-covered apple trees, gnawed by rabbits, showing what kind of neighbors I should have.4 But I would say to my fellows, once for all, as long as possible live free and uncommitted. It makes but little difference whether you are committed to a farm or the country jail.5 As I have said , I do not propose to write an ode to dejection, but to brag as lustily as chanticleer in the morning, standing on his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up.6 The morning wind forever blows, the poem of creation is uninterrupted; but few are the ears that hear it.7 The Harivansa says,“An abode without birds is like a meat without seasoning.”such was not my abode, for I found myself suddenly neighbor to the birds, not by having imprisoned one, but having caged myself near them8 “There was a shepherd that did live, And held his thoughts as high .As were the mounts whereon his flocks. Did hourly feed his by”What should we think of the shepherd’s life if his flocks always wandered to higher pastures than his thoughts?Purpose : 1.escaping the effects of the Industrial Revolution by leading to a simpler life.2.simplifying life and reducing expenditures, increasing writings time3.putting into practice the Transcendentalist beliefIdeas : 1. the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.2 .was very critical of modern civilization.3.spiritual richness is real wealth7.Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne--1.confesses her guilty, faces the future optimistically，helps others2. able to construct her life, wins a moral success3. moral growth-----angelDimmesdale----1.hides his guilty first2.undergoes the physical and spiritual tormentsChillingworth--morally degrades by his pursuit of revengePearl----1, it means treasure ( the treasure to her mother. )2, Came out of an ugly shell but is beautifulTheme: 1 Don’t intend to tell a love story2 assumes the universalityof guilty3 explores the complexities and ambiguities of man’s choices4 focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects of the sin on the people.8.Longfellow A Paslm of Life / The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls / I shot an Arrow / My Lost Youth / The Rainy DayThe tide rises,The Tide Falls (1879)The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls;Along the sea-sands damp and brown, The traveler hastens toward the town,And the tide rises, the tide falls.Darkness settles on roofs and walls,But the sea in the darkness calls;The little waves, with their soft white hands,Efface the footprints in the sands,And the tide rises, the tide falls.The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls, Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;The day returns, but nevermore . Returns the traveler to the shore,And the tide rises, the tide falls.My Lost YouthOften I think of the beautiful townThat is seated by the sea;Often in thought go up and downThe pleasant streets of that dear old town,And my youth comes back to me.And a verse of a Lapland songIs haunting my memory still'A boy's will is the wind's will,And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughtsI shot an arrowI shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight. Could not follow it in its flight.I breathed a song into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For who has sight so keen and strong,That it can follow the flight of song?Long, long afterward, in an oak. I found the arrow, still unbroken;And the song, from beginning to end,I found again in the heart of a friend.9.Edgar Allan Poe To Helen Annabel Lee “The Raven”For the moon never beams without bringing me dreamsOf the beautiful ANNABEL LEE ；And the stars never rise but I see the bright eyesOf the beautiful ANNABEL LEE ；And so，all the night-tide , I lie down by the sideOf my darling —my darling —my life and my bride，In her sepulcher there by the sea—，In her tomb by the sounding sea.10.Emily Dickinson I Started Early-Took My Dog- I am NobodyTo Make a Prairie Success is counted sweetestI started Early -- Took my Dog -- And visited the Sea --The Mermaids in the Basement Came out to look at me --And Frigates -- in the Upper Floor Extended Hempen Hands --Presuming Me to be a Mouse -- Aground -- upon the Sands --But no Man moved Me -- till the Tide Went past my simple Shoe --And past my Apron -- and my Belt -- And past my Bodice -- too --And made as He would eat me up --As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve --And then -- I started -- too -- And He -- He followed -- close behind --I felt his Silver Heel Upon my Ankle -- Then my ShoesWould overflow with Pearl --Until We met the Solid Town -- No One He seemed to know --And bowing -- with a Might look -- At me -- The Sea withdrew --1 The speaker is extremely frightened by the sea.2.The speaker also seems attracted to the sea.3. The speaker runs to town to escape the sea.4. She has a conflicted relationship to the sea.5. she is attracted to sth that frightens her---her self consciousness may mean she has some desire about which she feels guilty.Water, The