武大博士期末文章分析练习

博士论文试题及答案大全一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是博士论文的写作要求？A. 创新性B. 严谨性C. 可读性D. 随意性答案：D2. 博士论文的开题报告通常包括哪些内容？A. 研究背景B. 研究目的C. 研究方法D. 以上都是答案：D3. 在博士论文中，文献综述的作用是什么？A. 展示研究背景B. 确定研究问题C. 评价现有研究D. 以上都是答案：D4. 博士论文的数据分析部分应该包含哪些内容？A. 数据收集B. 数据处理C. 数据解释D. 以上都是答案：D5. 博士论文的结论部分应该包含哪些内容？A. 研究结果的总结B. 研究的局限性C. 未来研究方向D. 以上都是答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 博士论文的写作过程中，以下哪些步骤是必要的？A. 确定研究问题B. 收集数据C. 撰写论文D. 论文答辩答案：ABCD2. 博士论文的写作中，哪些因素会影响论文的质量？A. 研究方法的科学性B. 论文结构的合理性C. 语言表达的准确性D. 参考文献的充分性答案：ABCD3. 博士论文的写作中，哪些是常见的问题？A. 缺乏创新性B. 缺乏逻辑性C. 缺乏实证研究D. 缺乏理论支撑答案：ABCD三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述博士论文写作的一般流程。

答案：博士论文写作的一般流程包括：确定研究问题、进行文献综述、设计研究方法、收集和分析数据、撰写论文、修改和完善论文、进行论文答辩。

2. 博士论文的选题应该遵循哪些原则？答案：博士论文的选题应该遵循以下原则：选题应具有创新性、科学性、可行性、重要性和时代性。

3. 博士论文的文献综述应该如何撰写？答案：博士论文的文献综述应该系统地回顾和评价相关领域的研究文献，明确研究背景和研究问题，指出现有研究的不足，并为自己的研究定位。

4. 博士论文的数据分析应该注意哪些问题？答案：博士论文的数据分析应该注意：数据的准确性、分析方法的科学性、结果的可靠性、结论的有效性。

2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习一、段落分析第一课的第三段：Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire第一课的第十二段：The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than第八课的第一段：Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incanmonuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent第八课的第二段Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.第八课的第四段：It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to第八课的第六段：Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the第八课的第八段：If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction and find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur, human beings must actively shape the future, an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,”then this is an第八课的第十二段：But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides——first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize——was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug第八课的第二十五段：The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.”For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and二、文章结构分析第八课1-4段Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Easter Island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. Current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island’s first settlers, explorers from Polynesia, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. They multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sop histicated economy and complex political system. Rival clans erected ever-larger statues on platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Eventually, as the island’s population grew to 20,000 people, the forests were cut more rapidly than they regenerated. Trees were transformed into fuel, canoes, and houses, as well as rollers and ropes to transport the gigantic stone heads. In time, the absence of wood for sea going canoesreduced the fish catches, while erosion and deforestation diminished crop yields. The growing populace consumed the local bird and animal populations. When the island could no longer feed its human population, the political and religious oligarchy that had directed and distributed the local resources began to languish. Many archaeologists believe the ruling class was overthrown by warriors. In the ensuing disorder, clan fought clan fought clan, toppling and desecrating each other’s statues. When the Europeans arrived on Easter Sunday, 1772, the once-fertile island was barren and desolate. Its remaining inhabitants, only a fraction of the numbers a few generations earlier, were heirs to a once-greater society that had degenerated into violence, starvation, and cannibalism.It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.”Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.附：武汉大学博士研究生英语试题Part I Documental Analysis 20%Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of perspective, method and skill, and questions.But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.Part II Article Analysis 15%Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those ofour generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its metho d. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.Part III Writing 25%Attention: Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g.in a linear way) in more than 300 words.How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate---- On My Class ExperiencePart I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________Perspective(s): ____________________________________________________Method(s): ______________________________________________________Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________Questions: ________________________________________________________Part II. Article Analysis 15%。

17.Write a composition in no less than 150 words on the topic: What Do You Think of Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Read the following words in English. You should write according to the outline given below. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Google's DeepMind Alpha Go program has beaten all the world champions ofthe game Go in a series of battles between man and artificial intelligence.2.Some people fear advanced artificial intelligence because?3.Your attitude towards advanced artificial intelligence.16.Read the following information and write an essay of ABOUT 200 WORDS. It is an ARGUMENTA-TIVE ESSAY and a TITLE is needed.According to a new study, 92% of college students would rather do their reading the old-fashioned way, with pages and not pixels. The finding comes from American University linguistics professor Naomi S. Baron, author of the book Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World, Baron led a team that asked 300 college students in the United States, Slovakia, Japan and Germany how they preferred to read. Physical books were the choice of 92% of the respondents, who selected paper over an array of electronic devices. It’s not just college students who’d rather spend their time with a book instead of an e-reader. In 2015, e-book sales dropped in the United States, and it’s the same story in the United Kingdom.15.Plagiarizing, or representing someone else’s ideas or words as your own, will caus e problems for people in any stage of life. Students get flunked for it and it even cost Joe Biden a shot at becoming the US President in 1988. Please elaborate in your writing on how to avoid plagiarism, either on purpose or by accident. You should write at least 200 words.14.Plan and write an essay of about 200 words in which you develop your point of view on the issue given below. Give a title to your essay and support your position with reasoning and examples. Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Is it better to change one’s attitude than to change one’s circumstances? If we are dissatisfied with our circumstances, we think about changing them. But the most effective changes—in our attitude —hardly occur to us. In other words, we should worry not about how to alter the world around us for the better but about how to change ourselves in order to fit into the world.You are to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the following information and do your composition on the ANSWE SHEET. You are to come up with the title for the essay.Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. Which is better and why?12.More and more Chinese scholars now believe that their academic studies should be oriented toward the needs of society and government instead of personal interests. What do you think of this belief? You are required to make comments on this belief in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.11.More and more people now believe that the purpose of university education is to cultivate a creative mind. Do you accept this idea? You are required to make comments on this idea in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.10.Presently, there are more and more grown-up children who live off their parents, for which they are often referred to as the “eating-the-old” on t his phenomenon in anybody to blame for this? You are required to make a comment on this phenomenon in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.09.07.06.05.。

2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionThe calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i. e. without a remainder), those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400. In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days. A decade is a 10-year period, such as I January 1885--31 December 1894.1．Which one of the following years was a leap year?A．1880B．1894C．1906D．1926正确答案：A解析：1880年是闰年，因为1880能被4整除，1894，1906年1926这三个数字均不能被4整除，因此1894年、1906年和1926年均不是闰年。

