英语专业英译汉 第六章增减词解析
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英文翻译技巧之增词法与减词法英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。
增词法与减词法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛,但无论增词还是减词,增减的是词,不是意。
一、增词法所谓增词法,就是在翻译时,为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律,为了使意思更加明确,从意义、修辞和句法上需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。
增词译法不是凭空想象,必须增之有道,补之有理。
必要的增词对一个句子起着画龙点睛的作用,准确、通顺和完整地表达原文的内容,避免语义模糊。
例1:Packing together with packaging is designed not only as a form of protection but also a form to facilitate handling, storage, to prevent pilferage and what's more to help promote the sales.译文:包装和包装方法不仅仅是为了保护商品,也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃,更重要的是,有助于促销。
解析:“protection”此处译作“保护商品”,加了“商品”两字,显然比译作“保护”更好。
1.增加原文中省略的部分英语中有省略现象,译为汉语时往往要根据句法需要补出英文中省略的成分,主要包括回答中的省略、动词的省略及比较句中的省略等;另外,为表示态度、逻辑关系等,也需要加词。
(1)增补回答句中省略的词语1例2:—He doesn’t know, does he?—Yes, he does.译文:——他不知道吧?——不,他知道。
例3:—Did you enjoy your time in Beijing?—Yes, I did.译文:——你在北京过得愉快吗?——是的,我过得很愉快。
(2)增补并列结构中省略的词语例4:On average, the economy performs less well in a president's second term than in his first.That pattern probably does not apply to Mr Obama. Since his first term was so difficult, the next, by rights, ought to be better.译文:一般来说,美国总统第二个任期内的经济不如第一任期。
❝翻译方法和技巧(六)❝英汉互译中的增词法和减词法❝根据上下文的意思,逻辑关系,句法特点和表达习惯增加原文中没有出现但是实际包含的词,或者减少原文中虽出现但译文表达用不着的词。
❝翻译的增词法和减词法是一个事物的互为补充的两个方面,如果汉译英要加词,那么英译汉就要减词。
❝一、增词法-增词不增意❝增词法:這種方式多半用在漢译英里。
漢語無主句較多,而英語句子一般都要有语法主語,所以在翻譯汉語无主句的時候,除了少數可用英語无主句、被動語态或”There be…”結构來翻譯以外,一般都要根语語境補出主語,使句子完整。
❝英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。
例如,英語中代詞使用頻率較高,凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有关的事物時,必須在前面加上物主代詞。
因此,在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞,而在英譯漢時又需要根據情況這當地刪減。
❝英語詞与詞、詞組与詞組以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用連詞來表示,而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種关系。
因此,在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。
❝你来我就走❝I will leave if/as you come.❝ 1.英汉互译中最常见的增减词就是范畴词(方面、方式、问题、程度、情况之类的词)❝在下个世纪,很多国家将出现技术匮乏现象。
❝There will be a skill shortage in many countries in the next century.❝许多人主张采取强有力的措施镇压走私活动❝Many advocated strong action to crack down the smuggling.❝ 2.原文中一些不言而明需要根据上下文的情况和用法加上去。
❝You were, you are, and you remain to be the consumers of our products.❝你们永远是我的客户。
❝你们过去是,现在是,将来仍然是我们的客户。
关于汉译英的译法总结英译汉与汉译英有两个重要的问题:增词/减词;词性转换。
我们知道学习英语翻译首先要搞清英语与汉语的语言差异,这与中西方文化的差异有很大的关系,我们没有太多时间去完全掌握西方的文化背景,在这里总结了一下在汉译英时所翻译出来的英语应具备的特点:1、句式结构为:废话+主语+主要的话+废话,所以在汉译英时,当多个分句进行组合时需要找出主要矛盾,次要矛盾;2、善用长句,不用标点。
在进行汉译英是多为合译,中文短句通过一定的介词连词进行句子组合;3、善用连词,英语为形合式语言,句与句之间善用连词连接,句子多为长句;4、善用名词、形容词。
英文属弱势语言,善用弱势动词,因此汉译英的关键点在于找出最重要的动词,将中文中的强势动词进行弱势动词的过渡,一个地道的英文句子中动词越少越好;5、善用代词。
中文中善用名词或者名词省略,而英文中多用代词指代;6、常用标点符号:“; : -”7、评论性语句顺序为先评论再事实;8、语言结构为先总后分;9、善用表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句,而中文善用宾语从句。
如,我记得:the memory of….(表语从句);what I remembered is th at…(主语从句)汉译英翻译步骤:1、断句。
中文句子较短,首先判断哪些句子应该放在一起翻译。
2、找动词(核心谓语动词)。
判断句子中哪个动词重要,哪个不重要。
3、找连词(在多个分句同时存在时使用);4、翻译;5、重读。
英文句式特点:1.主谓搭配问题(平衡)中文由于强调句子中的某个成分主语较长,谓语、宾语较短,而英文的主谓宾分配比较均匀,没有固定的强调结构。
我们也称中文为“非平衡性语言”,英文为“平衡性语言”。
如,中国的海洋资源十分丰富。
译为:China is rich in marine resource.而不是译为:China’s marine resource are very rich.2.评论与事实(先评论后事实)翻译时,英文是先评论后事实。
Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。
那么,忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢?实际上并非如此。
美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”,在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思,而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。