seaThe unconscious, the emotions, the desire, the sexuality.The speaker’s conflicted attitude toward the sea implies a conflicted attitude toward sex (sex both attract and frightens her)11.Whitman Leaves of Grass One's Self I Sing O Captain! My Captain(free verse)The "ship" is intended to represent the United States of America, while its "fearful trip" recalls the troubles of the American Civil War. The "Captain" is Lincoln himself. (metaphor ) Rrhyme scheme : a a b b c d e d12.Mark Twain (realism) The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyThe Adventure of Tom Sawyer13.Naturalism Theodore Sister CarrieStephen Crane The Open Boat1. Sister CarrieOh, Carrie, Carrie! Oh, blind strivings of the human heart! Onward, onward, it saith(say), and where beauty leads, there it follows. Whether it be the tinkle of a lone sheep bell o‘er some quiet landscape, or the glimmer of beauty in sylvan places, or the show of soul in some passing eye, the heart knows and makes answer, following. It is when the feet weary and hope seems vain that the heartaches and the longings arise. Know, then, that for you is neither surfeit(过量）nor content. In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.2. The Open BoatNaturalism in the story1,The indifference of natureThe oiler was the most skilled and capable manIf nature were just, The oiler would be the last of the four men who should have died. The oiler’s death and lack of explanation surrounding it reinforce the randomness of nature’s whims and symbolize the indifference of nature toward manIn the story a bird watches them and is completely indifferent.2,The survival of the fittestWhile the cook, captain, and correspondent all depend on a manmade or naturally occurring device to help them to the shore, the oiler goes it alone, relying only on his human strength and not on his more evolved capacity for thought and strategy.The “fittest”are the men who have relied on man’s ability to intelligently adapt and create.3,Man’s insignificance and aloneness in the universeThey think the man sees them. Then they think they see two men, then a crowd and perhaps a boat being rolled down to the shore. They stubbornly think that help is on the way as the shadows lengthen and the sea and sky turn black.14.Sherwood Anderson The Triumph of The EggThe Egg’s Symbolic Meanings :1.The Egg: The Robber2.The Egg: Beautiful But Fragile American Dream3 The Egg: The Old Unsolved Riddle15.Anne Porter The Jilting of Granny Weatherall (Stream-of-Consciousness Narration)16.F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyEast Egg represents the established aristocracy, West Egg the self-made richThe unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”?It is complicated to say Gatsby deserves to be “great”or not.For one thing, Gatsby’s capacity to dream makes him “great”. Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause. Gatsby never gave up his idealistic dream while striving for material joy. Gatsby kept on making efforts to balance the both sides. In this respect, he is great.For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. He is not so wise and he can not see the people clearly. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him. In this respect, He wasn’t sober enough to be great.17.Ernest Hemingway (Iceberg theory)A Clean, Well-lighted Place The Old Man and The Sea18.Modern Poetry ImagismPound In a Station of the MetroWilliam Carlos Williams Spring and All The Red Wheelbarrow so much depends upon a red wheelbarrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens.19.Robert FrostFire And IceThe Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningWhose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though; (woods 象征着大自然，而village 象征着人类社会)He will not see me stopping here,To watch his woods fill up with snow (snow --- purity )My little horse must think it queer，To stop without a farmhouse near,Between the woods and frozen lake，The darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shake, (he---My horse,Personification )To ask if there is some mistake.The only other sound’s the sweep, (Alliteration )Of easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark and deep, (Alliteration )But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Rhyme : interlocking enclosed rhyme (aaba ,bbcb,ccdc, dddd)Rhetorical DeviceAlliteration---sound & sleep; dark & deepPersonification “he”—horse “My little horse must think it queer.”Repetition (重复) “and miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep.( Superficial meaning: there is still a long distance before the speaker arrives at home and sleeps. Implied meaning: there are still numerous responsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end.SymbolismWoods--The mystery of nature; the temptations in our lifeVillage & He (the owner of the woods)—Human world & societySnow--Something of purityPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life20.Eugene O’Neill Desire Under the Elms (Abbie,Eben,Ephraim, Simeon ,Peter)21.Toni Morrison Recitatif。