武汉大学的考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 武汉大学位于中国的哪个省份？A. 湖北省B. 湖南省C. 河南省D. 河北省答案：A2. 武汉大学的校训是什么？A. 自强不息，厚德载物B. 求实创新，敢为人先C. 博学之，审问之，慎思之，明辨之，笃行之D. 学以致用，用以促学答案：B3. 下列哪位不是武汉大学的著名校友？A. 李四光B. 鲁迅C. 闻一多D. 钱学森答案：D4. 武汉大学的创办时间是哪一年？A. 1893年B. 1900年C. 1913年D. 1928年答案：A5. 以下哪个学院不属于武汉大学？A. 经济与管理学院B. 法学院C. 医学院D. 航空航天学院答案：D6. 武汉大学的樱花节通常在每年的什么时间举行？A. 3月B. 4月C. 5月D. 6月答案：A7. 武汉大学的校歌《武汉大学校歌》是由哪位著名诗人填词的？A. 郭沫若B. 徐志摩C. 闻一多D. 朱自清答案：C8. 武汉大学的图书馆藏书量在中国高校中排名如何？A. 第一B. 第二C. 第三D. 第四答案：B9. 武汉大学的校园内有多少个国家级重点学科？A. 5个B. 10个C. 15个D. 20个答案：C10. 下列哪项不是武汉大学提供的学生服务？A. 心理咨询B. 法律援助C. 职业规划D. 家政服务答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 武汉大学的前身是______，成立于1893年。

答案：自强学堂12. 武汉大学的校花是______。

答案：樱花13. 武汉大学的校园占地面积约为______亩。

答案：5000多14. 武汉大学的校庆日是每年的______。

答案：11月29日15. 武汉大学的标志性建筑是______。

答案：老斋舍16. 武汉大学的现任校长是______。

答案：【需填写当前校长姓名】17. 武汉大学的校徽由______、______和______三个部分组成。

答案：山水、牌坊、 stars18. 武汉大学的校训“自强不息，厚德载物”出自《周易》中的______卦。

武汉大学博士课程考试英语段落分析Unit 1 para3Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work.Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organizationAspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classificationSkill:examples Questions: what howUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examplesUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru, Celtic cairns in Wales, Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examplesUnit8 para2Easter island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: wha t→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islanderidea behavior - Method: classification progressionUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s forest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; theirpolitical, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡 (material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statementUnit8 para8If we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statementUnit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides — first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize — was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examples Questions: what howUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s): press beyond dialogue Method: antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples Questions: what how词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, andhow to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are used to using personal and active voice just like“we did this experiment” , contrast to theChinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like“thisexperiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized精品文档by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除。

大纲文章分析答案1Most mainstream scientists agree that the burning of fossil fuels(coal,natural gas,and petroleum that is known as oil or crude oil)and other industrial activities have led to a buildup of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.They also agree tha t the earth’s surface has warmed during the last century and that further warming of several degrees Celsius is likely in the next century.(background)This broad scientific consensus(广泛达成的共识)has played an important role in convincing many national governments that immediate action is necessary to limit global greenhouse gas emission.(thesis)2Developing countries,however,have portrayed themselves as victimized by the wealthier industrialized nations(topic sentence).On one hand,these countries believe they have the most to lose from continued global warming.1Because much of the developing world occupies warmer regions，where many species of crops and domesticated animals live at the upper limit of their natural temperature tolerance,higher could lead to widespread livestock declines and crop failures.Moreover,unlike the industrialized world,most developing nations lack the capital and infrastructure to develop new varieties of heat-tolerant crops and animals,build flood control systems,and deploy disaster relief when needed.3On the other hand,2global emission reduction targets also hurt developing countries because such reduction interfere with their plans for economic development through inexpensive,carbon-based energy sources.Indeed,many representatives of developing countries seeglobal warming advocates as part of a conspiracy to maintain the economic advantage of industrialized nations at the expense of poorer nations.3Thus,developing countries have argued that they be exempt from emission reduction until their economies approached the strength of those in developed nation.4Carbon-cycle calculations,however,suggest that allowing developing countries to delay by decades their participation in emission reduction agreements would commit the world to very large increases in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.The carbon cycle refers to the natural process through which carbon dioxide injected into the atmosphere is slowly removed by photosynthesis in plants and absorption in the oceans.These processes take about a century to complete.V arious carbon-cycle models have shown that if fossil fuels are used to power industrial growth in developing countries,then their carbon dioxide emissions will soon outpace even those of the currently industrialized countries.These computer models strongly suggest that emission reductions must be achieved everywhere,presumably through a Kyoto or post-Kyoto negotiated protocol.5Global environmental collapse is not inevitable.But the developed world must work with the developing worl d to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world’s environmental problems.Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion.Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted,and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.In short, with the technology that currently exists,the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.Structure(linear pattern of thinking)Introduction:para1Argumentation；mainstream scientists’opinionThesis:scientific consensus(immediate action)Plan of development:limit gas emissionBody:para 2,3,4(response to the action)On one hand,developing countries fall victims to global warming and emission reduction targets On the other hand,the targets hinder its developmentScientific study shows both should participate inConclusion:last paraRestatement of thesis:concerted effort一致的努力Measures：politicians，government action and people’s awarenes s-sustainable development,conservation strategies and people’s knowledgeProspect:global environmental mistreatment can be reversedAspect(五个司机直身子子)from material to spiritual aspect从物质到精神from individual to social aspect从个体到社会from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to society=from technological to social aspect从技术到社会from direct to indirect aspect从直接到间接from physical to psychological aspect从身体到心理from nature to society=from physical environment to economic and social structure从自然到社会/从地理环境到社会经济结构Skillby statistics统计by example例证by statement阐述by quotation引用method（主时空对缘分亲吻过对手滴）topical ordertime order=chronological order时间顺序space order=spatial order空间顺序antithesis对偶、排比causeand effect=causal order原因和结果classification分类hierarchical structure（from least to most）由轻到重problem and solution问题和答案process and result 过程和结果comparison and contrast对比means and ends手段和目的progression递进logical relationship(from paragraph level)(what,why,how)logical relationship between topic sentence （what）and supporting sentences（why and how）in the form of what-why-how，what-how-why，what-why，what-how.cause and effect =why and howmeans and ends=process and result=how手段和目的，过程和结果topic idea and reason=what and whyproblem and solution=what and howexample=how美国心理学家马斯洛发表了《人类动机的理论》一书。

