TPO40-阅读单词

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)摘要：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)!新托福TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。

托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!托福 TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)! 新托福 TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。

托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since thetwelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. 【TPO17- Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia】1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○Return○Opportunity○Stimulus○ObstacleParagraph 3: At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships.For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism)in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】4. The word devastated in the passage is closest in meaning to○ Influenced○ Infected○ strengthened○ destroyedParagraph 4: In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】7. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to○Indefensibly○Substan tially○Unintentionally○Partially相关推荐:北美大学校园生活及学习常用词汇短语归纳托福写作常用短语WORD版汇总托福词汇常考词根大收录相关字搜索：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题汇总。

Latitude and BiodiversityWhen we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants.Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.Productivity seems to be involved instead, though perhaps its influence is indirect. Where conditions are most suitable for plant growth—that is, where temperatures are relatively high and uniform and where there is an ample supply of water—one usually finds large masses of vegetation. This leads to a complex structure in the layers of plant material In a tropical rain forest, for example, a very large quantity of plant material builds up above the surface of the ground .There is also a large mass of material, developed below ground as root tissues, but this is less apparent. Careful analysis of the above ground material reveals that it is arranged in a series of layers, the precise number of layers varying with age and the nature of the forest. The arrangement of the biological mass ("biomass") of the vegetation into layered forms is termed its “structure” (as opposed to its “composition,” which refers to the species of organisms forming the community) Structure is essentially the architecture of vegetation, and as in the case of tropical forests, it can be extremely complicated. In a mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin, the canopy (the uppermost layers of a forest, formed by the crowns of trees) takes ona stratified structure. There are three clear peaks in leaf cover at heights of approximately 3, 6, and30 meters above the ground; and the very highest layer, at 50 meters, corresponds to the very tall trees that stand free of the main canopy and form an open layer of their own. So, such a forest contains essentially four layers of canopy. Forests in temperate lands often have just two canopy layers, so they have much less complex architecture.Structure has a strong influence on the animal life inhabiting a site. It forms the spatial environment within which an animal feeds, moves around shelters, lives, and breeds. It even affects the climate on a very local level (the "microclimate") by influencing light intensity, humidity, and both the range and extremes of temperature. An area of grassland vegetation with very simple structure, for example, has a very different microclimate at the ground level from that experienced in the upper canopy. Wind speeds are lower, temperatures are lower during the day (but warmer at night), and the relative humidity is much greater near the ground. The complexity of the microclimate is closely related to the complexity of structure in vegetation, and generally speaking, the more complex the structure of vegetation, the more species of animal are able to make a living there. The high plant biomass of the tropics leads to a greater spatial complexity in the environment, and this leads to a higher potential for diversity in the living things that can occupy a region. The climates of the higher latitudes are generally less favorable for the accumulation of large quantities of biomass; hence, the structure of vegetation is simpler and theanimal diversity is consequently lower.paragraph 1When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants.1. The word “distributed ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. representedB. collectedC. spreadD. managed2. The word “overall ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. considered as a wholeB. to some degreeC. possiblyD. evidentlyparagraph 2Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes —a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth ’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes —and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Some biogeographers believe that the tropics have larger surface areas than they actually do because of the distortions produced by projections of Earth ’s curved surfaceB. High levels of diversity in the tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do, though distortions in commonly used projections may seem to suggest otherwise.C. Because biogeographers disagree on whether or not the tropics are correctly represented in projections of Earth s surface, it is difficult to determine the relationship their surface area has to their diversityD. Most biogeographers agree that the tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes do ，but they disagree on whether or not the tropics ’ level of diversity is a reflection of that larger surface area. ⽂文本⽂文本4. Why does the author mention “Klaus Rohde” in the passage?A. To support the argument that large landmasses are usually richer in species than smaller ones areB. To introduce the argument that there are other factors contributing to species diversity besides land areaC. To cast doubt on whether the tropics actually contain higher species diversity than land at higher latitudes doesD. To emphasize that biogeographers and biologists differ in their approaches to biodiversityparagraph 3Productivity seems to be involved instead, though perhaps its influence is indirect Where conditions are most suitable for plant growth—that is, where temperatures are relatively high and uniform and where there is an ample supply of water—one usually finds large masses of vegetation. This leads to a complex structure