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货币金融学课件一、引言货币金融学是研究货币、金融市场、金融机构以及金融工具的学科，它是现代经济体系中的重要组成部分。
货币金融学的主要目的是了解货币在经济中的运行规律，探讨金融市场的运作机制，分析金融机构的运营模式，以及研究金融工具的创新与发展。
本课件将围绕货币金融学的核心概念、金融市场、金融机构和金融工具等方面进行详细讲解。
二、货币金融学的核心概念1.货币的定义与功能货币是一种特殊的商品，它具有价值尺度、交换媒介、价值储藏和支付手段等功能。
货币在经济活动中起着至关重要的作用，它促进了交易的便利和效率，为经济的发展提供了稳定的支付手段。
2.利率的决定与影响利率是货币资金的价格，它反映了借贷资金的供求关系。
利率的决定因素包括资本的供求关系、通货膨胀率、央行的货币政策等。
利率的变化对经济活动有着重要的影响，它影响着消费、投资、储蓄等经济行为。
三、金融市场1.金融市场的定义与功能金融市场是指供求双方进行金融资产交易的场所，它包括货币市场、债券市场、股票市场等。
金融市场的功能主要包括资金融通、风险分散和价格发现等。
2.金融市场的参与者金融市场的参与者包括金融机构、企业和个人。
金融机构包括银行、保险公司、证券公司等，它们在金融市场中扮演着重要的角色，为市场提供融资、投资和风险管理等服务。
3.金融市场的运作机制金融市场的运作机制主要包括交易的规则和流程、市场的监管和法律框架等。
交易的规则和流程规定了市场的交易方式、交易时间和交易价格的确定等。
市场的监管和法律框架保证了市场的公平、公正和透明。
四、金融机构1.金融机构的定义与分类金融机构是指专门从事金融业务的机构，包括银行、保险公司、证券公司等。
金融机构的主要功能是资金的融通和风险管理。
2.商业银行的角色与功能商业银行是金融机构中最重要的一类，它的主要功能是吸收存款、发放贷款和提供支付结算服务。
商业银行在经济发展中起着重要的推动作用，它为企业和个人提供了融资的渠道，促进了经济的增长和繁荣。
FinanceChapter4 Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyCentral BanksThe Money Supply ProcessTools of Monetary PolicyLecture 10Tools of Monetary Policy•Goals of Monetary Policy and Conventional Monetary Policy Tools•The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate •How Tools of Monetary Policy Affect the Federal Funds Rate •Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Monetary Policy ToolsLearning ObjectivesSummarize how conventional monetary policy tools are implemented and the relative advantages and limitations of each toolIllustrate the market for reserves, and demonstrate how changes in monetary policy can affect the equilibrium federal funds rate.Part 1Goals of Monetary Policy and Conventional Monetary Policy Tools1.1 Goals of Monetary Policy•Price stability (*)•High Employment•Economic Growth•Stability of Financial Markets •Interest-Rate Stability•Stability in Foreign Exchange Markets1.2 Monetary Policy ToolsMonetary policy tools are the instruments used by the central bank to regulate the money supply and interest rates in order to achieve the goal of monetary policy.Conventional monetary policy tools :•Open market operations•Discount lending•Reserve requirementsNonconventional Monetary Policy Tools:Quantitative Easing, Credit Easing, Liquidity Provision, Large-Scale Asset Purchases, Forward Guidance and the Commitment to Future Policy ActionsPart 2The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.1 Goals of the Fed's Monetary PolicyThe goals of the Fed's monetary policy:According to the Federal Reserve Act, the goal of U.S. monetary policy is to control inflation and promote full employment.Intermediate goals of the Fed's monetary policy:The Fed uses the federal funds rate as the main monetary policy monitoring indicator and manipulation target.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Demand CurveRR dd= Required reserves + Excess reservesThe trend of demand curve:As the federal funds rate ii ffff decreases, other things being equal, the opportunity cost of holding excess reserves decreases and the demand for excess reserves increases——the demand curve is downward sloping——but the process is not over.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Demand CurveThe trend of demand curve:Since 2008, the Fed has paid interest on reserves at a level that is typically set at a fixed amount below the federal funds rate target.Suppose the interest rate paid on reserves is ii oooo, when federal funds rate ii ffff begins to fall below ii oooo, banks do not lend in the overnight market at a lower interest rate. Instead, they just keep on adding to their holdings of excess reserves indefinitely——the demand curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic)2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Supply CurveRR ss= Nonborrowed reserves (NBR)+ borrowed reserves (BR) NBR: Amount of reserves that are supplied by the Fed’s open market operations. BR: Amount of reserves borrowed from the Fed, the interest rate charged by the Fed on these loans is the discount rate,ii dd, which is set at a fixed amount above the federal funds target rate.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Supply CurveThe trend of supply curve:Borrowing federal funds from other banks is a substitute for borrowing (taking out discount loans) from the Fed.When ii ffff< ii dd,banks will not borrow from the Fed because borrowing in the federal funds market is cheaper, so BR=0, R s= NBR. And so the supply curve will be vertical. When ii ffff> ii dd, banks will want to keep borrowing more and more at ii dd and then lending out the proceeds in the federal funds market at the higher rate, ii ffff. The supply curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic) at ii dd.