博士论文试题及答案格式
一、试题部分
1. 请简述你的博士论文研究的主要问题和研究方法。

2. 你的研究对现有理论有哪些贡献？
3. 描述你的研究中使用的主要数据集和分析工具。

4. 你的研究结果有哪些实际应用价值？
5. 你的研究在哪些方面存在局限性？
二、答案部分
1. 我的博士论文研究的主要问题是探讨了X现象对Y领域的影响。

我采用了定性和定量相结合的研究方法，通过文献综述、案例分析和实证研究来展开我的研究。

2. 我的研究对现有理论的贡献在于，我提出了一个新的理论框架，将X现象与Y领域联系起来，并提供了新的视角来理解这一现象。

3. 在我的研究中，我使用了三个主要的数据集：A数据集、B数据集和C数据集。

分析工具包括统计软件SPSS、R语言以及定性分析软件NVivo。

4. 我的研究结果对于理解X现象在Y领域的应用具有实际价值，可以帮助相关领域的决策者更好地制定政策和策略。

5. 我的研究局限性在于，由于时间和资源的限制，我仅对有限的数据集进行了分析，未来研究可以在更广泛的数据集上进行验证。

2013年专业一，中国现当代文学一、简答题：20*2=401、简述阎连科小说的艺术特色。

2、谈谈你所了解的新世纪文学思潮。

二、论述题：20*3=603、如何评价郭沫若分化现象？4、民国文学叙史策略的价值与风险。

是否需要写“中华民国文学史”？5、曹禺话剧1949年前后差异和意义。

曹禺前后期戏剧转变之探析2012年专业一．简答，每题10分：1.李金发对新诗发展的功过；2.谈谈寻根文学的“根”；二．论述，第1、2题各25分，第3题30分：1.延安文学的旧质与新变；2.时代语境与贾平凹创作的关系；3.设想如果现代作家旧体诗词进入现当代文学史会是什么情形，处理此问题你有什么好的思路？举例说明。

2011一。

简答，每题20分，共40分：1.简论九叶诗派的综合倾向；2.比较《李双双小传》与《新结识的伙伴》人物形象塑造手法的异同。

二。

论述，每题30分，共60分：1.论中国现代文学与战争的关系；2.论九十年代以来长篇小说的主题意向。

2010一。

简答，每题10分，共20分：1.茅盾的矛盾；2.结合具体作品分析“中间人物论”的实质。

二。

论述，第1、2题每题25分，第3题30分，共80分：1.中国现代文学史上不同流派的“革命加恋爱”小说；2.“王朔现象”的文学史意义；3.十七年”和“新时期”对鲁迅评价的异同及其历史意涵。

2009一.简答，每题10分：1.简论沈从文与京派文学的关系；2.简析1980年代中后期先锋小说的“先锋性”。

二.论述，前两题每题25分，后一题30分：1.中国现代自传体小说的兴起与意义；2.胡风如何认识、继承“五四”批判现实主义传统？3.对左翼文学传统的评价经历了一些起伏，20世纪90年代以来又有学者开始反对片面地否定左翼文学，对这种前后变化你如何看？2008论述（每题20分，共100分）：1.期刊与中国现代文学；2.冯雪峰对中国现当代文学的贡献；3.“文革”前后对《创业史》的不同评价；4.如何认识、评价1990年代的“人文精神讨论”？5.有人认为浪漫主义在20世纪20年代末就已落潮，有人认为浪漫主义贯穿整个20世纪中国文学，谈谈你的看法。

An Analysis of the Trailer Yale University姓名：汪洋班级：星期三3-4节学号：2013202040146 After watching the trailers of Peking university and Yale university, different styles can be distinctly seen between them which compel me to ponder upon their differences. I will briefly illustrate the differences in three aspects.To begin with, difference in discourse can be easily seen. In the trailer of Peking University, there is no narrator telling audiences stories, whereas light, pictures and background music are narrative which offer audiences great opportunities to image and understand the long history and the culture of Peking University.However, in the trailer of Yale University, the narrative mode is the first-person view, life in the campus on education, entertainment and dorm was sung by the students there, and it all starts with the question why chose Yale. Student representatives and staff in campus includes professors and deans voices their opinions by songs, the lyrics illustrate a perfect place for every candidates to choose for further study.Secondly, cultural differences is notable as well, Chinese culture has a long history which has a great impact on education, in Chinese people’s mind, personal education is the key to success in landing a well-paid job. Peking University,with its long history, has won its reputation among many students from high school. Those students, especially who are fromlow-income family and cannot afford further study overseas without scholarship, are pleased with listing Peking University as the first option . Therefore, the trailer of Peking University, in my opinion, does not necessarily go into any details on how wonderful it is to learn in this campus, the offer from Peking University is a great temptation. Yale University confronts the fact that American people does not value education as Chinese people do, of course they know education is important, but they’d like to choose their life styles, getting the Ph.D degree cannot grant them everything they want. Plus, there are a great number of institutes merely in the US to choose for the global candidates. Therefore, enrollments is a great pressure for Yale. The first-person view is intriguing and introducing life on the campus in music opera is a novel method.Last but not the least, thinking patterns become obviously different when I come to think about the incentives behind this two trailers. Peking University focuses on its long history which it is proud of, illustrating the concept of hostility, while Yale concentrates on individuals who consists of the whole group on the campus. Different thinking patterns demonstrate how people make sense of and interpret the world around them, Chinese people tend to tag others according to the certain group that they belong to, they like to ask the question where are you from. American people are aware of the diversities in many aspects whichincludes race, belief and character, and they respect every different individual.(Prejudice are unavoidable, but they seem more open-minded and tolerant to all those diversities).As for me, at first thought, I would very like to choose Yale because I LOVE make friends from all over the world. Embrace the diversity! However, comparison between those two trailers does not necessarily determine which one is better, both universities have long histories and make great contribution to the social progress. So if I could get the offers from those universities, I believe I would make the final decision with lots of thoughts.。

一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列词语中，字形、字音完全正确的一项是：A. 璀璨（cuǐ càn）踉跄（liàng qiàng）窃窃私语（qiè qiè sī yǔ）B. 惊愕（jīng è）谦逊（qiān xùn）雕梁画栋（diāo liáng huà dòng）C. 潜移默化（qián yí mò huà）恣意妄为（zì yì wàng wéi）震耳欲聋（zhèn ěr yù lóng）D. 琴瑟和谐（qín sè hé xié）摇曳生姿（yáo yè shēng zī）聊以自慰（liáo yǐ zì wèi）2. 下列句子中，没有语病的一项是：A. 由于天气的原因，我们决定延期举行这次活动。