in the layers of plant material. In a tropical rain forest, for example, a very large quantity of plant material builds up above the surface of the ground.There is also a large mass of material, developed below ground as root tissues, but this is less apparent Careful analysis of the above ground material reveals that it is arranged in a series of layers, the precise number of layers varying with age and the nature of the forest. The arrangement of the biological mass ("biomass") of the vegetation into layered forms is termed its "structure" (as opposed to its “composition,” which refers to the species of organisms forming the community) Structure is essentially the architecture of vegetation, and as in the case of tropical forests, it can be extremely complicated. In a mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin, the canopy (the uppermost layers of a forest, formed by the crowns of trees) takes on a stratified structure. There are three clear peaks in leaf cover at heights of approximately 3, 6, and 30 meters above the ground; and the very highest layer, at 50 meters, corresponds to the very tall trees that stand free of the main canopy and form an open layer of their own. So, such a forest contains essentially four layers of canopy. Forests in temperate lands often have just two canopy layers, so they have much less complex architecture.5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a condition that benefits plant growth?A. High temperaturesB. Steady temperaturesC. High latitudeD. Plentiful water6. The word “precise” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. exactB. predictedC. approximateD. required7. Paragraph 3 mentions which of the following as creating the structural complexity of a forest?A. The height of the very tallest trees in the forestB. The number of layers of canopyC. The frequency of floods along the plainD. The age of the root tissues below the ground8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements best describes the difference between structure and composition?A. “Structure”refers to the arrangement of plant material above the ground surface; “composition” refers to the arrangement of root tissues below the surface of the ground.B. “Structure” refers to the age of the forest; “composition” refers to the forest's nature.C. “Structure” refers to the arrangement of plant species in an area, “composition” refers to which plant species are present in the area.D. “Structure”refers to the shape of the forest canopy; “composition”refers to the number of crowns forming the canopy.9. Why does the author mention “ mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin” in the passage?A. To dispute the idea that tropical forests are arranged in layersB. To give an example of the complex architecture vegetation displays in a dense areaC. To suggest that the layers of canopy in some tropical forests can exceed the usual three or fourD. To emphasize that the layers of canopy in a tropical forest give evidence of the number of layers of root tissues below the groundparagraph 4Structure has a strong influence on the animal life inhabiting a site. It forms the spatial environment within which an animal feeds, moves around shelters, lives, and breeds. It even affects the climate on a very local level (the "microclimate") by influencing light intensity, humidity, and both the range and extremes of temperature. An area of grassland vegetation with very simple structure, for example, has a very different microclimate at the ground level from that experienced in the upper canopy. Wind speeds are lower, temperatures are lower during the day (but warmer at night), and the relative humidity is much greater near the ground. The complexity of the microclimate is closely related to the complexity of structure in vegetation, and generally speaking, the more complex the structure of vegetation, the more species of animal are able to make a living there. The high plant biomass of the tropics leads to a greater spatial complexity in the environment, and this leads to a higher potential for diversity in the living things that can occupy a region. The climates of the higher latitudes are generally less favorable for the accumulation of large quantities of biomass; hence, the structure of vegetation is simpler and the animal diversity is consequently lower.10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 as an aspect of microclimate?A. Temperature rangeB. Relative humidityC. Light intensityD. Seasonal variations11. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about a region with a high level of diversity of animal species?A. It also has a high level of plant species diversity.B. It has relatively few microclimatesC. It develops a less complex structure than does a region with a high plant species diversity.D. It develops a biomass similar to that of higher latitudes12.The word “consequently” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. usuallyB. obviouslyC. howeverD. therefore13. Look a t the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds一three times the number found in Alaska.Where would the s entence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.When we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants. [■]Why is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? [■] Perhaps it is simply a mat ter of land area. [■] The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth’s curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. [■] But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.14. Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View TextA number of factors may help account for the difference in biodiversity between low and high latitudes.Answer ChoicesA. Though land area may be related to a region's biodiversity, it is not a primary determining factorB. A structure of varying heights is found in both tropical and temperate forests.C. The more complex the structure of the vegetation of a region, the more species it is able to support.D. Regions possessing conditions that are favorable for plant growth tend to have abundant and diverse vegetation that supports a large number of species.E. The difference in microclimate between a ground-level canopy and an upper-level canopy is responsible for the number of species that inhabit each canopy.F. The temperature range of a region determines the number of animals that feed, move around, shelter themselves, live, and breed in that region.。