英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异,一味拘泥于原文的形式,有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。
适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词,恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。
下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。
1.增词法增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。
一般说来,增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上,但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。
经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况:(1)增加表示时态和复数的词英语具有某些综合形语言的特征,可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。
而汉语则是典型的分析形语言,词形本身没有变化,要表示时态和复数需要通过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。
所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词,如:例1:His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are.译文:他父亲过去是个渔夫。
那时候他和我们现在一样穷。
例2:The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文:协议将于明年生效。
例3:Lion is the king of animals.译文:狮子是百兽之王。
例4:As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文:众所周知,空气是许多种气体的混合物。
(2)增加语义表达中需要的词增加语义表达中需要的词,是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。
❝翻译方法和技巧(六)❝英汉互译中的增词法和减词法❝根据上下文的意思,逻辑关系,句法特点和表达习惯增加原文中没有出现但是实际包含的词,或者减少原文中虽出现但译文表达用不着的词。
❝翻译的增词法和减词法是一个事物的互为补充的两个方面,如果汉译英要加词,那么英译汉就要减词。
❝一、增词法-增词不增意❝增词法:這種方式多半用在漢译英里。
漢語無主句較多,而英語句子一般都要有语法主語,所以在翻譯汉語无主句的時候,除了少數可用英語无主句、被動語态或”There be…”結构來翻譯以外,一般都要根语語境補出主語,使句子完整。
❝英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。
例如,英語中代詞使用頻率較高,凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有关的事物時,必須在前面加上物主代詞。
因此,在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞,而在英譯漢時又需要根據情況這當地刪減。
❝英語詞与詞、詞組与詞組以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用連詞來表示,而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種关系。
因此,在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。
❝你来我就走❝I will leave if/as you come.❝ 1.英汉互译中最常见的增减词就是范畴词(方面、方式、问题、程度、情况之类的词)❝在下个世纪,很多国家将出现技术匮乏现象。
❝There will be a skill shortage in many countries in the next century.❝许多人主张采取强有力的措施镇压走私活动❝Many advocated strong action to crack down the smuggling.❝ 2.原文中一些不言而明需要根据上下文的情况和用法加上去。
❝You were, you are, and you remain to be the consumers of our products.❝你们永远是我的客户。
❝你们过去是,现在是,将来仍然是我们的客户。
insight: the capacity to gain an accurate and deep instinctive understanding of a situation checkered tablecloth: tablecloth that has a pattern consisting of alternating squares of different colors.chew the cud(slang):think reflectivelygnome:(in legends) a little old man who lives underground and guards the earth’s treasures/a small ugly personmelancholy: sad, gloomy,depressedberate: scold or criticize angrilya perverse streak: an obstinate qualityruefully: regretfullydrag(slang):a boring thing; nuisanceimmortality: never-ending life or endless fameU2cool one’s heels :be forced to wait; be kept waitingattest to: testify to; serve as an evidence to affirm/to be proof ofapocalyptic: foreboding imminent disaster or final doomproconsul: an administrator in a colony usually with wide powersruminate: go over in the mind repeatedly and often slowlynattering: chattering; hence; noisyechelon: rank, levelfotify: encourage; supportreappraisal: re-evaluationacademe: the academic community; academicsshrink(slang): psychoanalyst or psychiatristsubliminal: existing or functioning outside the area of conscious awarenesstruism: an undoubted or self-evident truthmellow and marinate: to mellow is to become ripe or fully developed and the marinate