B. 在这次比赛中，我国运动员表现出了顽强的拼搏精神，赢得了观众的阵阵掌声。

C. 为了提高学生的学习成绩，学校决定加强师资队伍建设。

D. 这本书的内容非常丰富，不仅包括了历史、地理、生物等学科知识，还涉及了文学、艺术等多个领域。

3. 下列词语中，不属于成语的一项是：A. 破釜沉舟B. 知难而进C. 雕虫小技D. 风吹雨打4. 下列句子中，使用了比喻修辞手法的一项是：A. 他的笑容像春天的阳光一样温暖。

B. 这本书是一本好书，值得一看再看。

C. 他的工作态度非常认真，一丝不苟。

D. 这座山势险峻，仿佛一座巍峨的巨兽。

5. 下列句子中，使用了拟人修辞手法的一项是：A. 那棵树仿佛在向我们招手。

B. 这朵花真美，像一位美丽的公主。

C. 那只鸟儿在树枝上欢快地歌唱。

D. 这条小河弯弯曲曲，像一条玉带。

二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 《诗经》是我国最早的一部诗歌总集，其中著名的爱情诗篇有《__________》、《__________》等。

Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing,it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures ,and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizations from tiny companies to entire national governments will benefit too, because so much of the work they do is information work. Topic :The affection of the Information Marketplace Perspective: people--organization Aspect(s):material-spiritual, individual-society Method: classificationSkill:examplesUnit1 para12The wise eye will also see that the information Marketplace is much more influential than its parts –the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power — the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than the ability to send an e-mail message, or to have five hundred TV channels.Topic :The influence of information marketplace Perspective: powerAspect(s):material-spiritual Method: hierarchical structure 层次结构（life-work-pleasure）Skill:examplesUnit8 para1Countless cultures around the world have disappeared,along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica,dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan monuments in Peru,Celtic cairns in Wales,Khmer statues in Cambodia, and magnificent ziggurat-like structures in central Africa.Topic : The disappearance of culture Perspective: worldAspect(s):culture【material】Method: space orderSkill:examplesEaster island, celebrated for the giant statues left by its vanished civilization, is unique in archaeology because of its isolation from its neighbors. current archaeological evidence indicates that some 1,600 years ago the island's first settlers, explorers from Polynesian, found themselves in a pristine paradise with subtropical forests, dozens of wild bird species, and no predators. they multiplied and prospered, distributing resources in a manner that suggests a sophisticated economy and complex political system. rival clans erected ever-larger statues platforms, emulating the stone carvings of their Polynesian forebears, trying to surpass each other with displays of power and wealth.Topic : The civilization of easter island Perspective: island/civilizationAspect(s):enviroment-society Method: progression-classificationSkill:statement-example Questions: wha t→howUnit8 para4It is likely that changes in the forest occurred over decades and would have been difficult to detect immediately. An islander might easily have missed the long-term trend, thinking: “This year we cleared those woods over there, but trees are starting to grow back again over here.” Furthermore, any islander who issued a warning against the oncoming disaster would have been silenced by the ruling class. Chiefs, priests, and stone carvers all depended on the status quo to retain their positions and privileges.Topic : The detection of change Perspective: islander- Method: classification progressionUnit8 para6Humanity may not act in time to prevent the decimation of the rain forests, fossil fuels, arable land, and fisheries. In only 40 years, Ethiopia’s fo rest cover shrank from 30% to 1%. During the same time period, the rest of the world lost half of its rain forests. Powerful decision-making groups ignore those who sound an alarm; their political, economic, and religious agendas fail to address the problem of disappearing natural resources.Topic : The prevention of the decimation Perspective: humanityAspect(s): decimation 消亡(material-spiritual ) - Method: causal order 因果顺序Skill: statistics - statementIf we are going to avoid the fate of the Easter Islanders, we must change the myths that are leading us toward extinction an find inspiring visions of a plausible and appealing future. The old myths have collapsed, but no new ones have emerged to fill the vacuum. For transformation to occur ,human beings must actively shape the future , an enterprise that goes to the heart of mythmaking. If we are each a cell in what Peter Russell calls “The Global Brain,” then this is an individual as well a collective venture.Topic : The change of the myths Perspective: mythmakingAspect(s): myths—idea：understanding Method: problem-solution orderSkill: statement-statementUnit8 para12But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers in creased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides —first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize —was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to abotiginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.topic :The shadow of GNP Perspectivs: science-societyAspect(s): shadow (material) Method: classificationSkill: examplesUnit8 para25The third principle is to identify real-life situations in which antagonists can find common ground. With a recognition of the limitations of linguistic exchange, postmodernists urge that groups “press beyond dialogue.” For example, athletes and musicians from all walks of life can generate smooth and effective teams or musical groups. Business executives and scientists from conflicting backgrounds are often able to work together to generate multinational corporations and cooperative research undertakings.topic :The principle of common ground Perspectivs: situation（common ground）Aspect(s): press beyond dialogue Method: antithesis对比(homogeneity-heterogeneity)同质异质Skill: examples词汇：Rational 理性的、合理的Illustrate 说明——Illustration 例证Linear thinkingLinear way of thinking pattern 线性思维方式Discourse 论述Material——spiritual 物质——精神Point of view ——perspective 角度Micro 微观Macro 宏观Advantage disadvantageNowadays, it becomes more and more important for Chinese PhD candidates to write English well, not only for studying abroad, but also for writing English research papers. Actually, a number of papers written in English by most PhD candidates seem to be far from English, though many of them can write high quality papers in Chinese. Thus how to improve the writing ability of English has become a problem that needs to be considered.The reason why we Chinese students cannot write an accurate “English” paper is that our mother language, especially the thinking patterns, influences us. The features of a discourse have close relation with those of culture. What is reflected on the writing discourse is the sentence and passage organization form. There are different ways of expression with different thinking patterns. For example, When a Chinese student writes an English paper, he is used to using our Chinese thinking patterns to construct the discourse and organize the sentences. Well we may consider it a good writing, but an English–speaker may dislike it. So we should know about these differences between Chinese and English and be able to converse our thinking patterns to English.Generally, it is vital to know how to use words suitably, how to write sentences correctly, and how to organize paragraphs logically.Firstly, at the sentence level, the basic grammar such as word spell and sentence structure must be all right. When it comes to the written form of the sentence, the thinking pattern must be taken into account. For example, Chinese people are used to using personal and active voice just like“we did this experi ment” , contrast to the Chinese, English people always use impersonal and passive voice just like“this experiment was done by us”.Secondly, writing a paper is just like building a house. To finish the house is far away from our aim. And there are buildings with different styles in different countries. Every sentence and every paragraph has a close relation with its neighbors. Only spelled out some sentences could not make a good writing. So it is necessary to analyze discourse from logic construction, deductive reasoning, and so on. To the paragraph writing, we should adopt the “Triple style” which divides the paragraph structure into three parts: topic sentence, body/development and conclusion. In every passage, materials must be prepared around the topic. These materials are organized by some skills and methods from the special perspective and aspects which used to develop the topic.In a word, all these elements are influenced greatly by culture and thinking patterns. From sentence to paragraph and then to passage, we need not only to develop the writing skill, but also the linear way of thinking.。