参考译文古雅典在公元前800年到公元前500年之间，希腊的一个的最重要的变化就是城邦（也叫做city-state）的兴起，每个城邦会发展出一个适合自己情况的政府系统。

雅典所遇到并被解决的问题包括：已经存在的贵族和逐渐出现的其他阶级之间对于政治权利的分享，将贵族的生活方式到新兴的城邦生活方式的调整。

就是所有这些元素的和谐融合产生了雅典的古典文明。

进入到了城邦时代，雅典有着其他希腊原始民主城邦的传统机构：甶男性组成的议会机构，一个贵族委员会，还有年度选举的官员。

从这个传统的架构中，在公元前600年到公元前450年间，雅典人逐渐发展出了希腊人认为完全成熟的民主宪法，尽管从现在的角度来看，拥有投票权的人还是相对较少。

第一批改革发生在公元前594年，由Solon打破了由贵族阶层推举官员这个规则的束缚，决定通过建立财富而不是靠出身作为任职的基础，废除了雅典人民对贵族的经济义务（释：底层民众有义务给贵族钱，比如上供、税收等方式），并且使得议会（议会中的所有公民都是平等的）在某些情况下能够驳回地方法庭的判决。

因为一种叫僭主政体政府的兴起，雅典贵族的力量在本世纪之后的时间里被进一步削弱。

这是一种甶受欢迎的铁腕统治者临时统治的管理形式（而非现在这个词儿所暗示出来的残暴的独裁者的统治）。

这些专治统治者们被称作庇西特拉图家族（根据王朝的建立者庇西特拉图命名），他们牺牲了贵族，在全国各区域任命法官，创造出雅典的第一个国家货币制度，同时增加并改良了一些节日，这些节日是全国性质的，而不是只针对某个地区的习俗。

这些做法加强了雅典的中央管理。

在这个世纪的最后，时机已经成熟，更多变化应运而生：僭主被驱逐，并且在公元前508年，一个新的改革家，克利斯提尼，提出了最终的发展形式，降低了本来已经被削弱的贵族的控制力。

