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1、创建存储过程create or replace procedure test(var_name_1 in type,var_name_2 out type) as--声明变量(变量名变量类型)begin--存储过程的执行体end test;打印出输入的时间信息E.g:create or replace procedure test(workDate in Date) isbegindbms_output.putline('The input date is:'||to_date(workDate,'yyyy-mm-dd'));end test;2、变量赋值变量名 := 值;E.g：create or replace procedure test(workDate in Date) isx number(4,2);beginx := 1;end test;3、判断语句:if 比较式 then begin end; end if;E.gcreate or replace procedure test(x in number) is beginif x >0 thenbeginx := 0 - x;end;end if;if x = 0 then beginx: = 1;end;end if;end test;4、For 循环For ... in ... LOOP--执行语句end LOOP;(1)循环遍历游标create or replace procedure test() asCursor cursor is select name from student; name varchar(20);beginfor name in cursor LOOPbegindbms_output.putline(name);end;end LOOP;end test;(2)循环遍历数组create or replace procedure test(varArray in myPackage.TestArray) as--(输入参数varArray 是自定义的数组类型，定义方式见标题6)i number;begini := 1; --存储过程数组是起始位置是从1开始的，与java、C、C++等语言不同。
一、概述Oracle Application Express (APEX) 是一款基于Web的开发工具，可用于快速创建企业级的数据库驱动的应用程序。
它是Oracle数据库的一部分，可以快速地构建Web应用程序和报表。
二、概述在本文中，我们将探讨如何使用Oracle APEX开发一个简单的实例。
我们将使用一个假设的企业情景，并展示如何使用APEX来构建一个管理员工信息的应用程序。
三、设置环境1. 确保已安装Oracle数据库并启用了Oracle APEX。
2. 使用浏览器打开Oracle APEX的管理界面，创建一个新的应用程序。
四、创建数据表1. 在Oracle APEX的管理界面中，打开SQL Workshop，创建一个新的数据表。
2. 设计员工信息的数据表结构，包括尊称、性莂、出诞辰期、部门等字段。
3. 保存数据表并添加一些示例数据。
五、创建页面1. 在应用程序界面中，选择创建新的页面。
2. 选择一个合适的模板，例如标准的表格模板。
3. 关联刚刚创建的数据表，并选择需要显示的字段。
4. 保存页面并发布应用程序。
六、添加交互功能1. 在页面设计的界面中，添加一个新的按钮或信息，用于添加新的员工信息。
2. 在页面属性中，添加一个新的按钮动作，并配置为弹出一个模态对话框。
3. 设计模态对话框的界面，包括尊称、性莂、出诞辰期等输入字段。
4. 保存并发布应用程序。
七、测试应用程序1. 使用浏览器打开发布的应用程序，测试员工信息管理界面的功能。
2. 尝试添加新的员工信息，并验证数据是否能够正确地保存和显示。
3. 测试各种交互功能，例如搜索、分页等。
八、部署应用程序1. 当应用程序功能全部测试通过后，可以将应用程序部署到生产环境。
2. 设置应用程序的权限和访问控制，确保只有授权的用户能够访问。
3. 监控应用程序的性能和稳定性，及时处理可能出现的问题。
九、总结在本实例中，我们演示了如何使用Oracle APEX快速地开发一个简单的员工信息管理应用程序。
oracle forms builder开发流程英文版Oracle Forms Builder Development ProcessOracle Forms Builder is a powerful tool that allows developers to create interactive, database-driven applications. It offers a visual interface for designing forms, reports, and other user interfaces that can seamlessly integrate with Oracle databases. Here's a brief overview of the Oracle Forms Builder development process:1. Requirement Analysis:Begin by understanding the requirements of the application. Identify the necessary data fields, relationships, and business logic. Determine the user interface elements required, such as buttons, text fields, combo boxes, etc.2. Environment Setup:Ensure that you have the necessary software and licenses installed, including Oracle Forms Builder and the associatedOracle database. Set up your development environment, including the required tools and libraries.3. Database Design:Design the database schema based on the requirements. Create tables, views, and stored procedures as needed. Define relationships and constraints to ensure data integrity.4. Form Design:Open Oracle Forms Builder and start designing the form. Use the visual design tools to add controls, such as text fields, buttons, combo boxes, and other interface elements. Arrange these controls layout to create an intuitive and user-friendly interface.5. Data Binding:Bind the form controls to the database fields. Define the necessary data sources and queries to populate the form with data from the database. Set up triggers and event handlers to handle user interactions, such as button clicks or data validation.6. Logic Implementation:Implement the business logic using PL/SQL or other programming languages supported by Oracle Forms Builder. This includes data validation, calculations, and other operations required to process form data.7. Testing:Thoroughly test the form to ensure it functions correctly. Test various scenarios, including edge cases and error conditions. Use debugging tools to identify and fix any issues.8. Deployment:Deploy the form to the production environment. This involves packaging the form and deploying it to the server where it will be accessed by users. Ensure that the necessary dependencies and configurations are in place.9. Maintenance and Enhancements:Regularly monitor and maintain the form to address any issues or bugs that arise. Continuously improve the form based on user feedback and business requirements.中文翻译Oracle Forms Builder开发流程Oracle Forms Builder是一个强大的工具，允许开发人员创建交互式、基于数据库的应用程序。
