第二讲 翻译的过程
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第二章翻译的过程——理解与表达第一节翻译过程翻译的过程主要分为两个阶段:理解和表达。
翻译上的不足之处主要出在理解上,如果译者完全理解了源语文本和有足够的能力驾驭目的语,那么翻译过程就会变得自然,而且几乎是一个自动的过程(Nida)。
理解是表达的前提和先决条件,表达是理解的结果。
在实际的翻译过程中,两个阶段是在译者的潜意识中同时进行的,理解中有表达,表达中有理解。
翻译的基本过程:翻译过程中的各种相关因素:翻译的类型(一):表层翻译Source Language (X) Target LanguageX=interlanguage翻译的类型(二):深层翻译(Source)(Target)(Analysis)(Restructuring)X(Transfer)翻译的类型(三)篇章翻译 PlaneT extual Processing PlanesT extual PlaneT SL =source-language text; T TL =target-language text第二节 理解与翻译要做到完全透彻的理解决非易事,而是一个极其复杂的过程。
“理解原作十分不易,需要语言修养,文化修养,各方面的知识”。
除了语言文化的差异之外,翻译中理解的复杂性主要表现在以下方面: 一、 口语与书面语的差别 二、语言与思想的不一致 三、时间因素的介入 四、文化障碍理解的步骤:1. 分析原语文本的词汇和语法特征He didn ’t come to the hospital because he was ill. Here lies one whose name was writ in water.2. 结合篇章语境进行分析I crossed the street to avoid him, but he saw me and came running towards me. It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy meeting Bert Dykes.3. 分析原语文本的交际语境If you’re looking for a good job, we’re offering a thousand a week.An American journalist describes his first experience in learning Chinese as fo llows: “Mandarin, the dialect I’m wrestling with, has four tones. The first is spoken…with a high-pitched sound. The second tone rises. I think of calling to shore while wading into the waters of Maine.4. 结合原语的文化语境进行分析Milky Way It is a wet summer.第三节表达与翻译理解是表达的前提,表达是理解的结果。
英汉翻译教程张培基第一讲翻译原则简介一、教学目的:了解基本的翻译原则和翻译研究的问题二、教学过程:1.翻译的定义和内涵:(Definition and Connotation)Translation is an art/ science/craf2.中国几位翻译家的理论(influential translation principles)严复:信达雅-—- faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance。
The “three character guide" is regarded as a plumb—line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷:神似--—spiritual conformity。
Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original。
强调原作神韵再现。
钱钟书:化境--—sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’s smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德:信、达、切-——faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.3.中国翻译史上的论争:鲁迅:宁信而不顺-—-rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的:引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深:宁顺而不信--—rather to be smooth than faithful 目的:可读性强,便于交流.4.直译与意译:直译—--literal translation意译:free translation直译的例子:crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪; armed to the teeth武装到牙齿; chain reaction连锁反应;gentlemen's agreement君子协定; one country, two systems 一国两制;The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流;paper tiger 纸老虎; Breath one’s last——-断气; go to one’s external rest——-安息; the long sleep——-长眠;see Marx 见马克思; Go west 上西天; go to heaven 上天堂; blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡kick the bucket 蹬腿:直译不等于死译(dead translation):街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生:Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street" should be replaced by “in the community”.她一大早起床,进城,见到了她的公爹:She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father。
第二章翻译的过程The Process of Translation1.理解:1语义方面:1.1.1根据在句中的词类来选择.1)Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸.2)Like knows like.3)I like translation more than writing.4)In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮.1.1.2. 根据上下文1)He was the last man to come, but he wasn’t late for the meeting..他是最后来的2)He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事情的3)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你.Take off:1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.脱鞋或穿鞋对她一样痛苦,但这已是多年以来的痛苦了.2)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子边上,好象随时都会站起身来的样子.1.1.3 根据搭配来选择:light music轻音乐,light loss小损失,light car轻型汽车,light heart不专一的心,light step轻快的脚步,light manners轻浮的举止,light voice 轻声delicate skin娇嫩的皮肤/delicate upbringing娇生惯养/delicate living奢侈的生活/ delicate vase容易碰碎的花瓶/delicate diplomatic question微妙的外交问题/delicate difference/讲不大清楚的差别delicate ear for music对音乐有鉴赏力/ delicate touch/妙笔生花delicate features清秀的五官/delicate food美味的食物1.1.4 词语引申意1.1.4.1 具体形象引伸为该形象的代表属性1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of that smuggler毒枭的性格既残暴又狡猾1.1.4.2 抽象变具体1)there had been too much violence in that region那个地区发生了许多暴力事件2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .停下了,错过了绿灯.3)Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了.字旗取代了六角星旗.反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天.1.1.5 complimentary or derogative terms1)Your country is a consistent and resolute champion of all the peoples who struggle against terrorism.。