关于emerson的nature读后感英文版When I first read Emerson's "Nature," I was struck by the profound connection he draws between humanity and the natural world. Emerson's writing is both poetic and philosophical, inviting readers to contemplate their place in the universe and the interconnectedness of all living beings.One of the key themes in "Nature" is the idea that nature is a source of spiritual and intellectual inspiration. Emerson argues that by immersing ourselves in the beauty and majesty of the natural world, we can awaken our own inner creativity and intuition. He encourages us to see nature not as separate from ourselves, but as a reflection of our own innermost thoughts and feelings.Emerson also explores the concept of self-reliance in "Nature," urging readers to trust in their own instincts and beliefs. He believes that by following our own inner guidance, we can achieve a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. This idea of self-reliance is a powerful reminder that we have the ability to shape our own destinies and create our own paths in life.Overall, reading Emerson's "Nature" has been a transformative experience for me. It has deepened my appreciation for the natural world and inspired me to connect more deeply with my own inner self. Emerson's words are a reminder of the beauty and wonder that surrounds us, and the importance of living in harmony with nature.中文翻译当我第一次阅读爱默生的《自然》时，我被他所描绘的人类与自然界之间的深刻联系所震撼。

拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生节选英语读后感Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet who has left a lasting impact on literature and philosophy. His works, filled with insight and wisdom, continue to inspire readers today. In this essay, I will share my thoughts on selected writings by Emerson and how they have influenced my understanding of the world.One of the key themes in Emerson's writings is self-reliance. He believes that individuals should trust their own instincts and beliefs, rather than conforming to societal norms. This idea resonated with me, as I have often struggled with feeling pressure to fit in and follow the crowd. Emerson's emphasis on self-reliance encouraged me to embrace my uniqueness and follow my own path, even if it means going against the grain.Another important concept in Emerson's work is the idea of nature as a source of inspiration and spiritual growth. He believed that connecting with nature could lead to a deeper understanding of oneself and the world. After reading Emerson's reflections on nature, I have started to spend more time outdoors, whether it's going for a hike in the woods or simply sitting in a park. I have found that being in nature helps me feelmore grounded and connected to something greater than myself.Emerson's writings also explore the concept of individualism and the importance of thinking for oneself. He encourages readers to question authority and conventional wisdom, and to forge their own path based on their own beliefs and values. This message has been empowering for me, as it has given me the confidence to trust my own judgment and not be swayed by external influences.Overall, reading Emerson's works has been a transformative experience for me. His insights into self-reliance, nature, and individualism have challenged me to think more deeply about my own beliefs and values. I have gained a greater appreciation for the power of introspection and the importance of living authentically. Emerson's words continue to inspire me to seek out my own path and to strive for personal growth and fulfillment.。

爱默生的英文简介作文英文：Ralph Waldo Emerson is a well-known American essayist, poet, and philosopher who lived from 1803 to 1882. He was a leading figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized the importance of individualism, intuition, and spiritual unity with nature.Emerson's writing was highly influential in shaping American literature and thought. Some of his most famous essays include "Self-Reliance," "The American Scholar," and "Nature." In these works, he encouraged readers to trust their own instincts and ideas, rather than relying on tradition or authority. He also celebrated the beauty and power of nature, and argued that humans should strive to live in harmony with the natural world.Emerson's ideas continue to be studied and debated today, and his influence can be seen in the work of manycontemporary writers and thinkers. For example, the idea of "self-reliance" has become a popular concept in modernself-help literature, and many environmentalists and conservationists draw inspiration from Emerson's reverence for nature.中文：拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生是一位著名的美国散文家、诗人和哲学家，生于1803年，卒于1882年。

