非谓语动词逻辑主语省略的情况
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从句与非谓语动词之间的转换非谓语动词和从句可以相互转换,那么如何将复合句改为简单句呢?首先,需要分清主从复合句,然后取消从句,一般要把引导从句的连词去掉。
例如,将"When he was waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"改为"Waiting for the bus。
he saw a dog"。
其次,如果从句的谓语动词是主动式,就要把谓语动词改为现在分词;如果从句的谓语动词是被动式,就要把谓语动词改为过去分词,并且要注意时态的变化。
例如,将"After he had finished his homework。
he went home"改为"Having finished his homework。
he went home"。
另外,使用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。
如果主从句的主语不一致,在取消掉从句变为-ing或-ed形式时,要把从句的主语保留,其它部分和以前的改法一样。
例如,将"As it was hot。
we went swimming"改为"It being hot。
we went swimming"。
需要注意的是,在使用分词短语作状语时,它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为独立主格结构。
在很多情况下,它都表示一种伴随的动作或表示一种原因。
例如:1.If the weather allows。
I will go there.2.After the rain ped。
XXX.3.His XXX。
and he prepared to return to his institute.4.With so many comrades absent。
XXX.From the above examples。
we can see that the present participle (-ing) usually indicates an n that is happening at the same time as the main verb in the sentence。
非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一,也是较难掌握的难点之一。
它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终。
但是,只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握,就一定能在高考中运筹帷幄,游刃有余。
不定式不可作谓语,但它可以有自己的宾语、状语,构成不定式短语,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语(表用途)、状语或补足语。
高考对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、作用、否定、省略、连词+不定式等。
1.作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作,通常指一件已知的事或目的。
不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事,做是另外一回事。
) (2)不定式短语较长时,通常放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语。
eg:①It is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。
)②It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我们做好这项工作是必要的。
)③It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。
)2.作宾语(1)常只用不定式作宾语的动词有:want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,ag ree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。
eg:①He refused to help me.(他拒绝帮助我.)②She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天来.)(2) 不定式较长时,作宾语,也可用it代替,放在后面。
eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑问词﹢不定式to do结构”具有名词特征,可作宾语。
非谓语动词与其逻辑主语在高中英语新教材中,非谓语动词的应用是学生学习的重点,其中非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语的关系是学生学习的难点。要解决这一难题,必须注意以下四个方面。一、非谓语动词和其逻辑主语的概念1. 非谓语动词是指不能在句中充当谓语的动词形式,即动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种形式。2. 逻辑主语是指非谓语动词动作的执行者或承受者,二者之间在逻辑上存在着主谓关系。二、逻辑主语的判断1. 句子主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如:1) He likes helping others. (He是helping的逻辑主语)2) Moved by his words, I told him all the news. (I是moved的逻辑主语)2. 介词of或for的宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如:1) It’s kind of you to tell me the news. (you是to tell的逻辑主语)2) It is impossible for you to finish so much work in so short a time.(you是to finish的逻辑主语)3. 复合结构中的宾语就是非谓动词的逻辑主语。例如:1) The teacher asked me to answer his question. (me是to answer的逻辑主语)2) I saw him playing at the river side. (him是playing的逻辑主语)三、逻辑主语对非谓语动词语态的影响1. 如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词表示的动作的执行者,非谓语动词就用主动形式。例如:1) I like to go out for a walk after supper.2) He enjoys singing songs.2. 如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词的动作的承受者,非谓语动词就用被动形式。例如:1) The boy dislikes being laughed at.2) Tom asked to be sent to the front. 3. 当句子中既有非谓语动词的逻辑主语又有逻辑宾语时,非谓语动词用主动形式。例如:He has a lot of work to do.4. 逻辑主语与非谓语动词是动宾关系,而且句子中有表语形容词时,非谓语动词用主动形式。例如:1) The work is easy to do.2) The problem is difficult to deal with.四、分词和动名词的逻辑主语的区别1. 分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。如果不一致,则要补出它自己的逻辑主语。例如:1) It being a fine day, we went out for a picnic.2) The homework finished, she began to watch TV.以上两例中的逻辑主语It和The homework不能缺少。2. 动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时,可以补出来动名词的逻辑主语。