克利斯提尼对于雅典民主制度出现的主要贡献就是完全地推翻了长期以来一直薄弱的家族和氏族结构，特别是贵族家族和氏族。

取而代之的是，设立了以地区为基础的群体，称作市区；市区这种形式成为了雅典公民生活和大部分宗教生活的起点。

Latitude and BiodiversityWhen we look at the way in which biodiversity (biological diversity) is distributed over the land surface of the planet, we find that it is far from even. The tropics contain many more species overall than an equivalent area at the higher latitudes. This seems to be true for many different groups of animals and plants.The word “distributed” in the passage is closest in meaning to∙represented∙collected∙spread∙managedThe word “overall” in the passage is closest in meaning to∙considered as a whole∙to some degree∙possibly∙evidentlyWhy is it that higher latitudes have lower diversities than the tropics? Perhaps it is simply a matter of land area. The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes-a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections of Earth's curved surface, since this tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes-and some biogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect. But an analysis of the data by biologist Klaus Rohde does not support this explanation. Although area may contribute to biodiversity, it is certainly not the whole story; otherwise, large landmasses would always be richer in species.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.∙Some biogeographers believe that the tropics have larger surface areas than they actually do because of the distortions produced by projections of Earth’s curved surface.∙High levels of diversity in the tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do, though distortions in commonly used projections may seem to suggest otherwise.∙Because biogeographers disagree on whether or not the tropics are correctly represented in projections of Earth’s surface, it is difficult to determine the relationship their surf ace area has to their diversity.∙Most biogeographers agree that the tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes do, but they disagree on whether or not the tropics’ lev el of diversity is a reflection of that larger surface area.Why does the author mention “Klaus Rohde” in the passage?∙To support the argument that large landmasses are usually richer in species than smaller ones∙To introduce the argument that there are other factors contributing to species diversity besides land area∙To cast doubt on whether the tropics actually contain higher species diversity than land at higher latitudes does∙To emphasize that biogeographers and biologists differ in their approaches to biodiversity Productivity seems to be involved instead, though perhaps its influence is indirect. Where conditions are most suitable for plant growth-that is, where temperatures are relatively high and uniform and where there is an ample supply of water-one usually finds large masses of vegetation. This leads to a complex structure in the layers of plant material. In a tropical rain forest, for example, a very large quantity of plant material builds up above the surface of the ground. There is also a large mass of material, developed below ground as root tissues, but this is less apparent. Careful analysis of the aboveground material reveals that it is arranged in a series of layers, the precise number of layers varying with age and the nature of the forest. The arrangement of the biological mass ("biomass") of the vegetation into layered forms is termed its "structure" (as opposed to its "composition," which refers to the species of organisms forming the community). Structure is essentially the architecture of vegetation, and as in the case of some tropical forests, it can be extremely complicated. In a mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin, the canopy (the uppermost layers of a forest, formed by the crowns of trees) takes on a stratified structure. There are three clear peaks in leaf cover at heights of approximately 3, 6, and 30 meters above the ground; and the very highest layer, at 50 meters, corresponds to the very tall trees that stand free of the main canopy and form an open layer of their own. So, such a forest contains essentially four layers of canopy. Forests in temperate lands often have just two canopy layers, so they have much less complex architecture.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 3 as a condition that benefits plant growth?∙High temperatures∙Steady temperatures∙High latitude∙Plentiful waterParagraph 3 mentions which of the following as creating the structural complexity of a forest?∙The height of the very tallest trees in the forest∙The number of layers of canopy∙The frequency of floods along the plain∙The age of the root tissues below the groundWhy does the author mention “a mature floodplain tropical forest in the Amazon River basin” in the passage?∙To dispute the idea that tropical forests are arranged in layers∙To give an example of the complex architecture vegetation displays in a dense area∙To suggest that the layers of canopy in some tropical forests can exceed the usual three or four∙To emphasize that the layers of canopy in a tropical forest give evidence of the number of layers of root tissues below the groundStructure has a strong influence on the animal life inhabiting a site. It forms the spatial environment within which an animal feeds, moves around, shelters, lives, and breeds. It even affects the climate on a very local level (the "microclimate") by influencing light intensity, humidity, and both the range and extremes of temperature. An area of grassland vegetation with very simple structure, for example, has a very different microclimate at the ground level from that experienced in the upper canopy. Wind speeds are lower, temperatures are lower during the day (but warmer at night), and the relative humidity is much greater near the ground. The complexity of the microclimate is closely related to the complexity of structure in vegetation, and generally speaking, the more complex the structure of vegetation, the more species of animal are able to make a living there. The high plant biomass of the tropics leads to a greater spatial complexity in the environment, and this leads to a higher potential for diversity in the living things that can occupy a region. The climates of the higher latitudes are generally less favorable for the accumulation of large quantities of biomass; hence, the structure of vegetation is simpler and the animal diversity is consequently lowerWhat can be inferred from paragraph 4 about a region with a high level of diversity of animal species?∙It also has a high level of plant species diversity.∙It has relatively few microclimates.∙It develops a less complex structure than does a region with a high plant species diversity.∙It develops a biomass similar to that of higher latitudes.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.One example of such tropical abundance is found in Panama, which has 667 species of breeding birds—three times the number found in Alaska.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.A number of factors may help account for the difference in biodiversity between low and high latitudes.∙∙∙Answer ChoicesA.Though land area may be related to a region’s biodiversity, it is not aprimary determining factor.B.Regions possessing conditions that are favorable for plant growth tend tohave abundant and diverse vegetation that supports a large number of species.C.A structure of varying heights is found in both tropical and temperateforests.D.The difference in microclimate between a ground-level canopy and anupper-level canopy is responsible for the number of species that inhabit each canopy.E.The more complex the structure of the vegetation of a region, the morespecies it is able to support.F. The temperature range of a region determines the number of animals thatfeed, move around, shelter themselves, live, and breed in that region.。