Free V erse:is poetry that is based on irregular rhythmic cadence（抑扬顿挫，节奏）recurring ,withvariations of phrases ,image ,and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter . In other word ,free verse has no rhythm scheme, pattern or line length, new form, new subject, message was always moreimportant than form .However ,much poetic language and devices（手段，策略）are found in free verse .It is used in Walt Whitman’s poems.Local Colorism: is defined by Hamlin Garland加兰in his Crumbling Idols as having “such quality of texture（手感，质感）and background that is could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native”Texture refers to the elements which characterize（是---特征，以----为特征）a local culture , elements such as speech , customs , and mores peculiar to one particular place.Background covers physical身体setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which human thoughtand behavior.Other definition: a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the careful attention in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion错觉，幻想of an indigenous土生土长的，固有的little word with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.Major Local Colorists: Mark Twain; Hamlin Garland (Main Travelled Roads)Imagism:1) It is a Movement in U.S and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete明确的，实体的language and figures of speech, modern subject matter主旨, metrical韵律freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise精确的visual看得见的images.2) It grew out of the symbolism movement in 1912 and was initially led by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others.3) The Imagist manifesto宣言came out in 1912 showed three Imagist poetic principles:A: Direct treatment of the “thing” whether subject or objective.B: To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.C: As regarding rhythm: to compose创作in the sequenc e有关联的一组事物, 一连串of musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome节拍器.4) Pound defined the image as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time,版权所有本人亲自打出来的期末复习资料and later he extended this definition when he started that an image was “a vortex旋窝or cluster串of fused熔化; 融合ideas, endowed with energy”.5) The existed great influence in Chinese poetry on the movement of Imagism. Imagists found value in Chinese poetry was because Chinese poetry is, by virtue长处of the ideographic象形文字and pictographic nature of Chinese language, essentially imagistic poetry.The Lost Generation:is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals知识分子, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WW1 years to reject the values of American materialism唯物主义and to seek the bohemian(放浪者)(a person with artistic or literary interests who disregards conventional standards ofbehavior) lifestyle in Pairs. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.Refers to the disillusioned使不再抱幻想intellectuals and aesthetes审美家of the years following WW1, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or a cynical愤世嫉俗的hedonism(快乐主义).The main representatives代表人of Lost Generation include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and so on.Modernism:is a culture movement that is generally includes the progressive不断有进展的art and architecture建筑学,design, literature, music, painting ,dance and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of 20th century, particular in the years following WW1. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against the 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced信奉，拥抱the new economic,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.Modernism in literature is not easily to summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral诉诸理性的;非感情方面的rather than emotive-aspects.The avant-garde革新者movements that followed-including Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism立体派, Futurism未来主义, Expressionism, Constructivism构成主义and Abstract抽象Expressionism are generally defined as Modernist.版权所有本人亲自打出来的期末复习资料The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment脱离, 分离, dislocation脱位, and alienation疏远of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism形式主义and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm大灾难known as the Modern Age.Among the American writer, the best known Modernism is Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and so on.Transcendentalism:is a philosophical哲学上的and literary movement that flourished繁荣in New England from about 1836-1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy正统观念of Calvinism and rationalism理性主义of the Unitarian唯一神论者Church, developing their own faith centering on the divinit y宗教的，神学的of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalismderived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religiousteachings. The beliefs that God is immanent天生的，内在的in each person and in nature and that individual intuition直觉is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance,and rejection of traditional authority. The Ideas of transcendentalism were mostly eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essay as Nature and Self-reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. Major Features:A. placing emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe --- a new way of looking at the world (omnipresent无所不在, omniscient无所不知, omnipotent全能的)B. the importance of the individual as the most important element of society. --- A new way of looking at man (The regeneration新生，革新of the society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, through his self-perfection, self-culture, self-improvement, self-reliance)C. offering a fresh perception认识，看法of nature as symbolic of Spirit or God. (Nature was not purely matter. It was the garment衣服of the Oversoul.)Jazz Age:describe he period of 1920s and 1930s, the years between WW1 and WW2, particular in NorthAmerican; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of the age saw much decline. The most representative literature work is The Great Gatsby highlighting强调what some describe as the decadence衰落，堕落and hedonism享乐主义, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term 版权所有本人亲自打出来的期末复习资料。