例如:1) Would you mind my opening the window?2) Would you mind opening the window?3. 动名词的逻辑主语常用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当,而分词的逻辑主语一般用主格形式(作宾语除外)。试比较:1) Tom’s being late made the teacher angry.Tom being late, the teacher got angry.2) I being late, the teacher got angry.My being late made the teacher angry.注意:1) 当动名词作宾语时,其逻辑主语也可用宾格形式。试比较:Would you mind my opening the window?Would you mind me opening the window?2) 当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物或不定代词时,不能用名词或代词的所有格。例如:Is there any hope of our class (不能说class’s) winning the match?I was woken up by someone (不能说someone’s) crying for help.总之,非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系要在具体的语言环境中加以分析和判断1.(MET86)Tell him ___ the window.A.to shut notB.not to shutC.to not shutD.not shut2.(MET89)She pretended ___me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeingC.to not seeD.having not seen3. It’s a great honour for me ______ to sp eak here.A.to inviteB.to be invitedC.to invitedD..to have invited4.(上海96) When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person____.A.to sendB.for sending itC.to send it toD.for sending it to5. - You have come just in time to help us- Fine, what needs ____.A. I doB. doneC. to be done D .to do6.04-27福建The news reporter hurried to the airport, only___the film stars had left.A. to tellB. to be told C .telling D. told7. 05—8浙江——more about university courses, call (920)746-3789.A. To find outB. Finding outC. Find outD. Having found outKey (BABCCBA) 1.I can’t think of ____ alone any longer.A. you livingB. you being livedC. you liveD. you are living2. He narrowly escaped ____ by a car..A. killingB. being killedC. having killedD. killed3. I’m afraid of ___ at home alone.A. leavingB. leftC. being leftD. live4. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed___.A. catchingB. to be caughtC. being caughtD. to catch5. Have you finished ___the notice on the blackboard?A. writtenB. wroteC. writingD. to write6.04—34安徽I really can’t understand ____ her like that.A. you treatB. you to treatC. why treatD. you treating7. 92—26上海He has always insisted on his ____ Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.A. been calledB. calledC. having calledD. being calledKey (ABCCCDD)1.(86MET)The next morning she found the man ___in bed ,dead.A. lying B .lie C. lay D. laying2.(90MET) ___ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given3(92MET) ___ a reply, he decided to write again.A. Not receivingB. Receiving notC. Not having receivedD. Having not received4. (97MET) The Olympic Games,_____ in 776 B. C. , did not include women playersuntil 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing5. (93上海) He didn’t keep on asking me the ti me any longer as he had had hiswatch____.A.. to repairB. repairedC. repairingD. repair6.(05—7天津) You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ____often enough.A. explainingB. to explainC. explainD. explained 7.(05—26湖北) ——from other continents for millions of years, Australia hasmanyplants and animals not found in any other countryin the world.A. Being separatedB. Having separatedC. Having been separatedD. To beseparatedKey ( A ACCBDC)。
三步解非谓语动词遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题,可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度,从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。
第一步:根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式,看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。
非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表注:1).the 分词也可用作主语和宾语;2).现在分词完成式不作定语。
1.非谓语形式作主语或宾语时,除“the 分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。
其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词 不定式”结构。