武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5 更新 )1．段落分析Developing Paragraph/Body（正文 /主体）1.Unity (一致性 )—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关2.Development 发(展性 )—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Developmentexemplification 例证1)facts 事实2)citation 引证3)comparison and contrast比较与对比4)analysis分析5)classification 分类3.Coherence (连贯性 ):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。

General rule by classification 总原则： from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion）1)by transitions/signposts过渡词 /路标词2)by repetition of key words3)by synonyms or variations of key words4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones)5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会8)from oneself to others从自身到他人9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构Concept-defining1. Content 内容（ from paragraph level 段落）Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect方面—具体1） Topic 话题： what to write –general 笼统（ topic sentence）2） Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度 /视点→展开素材3） Aspect (part/side) 方面 /层面→体现素材 (supporting sentences)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 from general to specific 从笼统到具体from idea/mentality to behavior 从思想到行为from people to organization/governmentfrom technological to social aspects = from technology to society/from science to society from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、经济和文化结构2.Form/Function 形式（ from passage level篇章）Structure: the organization of the wholearticle Introduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)3.Paragraph development 段落的展开How to arrange the material to develop/illustrate/elaborate/support the topic sentence1)Skill: knowledge & ability that enables you to so sth wellSkill form:技巧/形式→展开素材：支持句的表现形式，外在的（supporting sentence）Skill > method1)(by) Statistics 统计2)(by) Examples 例证3)(by) Statements阐述4)(by) Quotation 引言2)Method/order: way of arrangementMethod/order/pattern: content方法 /布局→排列组合素材；支持句排列组合方式，内在的1)topic order（subtitle）2)causal order = cause and effect3)spatial order = space order4)chronological order = time order5)problem and solution6)means and ends7)process and result8)classification9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的 (from least to most)10)antithesis对照（ from positive to negative）11)progression递进：a gradual process of change or developing over period of time一段时间内的变化发展过程12)comparison and contrast比较与对比13)by definition 下定义Note：平行结构是指在论证某个观点或论题时，将其分解成具有一定联系的几个方面加以论述，而这几个方面都是从属于中心论题或观点的，他们之间地位平等，呈平行关系。

武汉大学考博英语-9(总分：86.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.50)The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs--atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceans √D.being carried by wind解析：根据短文，云层主要是靠海洋中的水蒸发而成的。