Name __________________________________________ Period ___________Self-Reliance - Ralph Waldo EmersonThere is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. Not for nothing one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression on him, and another none. This sculpture in the memory is not without preestablished harmony. The eye was placed where one ray should fall, that it might testify of that particular ray. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. It may be safely trusted as proportionate and of good issues, so it be faithfully imparted, but God will not have his work made manifest by cowards. A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver. In the attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope.Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men have always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying their perception that the absolutely trustworthy was seated at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being. And we are now men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers, and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort, and advancing on Chaos and the Dark.<Paragraphs omitted>These are the voices which we hear in solitude, but they grow faint and inaudible as we enter into the world. Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. Society is a joint-stock company, in which the members agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. It loves not realities and creators, but names and customs.Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.<paragraphs omitted>A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. He may as well concern himself with his shadow on the wall. Speak what you think now in hard words, and to-morrow speak what to-morrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict every thing you said to-day. — 'Ah, so you shall be sure to be misunderstood.' — Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood.<paragraphs omitted>…..Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles.Below is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted Welcome to visit againXXXX annual work summaryDear every leader, colleagues:Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。

Self-Reliance(课本译文)每个人在求学时期的某一天都会得出这样一种信念：妒嫉就是无知，模仿等于自杀；一个人无论是好是坏，必须让命运属于自己；如果不在自己的土地上努力耕作，就不会有任何一粒有营养的粮食自己送上门——即使这广阔的宇宙不乏善举。

他潜藏的力量十分奇妙，除他之外再不会有人知道他的本领，而且他也要经过尝试，否则他自己不会知道。

一张脸、一个人、一件事，在他那里而不是在另外一个人那里留下深刻印象，这不是没有原因的。

铭刻在记忆中的这种东西有着提前确定的和谐。

眼睛能看到那道光线，是因为它被安置在了那道光线应该照到的地方。

我们无法充分地表现自己，而且我们感到羞愧——对各自所代表的那种神圣观念的羞愧。

我们完全可以这样想，这种观念特别恰当，必然会创造好的结果，因此应该去忠实地传达它，可是这份功业，上帝可不愿意让懦夫来阐明。

只有竭尽全力地用心工作，一个人才会感到安心和快乐；如果他并没有这样说或者这样做，那么他将不得安宁。

那是一种为解脱而做的解脱。

还处于尝试的阶段，他就被他的天赋所抛弃；灵感、发明、希望，全都没有。

信任你自己吧，每颗心都在随着那根铁弦颤动，接受你的位置吧，神圣的天意早已给你安排好了。

接受和你同时代的人所构成的这个社会以及种种事件之间的联系。

伟大的人物总是这样，而且把自己像孩子一样托付给同时代的天才，以此表明自己的心迹：绝对可信的东西就在他们心底藏着，通过他们的手在活动，并主导他们的存在。

我们都是成年人，必须在最高尚的心灵里接受相同的超验命运；我们不是躲在安全角落的婴儿和病人，也不是革命面前临阵脱逃的懦夫，我们是领袖，是救世主，是恩人，服从上帝的旨意，冲向混沌和黑暗。

对于这个问题，在儿童、婴儿甚至动物的脸和行为上，大自然给了我们多么神奇的启迪啊！那种分裂和叛逆的心灵，那种对某种感情的怀疑态度（我们可以计算出违背自己旨意的力量和手段），他们并不拥有。