托福阅读tpo40R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Amphibian Thermoregulation①In contrast to mammals and birds,amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity,which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However,the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature.While amphibians are poor thermoregulators,they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.②Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail.The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive.One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to-2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to41°C-the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian.Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of-6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen.The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.Additionally,in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).③Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal(daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations.Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation,thus providing protection against overheating.The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation(dehydration).④However,behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation.The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking(heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth(thigmothermy),and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating(reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads:it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than10°C.The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means,long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed.A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight,thus also accelerating growth.Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians,although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose:heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin.The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall:its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.⑤Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance.Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians.Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter,while species dwelling in semiarid regions are exposed to long dry,hot periods in summer.⑥In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost.North of the Pyrenees Mountains,the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation,passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground.Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry,hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature,since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.译文两栖动物的体温调节①与哺乳动物和鸟类不同，两栖动物无法通过新陈代谢活动产生热能，这种活动使哺乳动物和鸟类能够独立于周围或环境温度来调节体温。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO40口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO40口语Task3阅读文本： University to Create a Lounge for Commuter Students Many students at our university do not live in dormitories. These students live in town or in the suburbs and travel to campus every day The university has decided to provide these commuter students with a special lounge in the student center - with couches, chairs, and a television. University officials hope that this lounge - a place to socialize and relax - will give commuter students some of the same advantages that dormitory residents now have. An important additional feature of the lounge will be a bulletin board on the wall for posting and sharing information that may be especially useful to commuter students and their particular needs. 托福TPO40口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. Woman：Hey, it's nice that they're gonna do this. Man：It's not a bad idea, but do you think it'll accomplish what they're hoping? Woman：Sure. I mean, the dormitories all have their own lounges, and think about how much time students spend there, and how many people they meet. Man：Yeah. I got to know a lot of people in my dorm during my first semester just watching TV and taking study breaks in the lounge. Woman：Right. Those dorm lounges are really central to student life. And I met people there that really helped me with my schoolwork too. Students who live off campus don't have anything like that. Man：That's true. Woman：Plus, I like the idea of posting stuff. You know, things like notices from students who want to get together with other students to share car rides to campus. Man：Yeah. Rideshare information could be helpful. Woman：Absolutely! If students knew about rideshares, they could save money getting to campus cuz a few of them could travel in one car. 托福TPO40口语Task3题目： The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO40口语Task3满分范文： The school has implemented a new policy that create a lounge for the commuter students. And the woman holds a positive view towards the announcement. The first reason she gave is that the lounge is very central to student life, and the people there could actually help her with her school work. Students who live off campus don’t have anything like that. And the second one is based on the fact that the woman likes the idea of posting stuff. Things like notices from students who want to get together with other students to share car rides to campus. And it could save a lot of money for students because a few of them could travel in one car. Therefore, she agrees with that opinion. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO40口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