Passage 1 Kyoto Protocol: The Unfinished Agenda1.Most mainstream scientists agree that the burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum that is known as oil or crude oil) and other industrial activities have led to a buildup of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They also agr ee that the earth’s surface has warmed during the last century and that further warming of several degrees Celsius is likely in the next century.This broad scientific consensus has played an important role in convincing many national governments that immediate action is necessary to limit global greenhouse gas emissions.2.Developing countries, however, have portrayed themselves as victimized by the wealthier industrialized nations.On one hand, these countries believe they have the most to lose from continued global warming. Because much of the developing world occupies warmer regions, where many species of crops and domesticated animals live at the upper limit of their natural temperature tolerance, higher temperatures could lead to widespread livestock declines and crop failures.Moreover, unlike the industrialized world, most developing nations lack the capital and infrastructure to develop new varieties of heat-tolerant crops and animals, build flood control systems, and deploy disaster relief when needed.3.On the other hand, global emission reduction targets also hurt developing countries because such reduction interferes with their plans for economic development through inexpensive, carbon-based energy sources. Indeed, many representatives of developing countries see global warming advocates as part of a conspiracy to maintain the economic advantage of industrialized nations at the expense of poorer nations. Thus, developing countries have argued that they be exempt from emission reduction until their economies approached the strength of those in developed nation.4.Carbon-cycle calculations, however, suggest that allowing developing countries to delay by decades their participation in emission reduction agreements would commit the world to very large increases in levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.The carbon cycle refers to the natural process through which carbon dioxide injected into the atmosphere is slowly removed byphotosynthesis in plants and absorption in thecomplete. Various carbon-cycle models have shown that if fossil fuels are used to power industrialreductions must be achieved everywhere, presumably through a Kyoto or post-Kyoto negotiated protocol.5.Global environmental collapse is not inevitable.But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that new industrialized economies do not add to the world’s environmental problems.Politicians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort.In short, with the technology that currently exists, the years of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed. (476 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 21.Some people argue that diversity in the material environment is insignificant so long as we are racing toward cultural or spiritual homogeneity. This view gravely underestimates the importance of material goods as symbolic expressions of human personality differences, and it foolishly denies a connection between the inner and outer environment. Those who fear the standardization of human beings should warmly welcome the destandardization of goods. For by increasing the diversity of goods available to man, we increase the mathematical probability of differences in the way men actually live.2.More important, however, is the very premise that we are racing towards cultural homogeneity, since a close look at this also suggests that just the opposite is true. It is unpopular to say this, but we are moving swiftly towards fragmentation and diversity not only in material production, but in art and education as well.3.One highly revealing test of cultural diversity in any literate society has to do with the number of different books published per million of population. The more standardized the tastes of the public, the fewer titles will be published per million; the more diverse these tastes, the greater the number of titles. The increase or decrease of this figure over time is a significant clue to the direction of cultural change in the society. This was the reasoning behind a study of world book trends published by UNESCO. Conducted by Robert Escarpit, director of the Center for the Sociology of Literature at the University of Bordeaux, it provided dramatic evidence of a powerful international shift towards cultural destandardization.4.The same push towards pluralism is evident in painting, too, where we find an almost incredibly wide spectrum of production. Representationalism, expressionism, surrealism, abstract expressionism, hard-edge, pop, kinetic, and a hundred other styles are pumped into the society at the same time. One or another may dominate the galleries temporarily, but there are no universal standards or styles. It is a pluralistic market place.5.Similarly, a wave of revolt for diversity in education has begun to sweep the college campus. New technology makes destandardization possible. Computers, for example, make it easier for a large school to schedule more flexibly. They make it easier for the school cope with independent study, with a wide range of course offerings and more varied extra-curricular activities. More important, computer-assisted education and other such techniques, despite popular misconceptions, radically enhance the possibility of diversity in the classroom. They permit each student to advance at his own purely personal pace. They permit him to follow an individual-cut path towards knowledge, rather than a rigid syllabus as in the traditional industrial era classroom.6.In education, therefore, as in the production of material goods, the society is shifting irresistibly away from, rather than towards, standardization. It is not simply a matter of more varied automobiles, detergents and cigarettes. The thrust towards diversity and increased individual choice affects our mental, as well as our material surroundings. (488 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 3Leisure and Leadership(不在老师给出的题目里面)1.Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.2.As activity carried out as one thinks fit during one’s spare time, leisure has the following functions: relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills and hobbies) in leisure.3.The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. Even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a popular leisure activity: a change of experience to provide “escape” from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to p rovide an opportunity for understanding oneself by comparing other people’s life experiences as portrayed in the programs. In an urban society in which highly structured, fast-paced and stressful work looms large in life, experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.4.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one’s interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction. Our likes and dislikes, tastes and preferences that underlie our choices of such activities as reading books, going to the cinema, camping, or certain cultural pursuits, are all related to social contexts and learning experiences. We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media. Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.5.Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.(462 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 41.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.2.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at the research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research, and that presents a problem.3.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged, but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.4.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. Thesolution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess, and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators, or something else”.5.The pace of modern science makes increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibiliti es.(394 words)ARTICLE ANALYSISPassage 5Post-car Society1.KimiyukiSuda should be a perfect customer for Japan's carmakers. He's a young (34), successful executive at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has plenty of disposable income. He used to own Toyota's Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses mostly subways and trains. Suda reflects a worrisome trend in Japan; the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, particularly among the young, who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic gadgets. While minicars and luxury foreign brands are still popular, everything in between is slipping. Since 1990, yearly new-car sales have fallen from 7.8 million to 5.4 million units in 2007.2.Alarmed by this state of decay, the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association launched a comprehensive study of the market in 2006. It found a widening wealth gap, demographic changes—fewer households with children, a growing urban population—and general lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their vehicles longer, replace their cars with smaller ones or give up car ownership altogether. "Japan's automobile society stands at a crossroads," says Ryuichi Kitamura, a transport expert and professor at Kyoto University. He says he does not expect the trend to be reversed, as studies show that the younger Japanese consumers are, the less interested they are in having a car. JAMA predicts a further sales decline of 1.2 percent in 2008.3. But in Japan, the "demotorization" process, is also driven by cost factors. Owning and driving a car can cost up to $500 per month in Japan, including parking fees, car insurance, toll roads and various taxes. Taxes on a $17,000 car in Japan are4.1 times higher than in the United States, 1.7 times higher than in Germany and 1.25 times higher than in the U.K., according to JAMA. "Automobiles used to represent a symbol of our status, a Western, modern lifestyle that we aspired for," says Kitamura. For today's young people, he argues, "such thinking is completely gone."4.Cars are increasingly just a mobile utility; the real consumer time and effort goes into picking the coolest mobile phones and personal computers, not the hippest hatchback. The rental-car industry has grown by more than 30 percent in the past eight years, as urbanites book weekend wheels over the Internet. Meanwhile, government surveys show that spending on cars per household per year fell by 14 percent, to $600, between 2000 and 2005, while spending on Net and mobile-phone subscriptions rose by 39 percent, to $1,500, during the same period.5.For Japanese car companies, the implications are enormous. “Japan is the world’s second largest market, with a 17 to 18 percent share of our global sales. It’s important,” says Takao Katagiri, corporate vice president at Nissan Motor Co. The domestic market is where Japanese carmakers develop technology and build their know-how, and if it falters, it could gut an industry that employs 7.8 percent of the Japanese work force. While surging exports, particularly to emerging markets, have more than offset the decline in domestic sales so far, companies are looking for ways to turn the tide. Nissan, for example, is trying to appeal to the digital generation with promotio nal blogs and even a videogame. A racing game for Sony’s PlayStation, for example, offers players the chance to virtually drive the company’s latest sporty model, the GT-R—a new marketing approach to create buzz and tempt them into buying cars. Toyota Motors has opened an auto mall as part of a suburban shopping complex near Tokyo, hoping to attract the kinds of shoppers who have long since stopped thinking about dropping by a car dealership. It’s a bit akin to the Apple strategy of moving electronics out of the soulless superstore, and into more appealing and well-trafficked retail spaces. It worked for Apple, but then Apple is so 21st century. (638 words)Passage 6 Women Are Crazy for Fashion1.Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.2.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called ‘top designers’ in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.3.