他们有完整的心灵和未被征服的眼光，当我们盯着他们看时，惴惴不安的反而是我们。

爱默生英文简介Ralph Waldo Emerson, widely regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the 19th century, was born on May 25, 1803, in Boston, Massachusetts. He emerged as a prominent figure in the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and the power of nature.Throughout his life, Emerson wrote numerous essays, delivered countless lectures, and published several books that explored his unique philosophies and ideas. His works have had a profound impact on American literature and continue to inspire people around the world.Emerson's intellectual journey began at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1821. After completing his studies, he became a Unitarian minister and delivered sermons in various churches. However, he soon became disillusioned with organized religion and abandoned the pulpit. This marked a significant turning point in his life as he began to develop his own spiritual beliefs and philosophical ideas.In 1832, Emerson traveled to Europe, where he met influential thinkers such as Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. These encounters expanded his intellectual horizons and exposed him to new ideas that would shape his own philosophy. Inspired by his experiences abroad, Emerson returned to the United States and embarked on a career as a writer and lecturer.One of Emerson's most famous works is his essay collection, "Nature," published in 1836. This groundbreaking work articulatedhis belief in the inherent goodness of both humans and nature and laid the foundation for Transcendentalism. Emerson argued that individuals should strive to live in harmony with nature and trust their own intuition rather than conforming to societal norms.Another seminal work by Emerson is "Self-Reliance," published in 1841. In this essay, he urged individuals to trust in their own abilities and to follow their own path, regardless of societal expectations. He emphasized the importance of non-conformity and independent thinking, stating, "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment."Emerson's works not only explored philosophical ideas but also tackled social and political issues of his time. He was an outspoken critic of slavery and fervently supported the abolitionist movement. His lectures, such as "The Fugitive Slave Law," delivered in 1851, condemned the laws that supported the capture and return of escaped slaves.Emerson's impact extended beyond his writing and lectures. He was a mentor and friend to several important figures in American literature and politics, including Henry David Thoreau and Louisa May Alcott. Thoreau, in particular, was deeply influenced by Emerson and lived in a small cabin on Emerson's property in Concord, Massachusetts, where he wrote his seminal work, "Walden."Emerson continued to write and lecture until his death on April 27, 1882. His legacy as a philosopher, essayist, and poet continues toresonate today. His ideas on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature have been embraced by generations of readers seeking guidance and inspiration.In conclusion, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a pioneering figure in American literature and philosophy. His essays and lectures continue to be studied and celebrated for their insights into the human condition and their emphasis on the importance of self-discovery and personal growth. Emerson's works remind us to trust our own instincts, embrace our individuality, and seek enlightenment in the beauty of nature.Emerson's influence on American literature and philosophy cannot be overstated. His ideas, eloquently articulated in his essays and lectures, have shaped the way we think about individualism, nature, and the pursuit of truth.One of Emerson's key concepts is the idea of self-reliance. He believed that individuals should trust their own instincts and follow their own path, rather than conforming to societal expectations or relying on others for guidance. This idea resonated with many readers, especially those who valued personal freedom and independence.In "Self-Reliance," Emerson writes, "Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string." He urges individuals to have confidence in their own abilities and to resist the pressures to conform. He believed that true greatness comes from within, from following one's own unique passions and talents.Emerson's emphasis on self-reliance was not just a personal philosophy; it had profound implications for society as a whole. Hebelieved that a society made up of self-reliant individuals would be more just and equitable. In his essay "Politics," Emerson argues that true democracy can only exist when individuals have the freedom to think for themselves and make their own decisions.This emphasis on individualism and self-reliance also extended to Emerson's views on education. He believed that education should not be about memorizing facts and figures, but about nurturing a person's innate curiosity and guiding them to think critically and independently. In his famous essay "The American Scholar," Emerson calls for a new kind of education that focuses on developing the individual's own unique genius rather than conforming to established norms.Emerson's ideas on the importance of nature were also groundbreaking. He believed that spending time in nature could restore one's sense of peace and harmony, and that it held lessons and truths that could not be found elsewhere. In his essay "Nature," he writes, "The lover of nature is he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other; who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood."Emerson saw nature as a powerful force that could connect individuals to something greater than themselves. He believed that in nature, we can find a reflection of our own inner selves and a source of spiritual insight. This idea had a profound impact on subsequent generations of writers and thinkers, including the Transcendentalists who followed in Emerson's footsteps. Emerson's ideas were not without their critics, however. Someargued that his emphasis on individualism and self-reliance could lead to selfishness and a lack of concern for the wider community. Others questioned his sometimes abstract and lofty language, suggesting that his ideas were not practical or applicable to everyday life.Despite these criticisms, Emerson's legacy endures. His writings continue to be studied and celebrated, and his ideas on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature still resonate with readers today. His work laid the foundation for a uniquely American philosophy that values personal freedom and the pursuit of truth.Emerson's influence extends beyond literature and philosophy. His ideas also had a significant impact on social and political movements of his time. As an outspoken critic of slavery, Emerson played a key role in shaping public opinion on the issue. His lectures and essays condemning slavery and supporting the abolitionist cause helped to mobilize support for the movement.Emerson's influence can also be seen in the works of his contemporaries and successors. Writers such as Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson were all influenced by Emerson's ideas and incorporated them into their own works. These writers shaped the course of American literature and helped to define what it means to be an American writer.In conclusion, Ralph Waldo Emerson's ideas continue to resonate with readers and thinkers today. His emphasis on self-reliance, individualism, and the power of nature has had a profound impact on American literature and philosophy. Emerson's writings remindus of the importance of trusting ourselves, embracing our own unique genius, and finding solace and inspiration in the beauty of the natural world. His legacy as a thinker and writer is one that will continue to inspire generations to come.。