Day1—（TPO1—5）TPO1:Dramatic 剧烈的，戏剧化的–- striking 显著的、突出的、惊人的Prevalent 普遍的，常见的–- predictable 可预见的Championed 拥护、支持–- SupportedAttributes 把。

归于-- ascribesAutonomous 自主的、自治的、自发的– independent Penchant 倾向、嗜好、趣味-- inclination 倾向Incredible 令人难以置信的-- UnbelievableOut of sight 看不见、在视野之外-- hiddenOverlie 躺在.。

上面，覆盖在。

上面-- CoverSo much for – That is enough aboutPlugged 插入、填满– filled upTPO2:Threatened – endangeredDelicate 易碎的、纤弱的– fragile 易碎的Progressively 渐进的、日益增多的– increasinglyDevoid of 没有、缺乏– lacking inPrecious 宝贵的、珍贵的– valuableExposed 暴露的– visiblePropulsion 推进– moving forwardReadily 轻而易举的– easilyAssistance 帮助– helpExpanded 扩充的、展开的– was enlargedTPO3:Feasible 可行的– achievableEnhance 增加、提高– improveDevised 设计、发明– createdIntegral 完整的、必须的– essential 基本的、必要的Arduous艰巨的、困难的– difficultEnsuring 跟随，接下来– subsequentUnprecedented史无前例的–unlike anything in the pastVirtually 几乎、实际上、事实上– almostInevitable不可避免的、必然的–unavoidableParticular 特别的、特定的–specificGuarantee 保证、确保–ensurePale 苍白、使失色–loses significanceAdjacent 相邻–neighbouringTPO4Inhibits 阻止，阻拦–restrictsIn the same breath –immediatelyIndefinite period 没有限制的时间段–whose end has not been determined Rebound反弹–recovery 恢复Marked标记的、明显的、显著的–considerablePrincipal 主要的–majorTrappings 装饰–decorationAccumulate沉积、聚集、累积–build up 增进、积累Adjacent –nearbySloping 倾斜的、斜坡的–incliningFoul 弄脏、污染–polluteTPO5:Exhibit 显示、显出–showFacilitate 促进、帮助、使容易–make easierSuspended 悬垂、悬挂–hungAfford 给予、提供–offerOverwhelming 压倒性的、势不可挡的–powerfulImplements 实施、执行、工具–toolsUndisputed 无可辩驳的、毫无疑问的–acknowledge 广为承认的Significant 显著的、重要的–importantRelatively 相对地–comparativelyDiversification 多样化–emergence of many varieties 出现很多种类Promote 促进、提升–encourageDay1—（TPO6—11）TPO6:Exploited 开采、开发、利用、剥削–utilizedVastly 极大地–greatlyGrew accustomed 习惯于– became used toRetained 保留、保持– maintainedRudimentary 基本的、初步的–basicMeticulously 仔细地– carefullyEndure 忍耐、耐久– survived 存活，从。