is to steep(meat, fish)in a savory sauce to enrich its flavor; here, ripen and matureU3tangible: substantially real; materialcustom: business patronage ;the fact of a person or people buying goods or services at a shop/store or businessimpregnable: unassailable, unattackable; sturdycredit: trust in a person’s ability and intention to pay at a later time for goods, etc. supplied dash: vigor in style and action; here means enthusiasmflair: ingenuity and vitalityinvulnerability: freedom from harm or attackcomposition: arrangement into proper proportion or relation and especially into artistic form illusory: deceptivepreclude: make impossibleassumption: sth. taken for granted; suppositioncrave for: long for; desire eagerlyhumdrum: lacking variety; dullimmerse: involve deeply; absorbtransmute: change; transformphysiological pressures: irritation; annoyance; afflictionvexation: illness; discomfortsseminal: having possibilities of future development; highly original and influencing the development of future eventsinordinate: excessivecompatible with: able to exist togetherthrive on: enjoy and do well as a result ofstave off: keep off; prevent in timeU7lamely: weakly, unsatisfactorilyparadoxical: seemingly self-contradictory; incongruous; puzzlingseductive: attractive; charmingpedagogical: teachingwary: heedful; carefulon the defensive: prepared for disapproval or attackdemeaning overtones: implications of humiliationvestiges: traces that have once existed but exist no moreto the detriment of: to the harm ofthroes: a condition of agonizing struggle or effort: upheavalnarcissism: excessive admiration of oneselfobligation: duty; social requirement that compels one to follow a certain course of action fretful: irritable; complainingpass muster: be accepted as satisfactorydepreciation: a disparaging or a belittling act or instancecensure: an expression of blame or disapprovalpreen: adorn or trim(oneself)carefullyinterminable :endlessU8multitudinous: very numerous, existing in great numberslust: overwhelming desire or cravingorgy: excessive indulgence in any activity; wild festivitypitch: point, level, degreetexture: quality; structure of a substancedeliberate fasting: eating little or no food on purposebludgeon: force sb. into (doing sth);beatblow-out(slang):a large, usu. lavish, mealindulgence: great satisfaction; gratification of desireshomage: honor or respect; reverence paidgorge: stuff/fill oneself completely with foodimpotence: powerlessness; ineffectualnessU10plight: condition, state, or situation; esp. an unfavorable oneas often as not: at least half the time; frequentlyarticulate: using language easily and fluently; having facility with wordsa coveted fellowship: a fellowship that everyone longs jealously to possessallegorically: figurativelygibberish: talk or writing containing many obscure, pretentious, or technical words; meaningless or unintelligible talk or writingprovidentially: fortunately; luckilyinexorably: inescapablyprofundity: profound or deep mattersgrapple with: try to deal withU12virtual: in essence or effect though not formally recognized or admittedpoignant: deeply movingchivalry: qualities that knights in the western countries in the middle ages were expected to have, such as courage, honor, loyaltyobeisance: submission or obedienceto a fault: to an extreme degreegroove: set way of doing sthtenacity: perseveranceburgeoning: thrivingfidelity: loyalty, faithfulnessin one’s debt: under obligation to one。