（中英）Self-Reliance拉尔夫(沃尔多(埃默森(RALPH WALDO EMERSON)自助Self-Reliance愚蠢地坚持随衆随俗乃是心胸狭小的幽灵的表现。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------随着学园运动的发展，埃默森成了一位受人欢迎的演说家。

学园运动始于十九世纪二十年代，是有组织的成人教育的一种早期形式。

它将各种涉及社会问题和学术问题的演说、辩论和讨论带入美国东北和中西部各州的社区。

该运动以亚里士多德给学生讲学的雅典学校命名，爲诸如埃默森、亨利(戴维(梭罗、苏珊(比(安东尼、弗雷德里克(道格拉斯和纳撒尼尔(霍桑等演说家提供了一个讲坛和收入来源。

埃默森的自然主义哲学吸引了广泛的注意和广大的听衆。

他呼吁以内心自我、以直觉、以大自然作爲生活和现实的指南，向那些秉承传统、权威和教条的人提出了挑战。

对于个人主义者和不墨守陈规的人，对于厌恶古训寻求内心真实的人来说，埃默森的言辞具有深遂的吸引力。

美国每一代年轻人都重新发掘埃默森的思想。

这篇杂文是埃默森的最佳代表作，具有警句式的文字和热情洋溢的个人主义。

该文最初发表在1841年埃默森的第一部散文集中。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------前些日子我读了一位著名画家的诗作。

这是些独特而且不落俗套的作品。

在这种诗句中，不论其主题是什麽，心灵总能听到某种告诫。

诗句中所注入的感情比它们所包含的思想内容更可贵。

相信你自己的思想，相信凡是对你心灵来说是真实的，对所有其它人也是真实的??这就是天才。

披露蜇伏在你内心的信念，它便具有普遍的意义;因爲最内在的终将成爲最外在的??我们最初的想法终将在上帝最后审判日的喇叭声中得到响应。

爱默生论自然英语读后感Reading Ralph Waldo Emerson's essays on nature has been a profound experience, offering a fresh perspective on the relationship between humanity and the natural world. Emerson's transcendentalist views resonate deeply, encouraging a contemplative approach to life and the environment.His essay, "Nature," is not merely a description of the physical world but a philosophical exploration of the inherent beauty and wisdom of nature. Emerson posits that nature is a reflection of the divine, and by observing and interacting with it, we can gain insight into our own existence and the universe's workings.One of the most striking aspects of Emerson's writing is his belief in the individual's capacity to interpret nature. He challenges the notion that nature is simply a backdrop to human life, instead suggesting that it is a source of inspiration and a guide for personal growth. This idea is particularly relevant in today's world, where we are often disconnected from the natural environment.Emerson's call to embrace the simplicity and purity of nature as a means to cleanse the mind and spirit is both timely and timeless. His essays serve as a reminder that we are part of a larger ecosystem, and that our actions have consequences beyond our immediate surroundings.Furthermore, Emerson's emphasis on the importance ofself-reliance and intuition in understanding nature is a powerful message. It encourages us to trust our own perceptions and experiences, rather than relying solely on external authorities or conventional wisdom.In conclusion, Emerson's essays on nature are not just a literary masterpiece but also a philosophical guide that encourages us to reconnect with the natural world and to see it as a source of wisdom and inspiration. His work challenges us to live in harmony with nature and to appreciate its beauty and complexity. Reading Emerson has been an enlightening journey, prompting a deeper appreciation for the world around us and our place within it.。