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually blackmailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.4.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-lines are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.5.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.(515words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS 6Passage 7The Beauty of Mathematics1.The British philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell once wrote: “Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty — a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture.” Sculpture is widely admired in our societies —there is hardly a public space in our cities that does not boast a sculpture of some sort. But mathematical beauty is barely recognized beyond the confines of academia, and it is never celebrated.2.This seems curious, since it is clear that artists have long found inspiration in mathematics. Greek architects appear to have used a number known as the golden ratio when designing the Parthenon, and Leonardo D a Vinci’s Vitruvian Man, which depicts an outstretched figure encompassed by a square and a circle, is an attempt to link human beauty with geometry. And in the 20th century, artists have been exposed even more to mathematical ideas, initially because Victorian mathematicians found ways of visualizing mathematical formulae and functions in physical form. Now computers have made it possible to visualize even more complex functions as fractal patterns, and hence mathematical objects like Mandelbrot set have become household images.3.But mathematicians are not usually thinking of images, models and sculptures when they talk about beauty. Mathematical beauty is not a visual quality, Judging a piece of mathematics by the way it looks when modeled in clay, carved in stone or printed on paper is like judging a book by its typeface –it’s an absurd notion.4.What, then, constitutes beautiful mathematics? This is rarely debated among mathematicians, but there are some generally accepted tests that a piece of work must pass to be deemed beautiful —it must employ a minimal number of assumptions, for example, or give some original and important insight, or throw other work into new perspective. Elegance is perhaps a better term for it. There is a flip side, of course: a piece of mathematics laden with unnecessary assumptions and offering no new insight is deemed ugly. The most famous example of a function that meets all the requirements of beauty is Euler’s formula (e iπ+1=0), which links some of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics and draws together two entirely separate branches of the science –geometry, the study of space, and algebra, the study of structure and quantity.5.So why has mathematical beauty failed to make a cultural impact? One reason could be that this spectrum of aesthetics, with beauty at one end and ugliness at the other, sounds horribly one dimensional. And having rules for mathematical beauty feels, as Russell put in, cold and austere: this is a beauty devoid of emotion, profoundly different to that which we experience and admire in a physical world. The beauty of mathematics can be cold and austere, when viewed in a particular way. But viewed in another, it can be rich and warm, funny and sad, romantic and profound. Just like sculpture —he was right about it.(486words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS 7Passage 81. It’s possible to admire Oprah Winfrey and still wish Harvard hadn’t awarded her an honorary doctor of law degree and the commencement speaker spot at yesterday’s graduation. There’s no question Oprah’s achievements place her in the temple of American success stories. Talent, charm, and an exceptional work ethic have rarely hurled anyone as far as they have this former abused teenage mother from rural Mississippi who became one of world’s most successful entertainment icons and the first African-American female billionaire.2. Honorary degrees are often conferred on non-academic leaders in the arts, business, and politics. Harvard’s list in recent years has included Kofi Annan, Bill Gates, Meryl Streep, and David Souter. But Oprah’s particular brand of celebrity is not a good fit for the values of a university whose motto, Veritas, means truth. Oprah’s passionate advocacy extends, unfortunately, to a hearty embrace of fake science. Most notoriously, Oprah’s validation of Jenny McCarthy’s claim that vaccines cause autism has no doubt contributed to much harm through the foolish avoidance of vaccines.3. Famous people are entitled to a few failings, like the rest of us, and the choice of commencement speakers often reflects a balance of institutional priorities and aspirations. Judging from our conversations with many students, Oprah was a widely popular choice. But this vote of confidence in Oprah sends a troubling message at precisely the time when American universities need to do more to advance the cause of reason. As former Dean of Harvard College, Harry Lewis, noted in a blog post about his objections, “It seems very odd for Harvard to h onor such a high profile popularizer of the irrational…at a time when political and religious nonsense so jeopardize the rule of reason in this allegedly enlightened democracy and around the world.”4. As America’s oldest and most visible university, Harv ard has a special opportunity to convey its respect for science not only through its research and teaching programs but also in its public affirmation of evidence-based inquiry. Unfortunately, many American universities seem awfully busy protecting their brand name and not nearly busy enough protecting the pursuit of knowledge. A recent article in The Harvard Crimson noted the shocking growth of Harvard’s public relations arm in the last five years and it questioned whether a focus on risk management and avoiding controversy was really the best outward-looking face of this great institution.5. As American research universities begin to resemble profile centers and entertainment complexes, it’s easy to lose sight of their primary mission: to produce and spread knowledge. This mission depends on traditions of rational discourse and vigorous defense of the scientific method. Oprah Winfrey’s honorary doctorate was a step in the wrong direction.(445 words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS - Passage 8Passage 91. When Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched the in Feb. 2004, even he could not imagine the forces it would let loose. His intent was to connect college students. Facebook, which is what this website rapidly evolved into, ended up connecting the world.2. To the children of this connected era, the world is one giant social network. They are not bound — as were previous generations of humans — by what they were taught. They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was local. You learned everything you knew from your parents, teachers, preachers, and friends. With the high-quality and timely information at their fingertips, today’s children are rising above the fears and biases of their parents. Adults are also participating in this revolution. India’s normally tame middle class is speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. Political leaders are marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes. All of this is being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors set free.3. As does every advancing technology,social media has created many new problems. It is commonly addictive and creates risks for younger users. Social media is used by extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to seek and brainwash recruits. And it exposes us and our friends to disagreeable spying. We may leave our lights on in the house when we are on vacation, but through social media we tell criminals exactly where we are, when we plan to return home, and how to blackmail us.4. Governments don’t need informers any more.Social media allows government agencies to spy on their own citizens.We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and dislikes on Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences, and plans. We post intimate photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organization could actively gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them. The marketers are also seeing big opportunities.Amazon is trying to predict what we will order. Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media profiles. We need to be aware of the risks and keep working to alleviate the dangers.5. Regardless of what social media people use, one thing is certain: we are in a period of accelerating change.The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable than the last. Just as no one could predict what would happen with social media in the last decade, no one can accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am optimistic, however, that a connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself. (450 words)ARTICLE ANALYSIS – Passage 9Passage 10.The Use of Antibiotics in Modern US Agriculture1. One of the most striking patterns in modern US agriculture is the increasing use of antibiotics asa regular supplement in the feed and water consumed by cows, pigs and especially poultry. Most of these drugs are administered in small doses to farm animals not to cure sickness but to promote more growth on less feed and to prevent the infections that come with crowding in feedlots and confinement systems. The practice began in the late 1940s and has accelerated rapidly. Nobody knows precisely what volume of antibiotics is used today. But new estimates released by a public interest group suggest that the amount of antibiotics used nontherapeutically in American livestock has grown to 11.2 million kilograms per year, a number that may be as much as 50% higher than it was in 1985.2.These figures appear in a new report on agricultural antibiotics by the Union of Concerned Scientists, a nonprofit organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The numbers are alarming for two reasons. First, 11.2 million kilograms far exceeds previous estimates. Second, it was a very hard number to arrive at because the data for antibiotic production and use, in humans or animals, are, as the report states, “shockingly incomplete”. A trade group for the makers of veterinary medicines has estimated, for example, that far more antibiotics are used in treating human illness than are administered to animals. But the new estimates find just the opposite—that for the nontherapeutic purposes, cows, pigs and poultry receive overall more than eight times the amount of antibiotics that humans receive in the treatment of actual illness.3. The public has a vital interest in this issue because the number of microbes that are resistant to antibiotic treatments is increasing, and much of the problem stems from the overuse of antibiotics, which kill off susceptible microbes but leave the resistant ones to proliferate. Giving large numbers of animals small doses of antibiotics creates the perfect conditions for the development of resistant strains of microbes, which cause disease in humans. There is already widespread concern in the medical community about the prescription of unnecessary antibiotics for human use, but the problem is exacerbated by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in agriculture. Moreover, the practice of giving animals antibiosis largely unnecessary, as farmers in Sweden, where giving important human antibiotics to farm animals is illegal, have proved.4. The public also has an interest in the quality of the information concerning antibiotic usage. It is difficult to craft a meaningful policy without accurate numbers. As this report convincingly argues, “even the most basic information on anti-microbial usage is not available”—not from either government sources or industry. Indeed, government health officials have complained about the lack of reliable data on antibiotic use.5. The way to ensure that antibiotics rain their efficacy against disease is to know exactly how and in what quantities they are being administered and to eliminate unnecessary usage. But there seems little doubt that antibiotic use will need to be cut back sharply before it produces even more microbes that are resistant to modern medicines. (512 words)。