例如:1).It’s very kind of you to help us.2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .4).Please show us how to do that.2.作状语时,不定式表示目的以及so/as to do和(only)to do中的结果状语,其它状语都用分词来表示。
例如:1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.(“非谓语 主句”模式中,非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开,此句中的不定式只作目的状语;此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语,有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等连词,如:①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.)2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.(不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号)3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.(不定式在主句之后,又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果)第二步:在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。
⾮谓语动词逻辑主语可以不表⽰出来的情况⼀般说来,⾮谓语动词的逻辑主语必定能在所在句中找到,否则被视为有语法错误。
但是,下列的⾮谓语动词形式逻辑主语却允许不表⽰出来。
⼀、不定式短语在下列情况下,逻辑主语可不表⽰出来。
1.不定式作主语或表语时泛指⼀个动作,并⽆具体实施者,其隐含主语是one。
例如:To borrow books from this library, it is necessary to register as a member of the library. [For one to borrow...]要从这个图书馆借书,在图书馆做登记是必要的。
To take such an attitude is to seek truth from facts.这种态度就是实事求是的态度。
2.不定式短语作插⼊语表⽰说话⼈的态度,其隐含的主语是I或we。
例如:To sum up, we have to work still harder.总之,我们还得更加努⼒地⼯作。
To tell the truth, I don't agree with you.⽼实说,我不同意你的意见。
3.不定式短语的逻辑主语可在上下⽂中找到。
例如:Well, I put on weight again. To take it off would be no easy job.嗯,我⼜发胖了。
再要减肥可不容易。
4.在⼀些科学论著中,隐含的不定式短语的逻辑主语是I, we, you(即作者或读者)。
例如:To increase the rate of reaction, a catalyst is used.要加快反应速度就得使⽤催化剂。
This medicine should be taken before meals to get the best result.这种药应在饭前服⽤以获得最佳疗效。
⼆、-ing分词短语在下列情况下,其逻辑主语可不表⽰出来。
非谓语动词作状语逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述非谓语动词作状语以及逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系是语法学中重要的概念,对于理解句子的结构和意义起着关键的作用。
非谓语动词可以以动词、形容词、副词和介词短语的形式出现在句子中,并且在句子中起到修饰或补充动词的作用。
有时,非谓语动词能够包含丰富的信息,使句子更具表达力和准确性。
逻辑主语是一个概念,指的是在一个句子中承担实际动作或状态的实体或事物。
逻辑主语与动词之间存在着主被动关系,也就是动词所表示的动作或状态是由逻辑主语所承担的。
主动语态表示逻辑主语执行动作,而被动语态则表示逻辑主语接受动作。
本文旨在探讨非谓语动词作状语的定义、分类和用法,并且分析非谓语动词作状语的实际运用。
同时,我们还将深入研究逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系,介绍逻辑主语的定义和作用,以及动词的主被动关系的规律。
通过示例分析,我们将展示非谓语动词作状语和逻辑主语与动词的主被动关系的重要性和实际应用。
最后,本文的结论将总结非谓语动词作状语的重要性,并归纳逻辑主语和动词的主被动关系的规律。
同时,本文也将探讨对语言学研究的启示,以期为语法学领域的进一步研究提供参考和借鉴。
通过对非谓语动词作状语和逻辑主语与动词的主被动关系的深入理解和应用,我们可以更好地理解句子的结构和意义,提高语言表达的准确性和流利性。
1.2 文章结构2.1 定义和分类:在本章中,我们将探讨非谓语动词作状语的相关概念和分类。
非谓语动词是指在句子中作除谓语外的其他成分的动词形式。
它们可以用来修饰主语、谓语、宾语以及其他成分,起到状语的作用。
根据用途和形式的不同,非谓语动词可以分为分词、不定式和动名词等几种类型。
首先,我们来看分词。
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
现在分词通常以-ing结尾,而过去分词则是根据动词的不同规则变化而来。
分词作状语时,可以表达时间、条件、原因、方式、目的等不同的意义。
其次,不定式是另一种常见的非谓语动词形式。
非谓语动词之独立主格结构独立主格结构(The Absolute Structure)指由逻辑主语+逻辑谓语构成的结构,独立于句子之外,并在句子中作状语、定语等成分的结构。
1.构成独立主格结构主要有两种形式,一种是非谓语动词构成的独立主格结构,一种是名词/代词+其他词类构成的独立主格结构。
(1)非谓语动词构成的独立主格结构非谓语动词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与主句一致,但有时其逻辑主语不是主句的主语,此时应在其前加上其逻辑主语,所以“逻辑主语+动词-ing”、“逻辑主语+动词-ed”、“逻辑主语+不定式”便构成了非谓语形式的独立主格结构。
独立主格结构在句中主要作状语,更多地用于书面语中。
Leaves falling here and there , I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.(Leaves是falling的逻辑主语,独立主格结构在句中作原因状语。
)The boy was knocked over , blood streaming down his head .(blood是streaming的逻辑主语,独立主格结构在句中作结果状语。
)The plan successfully carried out , everything worked out perfectly . (the plan是carried out的逻辑主语,独立主格结构在句中作原因状语。
)Lost of homework to do , I have to stay home all day . (名词+不定式)(2)名词/代词+其他词类构成的独立主格结构名词/代词+名词、名词/代词+形容词、名词/代词+副词、名词/代词+介词短语也可构成独立主格结构。
Many people attended the conference , most of them experts from the States.(代词+名词)She was sitting at the table , head in her hands . (名词+介词短语)All the windows open , the air in the room is fresher .(名词+形容词)The football game over , the streets were soon crowded with the spectators .(名词+副词)2.独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构一般作状语,有的特殊形式可作定语。