1-3CBA4BD5DConversation21A2BC3-4CD5BC附TPO-40托福听力题目（lecture部分）答案：Lecture11-5DBCDB6CABLecture21-6DBDBACLecture31C2BC3AC4-6DBBLecture41-2CD3AC4-6BACTPO40托福第一篇阅读答案阅读一:C14.CDFTPO-40托福第二篇阅读答案：阅读二：1-5CABBC6-10ABCBD11-13ADA14.ADCTPO-40托福第三篇阅读答案：阅读三：1-5CDDDB6-10ACBCD11-13CBC14DBCTPO-40托福口语题目文本——独立部分；内容预览：TPO-40TASK1Independent Speaking,Personal PreferenceTalkabout a country or culture that you would like to learn more about.What is thecountry or culture and why would you like to learn more about it.TASK2Independent Speaking,Paired ChoiceSomepeople think that materials printed on paper,such as books and newspapers,will one day be replaced by electronic versions of those materials.Othersbelieve that printed materials will always be popular.Which point of view doyou agree with?Explain why.TASK3University to Create a Lounge for Commuter StudentsMany students at our university do not live in dormitories These students live in town or in the suburbs and travel to campus every day The university has decided to provide these commuter students with a special lounge in the student center—with couches, chairs,and a television.University officials hope that this lounge—a place to socialize and relax—will give commuter students some of the same advantages that dormitory residents now have.An important additional feature of the lounge will be a bulletin board on the wall for posting and sharing information that may be especially useful to commuter students and their particular needs.The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan.Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.TPO-40托福综合写作独立写作题目文本；内容预览：Reading:Many scientists believe it would be possible tomaintain a permanent human presenceon Mars or the Moon.On the other hand,conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a humanpresence there would be impossibleFirst,atmospheric pressure at Venus’surface is atleast90times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface This means that aforce of100kilograms is pressing downon every square centimeter of surfaceAll spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extremepressure within an hour of landing.Almost anything humans might land on Venuswould be crushed as well.。

正确答案：C解析：本段的意思是，地球上生物分布是不均匀的。

这里的“be distributed” 是”分布”的意思，与第三项“分散”意思最为接近。

其余选项意思分别是“代表” “收集”和“经营、管理”, 均不符合文本含义；从前后文理解单词词义：当我们看生物多样性distributed 在地球表面的方式时，我们发现……结合句意，这个单词是用来修饰生物多样性的，结合选项，也只有C选项的词义符合。

Q2正确答案：A解析：本句话要表达的是，热带地区总体上比更高纬度的同等地区包含的生物种类更丰富。

这里的“overall”是“整体上”的意思，与第一项符合。

从前后文理解词义，overall 后置修饰species，这种同一主语，但是不同地区的比较，理论上来说整体比较才有可能有指导意义，后面一句马上说到对于很多不同群体的动植物，这个规则貌似也成立。

根据单词的构词法，也是可以得出答案的。

Q3正确答案：B解析：这个长句的难点在于理解句子结构，破折号的部分可以视作全句的插入语，所以这句话的核心意思简化就是，因为热带地区在面积上比高纬度地区更大（虽然这一点不明显），所以科学家认为地区生物多样性的差异是这个原因导致的。

第二项转述正确。

A项错在讨论的根本不是diversity的问题，而是surface areas；C选项和D选项句义跟原文完全不一样，快速判断，发现选项的biogeographers 的agree 和disagree的态度在原文并没有出现。

插入语部分的意思是：尽管当我们一般用投影的方法测量土地曲面的时候，这个事实并不是特别明显，因为这也很容易导致高纬度地区的面积会被放大。

Q4正确答案：B解析：关于一些科学家提出的“面积不同说”，Klaus Rohde提出了相反的看法，认为面积越大，生物多样性越高。

这里是为了说明生物多样性是由其他因素影响，可以视作是后文新论点探讨的引出。

A项错误，并不是支持；C项说产生质疑（cast doubt），错误，关于热带生物多样性更高这一点并没有阐述异议；D项说强调地理生物学家和生物学家在测量生物多样性方法上不同，完全没提及。