武汉大学2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试真题解析Part I Reading Comprehension (2×20＝40%)Passage One【译文】亚马逊迫于出版社压力，放弃以9.99美元的价格出售电子书。

许多精装的畅销书售价是30美元，麦克米伦出版商认为电子书9.99美元的价格会降低这些畅销书的价值。

为了回应这场价格之争，亚马逊上周撤下了所有麦克米伦出版的书籍。

但是，亚马逊仅仅抵制了一周，便答应了麦克米伦的要求。

在周日的声明中，亚马逊向消费者辩护了自己的态度。

世界六大出版社之一麦克米伦出版社已明确地告知我们，不管我们态度如何，他们已下定决心转换代理模式，将畅销书和大部分精装图书的电子版本售价调整为12.99美元至14.99美元不等。

我们强烈地反对这一决定，并且通过暂时停止出售麦克米伦出版的书籍来严肃地表明反对态度。

我们希望大家知道由于麦克米伦对其出版书籍的垄断，我们最终必须向麦克米伦认输并接受其条约。

即便我们认为电子书籍不需要这么高的价格，我们仍然想将这些书籍呈现给你们。

亚马逊决定妥协和麦克米伦授权苹果在其iBookstore售卖电子书的协议有关。

亚马逊占有电子书市场的绝大多数份额，但是如果iPad成功了，出版商可能授权苹果售卖他们的电子书。

相比于竞争电子书市场，出版商貌似对保护硬皮书的价值更感兴趣。

电子书价格的提高会促使你买纸质版的小说吗？或者鉴于电子书更便宜，你们会接受电子书价格的微微上调？【答案详解】1.【答案】A【注释】关于亚马逊与麦克米伦之间的价格战争哪种说法是正确的？文章第一句话“Amazon has given in to publisher pressure and agreed to abandon their $9.99 price point for eBooks.”说明亚马逊做出了让步，不再以9.99美元的价格售卖电子书。

因此A选项“麦克米伦赢得了此次价格之争”是正确的，B选项“亚马逊取得了胜利”以及C选项“双方均没有赢得价格之争”都是不正确的，而D选项“顾客很喜欢这次价格之争”文中并没有提到这一信息。

武大法学博士文章要求想在武大读法博写文章，那可得知道这些要求呢。

一、选题方面。

1. 新颖性。

就像在法学的大森林里找一棵独特的树。

你不能老是选那些大家都写烂了的题目，比如“论刑法中的故意杀人罪”这种超级大众的。

得找那种有点像隐藏宝藏的题目，像“人工智能在网络知识产权保护中的法律责任界定”，这个话题多新鲜，就像在法学的集市上摆出了别人没见过的新奇小玩意儿。

2. 现实意义。

选题得跟现实世界手拉手。

要是写个关于古代某个超级生僻法律制度的论文，跟现在社会一点关系都没有，那就像在真空里跳舞，好看是好看，但没什么用。

你得写像“共享经济模式下消费者权益保护的法律完善”这种题目，能解决当下实际问题的，就好像给现实中的麻烦事儿开个法律药方子。

二、文献综述部分。

1. 广泛性。

你得像个知识界的小侦探，在法学的各个角落搜集文献。

不能只盯着国内的几本书，得把视野放宽到全世界。

从美国的法学专著到欧洲的法学杂志文章，都得搜罗进来。

就好比你要做一道超级大餐，得把世界各地的食材（文献）都找来，这样做出来的菜（文章）才够味儿。

2. 批判性分析。

不是把文献都堆在那儿就完事了。

你得像个挑剔的美食家，对这些文献评头论足。

比如说某篇文章说某种法律制度很好，你就得分析它到底好在哪儿，有没有什么漏洞。

不能人家说啥就是啥，得有自己的思考，就像在和那些作者隔着纸张吵架一样。

三、文章结构。

1. 逻辑性。

文章得像一条顺顺溜溜的链子，一环扣一环。

开头提出问题，就像抛出一个神秘的小盒子，然后中间逐步分析，就像慢慢打开盒子，里面一层一层的机关（论点和论据）都要合理。

最后得出结论，就像把盒子完全打开，展示里面的宝贝（你的研究成果）。

不能东一榔头西一棒子，比如说前面在说合同法的事儿，后面突然跳到宪法上去了，那就乱套了。

2. 完整性。

文章得像一个完整的拼图，一块都不能少。

从问题的提出，到相关理论的阐述，再到实际案例的分析，最后到解决方案或者结论，都得有。

缺了哪一块，就像拼图缺了一块角，看着就别扭。

2020届武汉大学附属外语学校高三语文期末考试试题及答案解析一、现代文阅读（36分）(一)现代文阅读I(9分)阅读下面的文字，完成问题。

气候正义是环境主义在气候变化领域的具体发展和体现。

2000年前后，一些非政府组织承袭环境正义运动的精神。

开始对气候变化的影响进行伦理审视，气候正义便应运而生。

气候正义关注的核心主要是在气候容量有限的前提下，如何界定各方的权利和义务，主要表现为一种社会正义或法律正义。

从空间维度来看，气候正义涉及不同国家和地区之间公平享有气候容量的问题，也涉及一国内部不同区域之间公平享有气候容量的问题，因而存在气候变化的国际公平和国内公平问题，公平原则应以满足人的基本需求作为首要目标，每个人都有义务将自己的“碳足迹”控制在合理范围之内。

比如说，鉴于全球排放空间有限，而发达国家已实现工业化，在分配排放空间时，就应首先满足发展中国家在衣食住行和公共基础设施建设等方面的基本发展需求，同时遇到在满足基本需求之上的奢侈排放。

从时间维度上来看，气候正义涉及当代人与后代之间公平享有气候容量的问题，因而存在代际权利义务关系问题。

这一权利义务关系，从消极方面看，体现为当代人如何约束自己的行为来保护地球气候系统，以将同等质量的气候系统交给后代；从积极方面看，体现为当代人为自己及后代设定义务，就代际公平而言，地球上的自然资源在代际分配问题上应实现代际共享，避免“生态赤字”。

因为，地球这个行星上的自然资源包括气候资源，是人类所有成员，包括上一代、这一代和下一代，共同享有和掌管的。

我们这一代既是受益人，有权使用并受益于地球，又是受托人，为下一代掌管地球。

我们作为地球的受托管理人，对子孙后代负有道德义务。

实际上，气候变化公约或协定把长期目标设定为保护气候系统免受人为原因引起的温室气体排放导致的干扰，其目的正是为了保护地球气候系统，这是符合后代利益的。

至少从我们当代人已有的科学认识来看，气候正义的本质是为了保护后代的利益，而非为其设定义务。