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Market EquilibriumMarket equilibrium occurs when the quantity of reserves demanded equals the quantity supplied, RR dd=RR ssEquilibrium therefore occurs at the intersection of the demand curve RR dd and the supply curve RR ss, with an equilibrium federal funds rate of ii ffff∗When ii ffff>ii ffff∗, more reserves are supplied than are demanded (excess supply). When ii ffff<ii ffff∗, more reserves are demanded than are supplied (excess demand).2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rateii dd>ii ffff>ii ooooPart 3How Tools of Monetary Policy Affect the Federal Funds RateOpen market purchase leads to greater quantity of reserves supplied, which increases nonborrowed reserves.Open market sale leads to less quantity of reserves supplied, which decreases nonborrowed reservesThe effect of an open market operation depends on whether the supply curve initially intersects the demand curve in its downward-sloped section or in its flat section.If the intersection initially occurs on the downward-sloped section of the demand curve, an open market purchase causes the federal funds rate to fall, whereas an open market sale causes the federal funds rate to rise. (typical situation)If the supply curve initially intersects the demand curve on its flat section, open market operations have no effect on the federal funds rate, because the interest rate paid on reserves, ii oooo, sets a floor for the federal funds rateThe effect of a discount rate change depends on whether the demand curve intersects the supply curve in its vertical section or its flat section.If the intersection occurs on the vertical section of the supply curve, there is no discount lending and borrowed reserves (BR=0). When the discount rate (ii dd) is lowered by the Fed, no change occurs in the equilibrium federal fundsrate. (typical situation)If the demand curve intersects the supply curve on its flat section, there is some discount lending (BR>0). When the discount rate (ii dd) is lowered by the Fed, the equilibrium federal funds rate falls, and BR increases.When the required reserve ratio increases, required reserves increase and hence the quantity of reserves demanded increases for any given interest rate.When the Fed raises reserve requirements, the federal funds rate rises.When the Fed decreases reserve requirements, the federal funds rate fallsMonetary PolicyTools How to Affect Money Supply and ii ffffOpen Market Operations•Affect Money Supply: Open Market Purchase → MB↑→M↑•Affect ii ffff : a) Open Market Purchase → ii ffff ↓ (Usually)b) Open Market Purchase → ii ffff remains unchangedDiscount Lending •Affect Money Supply: a) Discount rate change → M is unchanged (Usually)b) Discount rate ↓ → M↑•Affect ii ffff : a) Discount rate change →ii ffff remains unchanged (Usually)b) Discount rate ↓ → ii ffff ↓Reserve Requirements•Affect Money Supply: rr ↑→M↓•Affect ii ffff : rr ↑→ii ffff ↑3.4 Summary3. How Monetary Policy Tools Affect ii ffffPart 4Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Monetary Policy ToolsMonetaryPolicy ToolsAdvantages DisadvantagesOpen Market Operations •The initiative lies with the centralbank•Flexible and precise•Can be executed quicklyMust be based on well-developed financialmarkets, i.e. there must be a sufficient variety andnumber of securitiesDiscount Lending •Central bank can act as the lenderof last resort•Central banks can realize theirpolicy intentions by increasing ordecreasing the discount rate•Central banks can only affect discount rate,but cannot command banks to borrow•When ii dd remains unchanged, changes in ii ffffmay change discount loans and money supply.•Central bank's changes in the discount ratemay be misinterpreted by the market.MonetaryPolicy ToolsAdvantages DisadvantagesReserve Requirements •The initiative lies with the central bank•Can have a rapid, powerful and widespreadimpact on the money supply•Acts on all banks or depository financialinstitutions, and is objective and fair to allfinancial institutions.•Can reflect the policy intention of the centralbank.•The effect on the money supplyis too violent and lack ofelasticity;•The expected effect of thepolicy is largely limited by theamount of excess reserves in thebanking system.SummaryT H A N K S。
FinanceChapter4 Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyCentral BanksThe Money Supply ProcessTools of Monetary PolicyThe Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and TacticsLecture 9Central Banks•Central Banks•Business of Central Banks •Structure of Central Banks •Independence of Central BanksLearning ObjectivesRecognize the historical context of the development of central banks.Describe the key features and functions of central banks.Assess the degree of independence of other major central banks around the world.Recognize policy tools.Central Banks1.1 Central Banks (P306)A central bank is a financial institution given privileged control over the production and distribution of money and credit for a nation or a group of nations. In modern economies, the central bank is usually responsible for the formulation of monetary policy and the regulation of member banks.中央银行是一个金融机构，控制对一个国家或国家集团的货币和信贷的生产和分配的特权。