Amphibian ThermoregulationIn contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Specieswhose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than )exercise some control over their body temperature.paragraph 1In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.1.According to paragraph 1, what indicates that amphibians have some control over their body temperature?A. Amphibians can regulate their metabolic rates to generate energy.B. Amphibians use the same means of thermoregulation as mammals and birds do.C. The body temperature of amphibians sometimes differs from the temperature of their surroundings.D. The body temperature of amphibians is independent of their metabolic activity.paragraph 2Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions)2.Why does the author mention a “South American frog” species in the passage?A. To make the point that an amphibian’s temperature tolerance depends on a number of factorsB. To indicate how precise the range of body temperatures is for certain amphibiansC. To contrast its ability to adapt to that of the North American newtD. To help illustrate the range of environmental conditions to which amphibians have adapted3. According to paragraph 2, what allows some North American frog and toad species to survive in ambient temperatures well below freezing?A. Their internal body temperatures never fall below -6°C.B. They do not remain at temperatures below freezing for very long periods of time.C. Their tolerance boundaries are flexibleD. Some of their body tissues contain substances that prevent freezing.paragraph 3Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).4. “Phyllomedusa sauvager ” is mentioned as an example of a frog with an adaptation thatA. protects its glandular systemB. helps reduce its secretionsC. increases the amount of solar radiation that its skin can reflectD. modifies its skin structure to protect against the drying effects of the sunparagraph 4However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively) Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10°C. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosus exposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.5. Paragraph 4 mentions each of the following as an example of behavioral thermoregulation EXCEPTA. pressing against the groundB. speeding up of the metabolismC. reducing activity during the summerD. adjusting exposure to the sun6. The “Andean toad Bufo spinulosus”illustrates which of the following behavioral modifications?A. Heliothermy and thigmothermyB. Diurnal avoidance behaviorC. Absorbing heat from the airD. Moving to shelter during the summer7. The word “attains” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. raisesB. lowersC. reachesD. regulates8.The phrase “this approach” in the passage refers toA gradually increasing body temperature by 10°CB. basking as soon as the sun comes upC. waiting for the ground and air to warmD. keeping body temperature above the temperature of the airparagraph 5Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in semi- and regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.9. According to paragraph 5, why is avoidance behavior important for some amphibians?A. Amphibians’ habitats are areas where temperatures vary from day to day.B. Amphibians have less tolerance for high ambient temperatures than for low ambient temperatures.C. Amphibians lack adequate physiological adaptations for dealing with ambient temperatures.D. Amphibians cannot protect themselves from the extreme summer heat by being active only at night.10.The word “dwelling” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.arrivingB.originatingC.evolvingD. livingparagraph 6In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperature. Amphibians are therefore hardly at mercy of ambient temperature, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than exercise some control over their body temperature.11. In paragraph 6, which of the following can be inferred from the discussion of the natterjack?A. Amphibians have greater tolerance for heat than for cold.B. Desiccation is not a threat to amphibiansC. Both hibernation and estivation may serve as avoidance behaviors depending on the climateD. Some species of amphibians are active only in the spring and in the fall12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Thus, although amphibians use the various mechanisms described above, they have hardly any control of their body temperatureB. Thus, by the mechanisms described above, amphibians are quite capable of controlling their body temperature to survive extreme ambient temperatures.C. Thus, unless they can use the mechanisms described above, amphibians are at the mercy of ambient temperatures.D. Thus, the mechanisms described above give amphibians control over much more than just their body temperature13. Look at the four squares [■] that i ndicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling on the skin.Where would the sentence bes t fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2°C while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures measured to 41°C—the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. [■] Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6°C with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. [■] The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. [■] Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexibleand can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).[■]14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.A number of factors may help account for the difference in biodiversity between low and high latitudes.Answer ChoicesA. Frogs, which survive temperature ranges from as low as -2°C to as high as 41°C, are evidence that amphibians are independent of ambient temperaturesB. Amphibians can increase their body temperature by exposing themselves to the sun (heliothermy) and by pressing against the ground (thigmothermy).C. Avoidance behaviors, such as sheltering from the sun, as well as estivation and hibernation，help amphibians control their body temperature.D. Physical adaptations offer amphibians a number of ways to protect against extreme or dangerous climate conditions.E. Sunrise is the time when some amphibian species have the greatest need for thermoregulatory mechanisms.F. Hibernation always involves digging deep holes in mud or sand, whereas estivation sometimes involves nothing more than hiding in deep rock crevasses。