编程规范1：所有数据库关键字和保留字都大写；字段、变量的大小写2：程序块采用缩进风格书写，保证代码清晰易读，风格一致，缩进格数统一为2/4个。
必须使用空格，不允许使用【tab】键。
3：当同一条语句暂用多于一行时，每行的其他关键字与第一行的关键字进行右对齐。
4：不允许多个语句写到一行，即一行只写一条语句。
5：避免把复杂的SQL语句写到同一行，建议要在关键字和谓词处换行。
6：相对独立的程序块之间必须加空行。
BEGIN、END独立成行。
7：太长的表达式应在低优先级操作符处换行，操作符或关键字应放在新行之首。
不同类型的操作符混合使用时，用括号隔离，使得代码清晰。
8: 不同类型的操作符混合使用时，应使用括号明确的表达运算的先后关系。
9：运算符以及比较符左边或者右边只要不是链接的括弧，则空一格。
10：if 后的条件要用括号括起来，括号内每行最多两个条件。
11：减少控制语句的检查次数，如在else( if..else)控制语句中，对最常用符合条件，尽量往前被检查到。
尽量避免使用嵌套的if 语句，在这种情况应使用多个if 语句来判断其可能。
命名规范1：不使用数据库关键字和保留字，为了避免不必要的冲突和麻烦。
2：严禁使用带空格的名称来给字段和表命名，会出错误而终止。
3：用户自定义数据库对象：表，视图，主外键，索引，触发器，函数，存储过程，序列，同义词，数据库连接，包，包体风格要保持一致。
数据库名称1-8个字符，其他对象1-30个字符，数据库连接不操过30个字符。
使用英文字母、数字、下划线。
除表外，其他对象命名最好用不同的前缀来区别。
表tbl_/t_视图v_序列seq_簇c_触发器trg_存储过程sp_/p_函数f_/fn_物化视图mv_包和包体pkg_类和类体typ_主键pk_外键fk_唯一索引uk_普通索引idx_位图索引bk_4：PL/SQL对象和变量命名规则输入变量i_输出变量o_输入输出变量io_普通变量v_全局变量gv_常量大写游标cur_用户自定义类型type_保存点spt_不允许使用中文和特殊字符用户对象命名应全部为小写，且不允许使用控制符号强制转换对象为小写字符变量命名，要有具体含义，能表明变量类型。
oracle开发面试题在进行Oracle开发岗位面试前，我们需要准备一些常见的面试题，以便更好地展示自己的技能和知识。
以下是一些常见的Oracle开发面试题，供参考。
1. 什么是Oracle数据库？Oracle数据库是一种关系型数据库管理系统，被广泛应用于企业中。
它具有高度可伸缩性、安全性和可靠性，可以处理大量数据并提供高性能的数据访问。
2. 请解释以下概念：表、列和行。
- 表：在Oracle数据库中，表是用于存储数据的结构化对象。
每个表由一组列（字段）和行（记录）组成。
- 列：列是表的结构组成部分，它定义了表中每个记录的属性。
每个列都有一个特定的数据类型，如整数、字符、日期等。
- 行：在表中，每个记录被称为一行。
行是表中存储的实际数据。
3. 请解释Oracle中的主键和外键。
- 主键：主键是一种唯一标识表中记录的方式。
它可以确保每行数据都具有唯一的标识符，通常通过在一列或多列上创建唯一索引来实现。
- 外键：外键是一个表中的列，它链接到另一个表中的主键。
外键用于实现表之间的关联关系，并确保数据的一致性和完整性。
4. 请解释Oracle事务的概念。
- 事务：事务是一组逻辑操作单元，被视为一个单一的工作单元。
在Oracle中，事务可以包含一系列的数据库操作（如插入、更新、删除等），并且要么全部成功执行，要么全部失败回滚。
5. 请解释SQL语句中的DML和DDL。
- DML：数据操作语言（Data Manipulation Language）是一种用于检索和操作数据库中数据的语言。
典型的DML语句包括SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE和DELETE。
- DDL：数据定义语言（Data Definition Language）是用于定义数据库结构的语言。
典型的DDL语句包括CREATE、ALTER和DROP等操作。
6. 请解释Oracle中的视图和索引。
- 视图：视图是一种虚拟的表，其内容可以由一个或多个表中的数据定义。
Oracle开发之窗⼝函数⼀、窗⼝函数简介：到⽬前为⽌，我们所学习的分析函数在计算/统计⼀段时间内的数据时特别有⽤，但是假如计算/统计需要随着遍历记录集的每⼀条记录⽽进⾏呢？举些例⼦来说：①列出每⽉的订单总额以及全年的订单总额②列出每⽉的订单总额以及截⾄到当前⽉的订单总额③列出上个⽉、当⽉、下⼀⽉的订单总额以及全年的订单总额④列出每天的营业额及⼀周来的总营业额⑤列出每天的营业额及⼀周来每天的平均营业额仔细回顾⼀下前⾯我们介绍到的分析函数，我们会发现这些需求和前⾯有⼀些不同：前⾯我们介绍的分析函数⽤于计算/统计⼀个明确的阶段/记录集，⽽这⾥有部分需求例如2，需要随着遍历记录集的每⼀条记录的同时进⾏统计。
也即是说：统计不⽌发⽣⼀次，⽽是发⽣多次。
统计不⾄发⽣在记录集形成后，⽽是发⽣在记录集形成的过程中。
这就是我们这次要介绍的窗⼝函数的应⽤了。
它适⽤于以下⼏个场合：①通过指定⼀批记录：例如从当前记录开始直⾄某个部分的最后⼀条记录结束②通过指定⼀个时间间隔：例如在交易⽇之前的前30天③通过指定⼀个范围值：例如所有占到当前交易量总额5%的记录⼆、窗⼝函数⽰例－全统计：下⾯我们以需求：列出每⽉的订单总额以及全年的订单总额为例，来看看窗⼝函数的应⽤。
【1】测试环境：复制代码代码如下:SQL> desc orders;名称是否为空? 类型----------------------- -------- ----------------MONTH NUMBER(2)TOT_SALES NUMBERSQL>【2】测试数据：复制代码代码如下:SQL> select * from orders;MONTH TOT_SALES---------- ----------1 6106972 4286763 6370314 5411465 5929356 5014857 6069148 4605209 39289810 51011711 53288912 492458已选择12⾏。
Oracle8i Application Developer’s Guide - Large Objects (LOBs), Release 2 (8.1.6)Part No. A76940-01Copyright © 1996, 1999, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.Primary Authors: Shelley Higgins, Susan Kotsovolos, Den RaphaelyContributing Authors:Geeta Arora, Sandeepan Banerjee, Thomas Chang, Chandrasekharan Iyer, Ramkumar Krishnan, Dan Mullen, Visar Nimani, Anindo Roy, Rosanne Toohey, Guhan ViswanaContributors:Jeya Balaji, Maria Chien, Christian Shay, Ali Shehade, Sundaram Vedala, Eric Wan, Joyce YangGraphics:Valerie Moore, Charles KellerThe Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information of Oracle Corporation; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent, and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs is prohibited.The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.If youfind any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing. Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error free. Except as may be expressly permitted in your license agreement for these Programs, no part of these Programs may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Oracle Corporation. If the Programs are delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing or using the programs on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable:Restricted Rights Notice Programs delivered subject to the DOD FAR Supplement are "commercial computer software" and use, duplication, and disclosure of the Programs, including documentation, shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement. Otherwise, Programs delivered subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulations are "restricted computer software" and use, duplication, and disclosure of the Programs shall be subject to the restrictions in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights (June, 1987). Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065.The Programs are not intended for use in any nuclear, aviation, mass transit, medical, or other inherently dangerous applications. It shall be the licensee's responsibility to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use of such applications if the Programs are used for such purposes, and Oracle Corporation disclaims liability for any damages caused by such use of the Programs.Oracle is a registered trademark, and PL/SQL, Pro*Ada, Pro*C, Pro*C/C++ , Pro*COBOL, SQL*Forms, SQL*Loader, SQL*Plus,Oracle7, Oracle8, Oracle8i are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. All other company or product names mentioned are used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks of their respective owners.Contents Send Us Your Comments (xxxix)Preface...........................................................................................................................................................xliInformation in This Guide..................................................................................................................xlii Feature Coverage and Availability...................................................................................................xlii New LOB Features...............................................................................................................................xlii What’s New in This Manual..............................................................................................................xliii Related Guides....................................................................................................................................xliv How This Book Is Organized............................................................................................................xlvi Conventions Used in this Guide......................................................................................................xlviii How to Interpret the Use Case Diagrams............................................................................................l Use Cases Diagram Elements................................................................................................................liii Hot Links From Use Case Diagram to Use Case Diagram..............................................................lx Your Comments Are Welcome...........................................................................................................lxi1 IntroductionWhy Use LOBs?...................................................................................................................................1-2 Unstructured Data........................................................................................................................1-2 LOB Datatype Helps Support Internet Applications..............................................................1-2 Why Not Use LONGs?.......................................................................................................................1-3 LOBs Help Control Semantics.........................................................................................................1-4 LOBS Enable inter MEDIA................................................................................................................1-4 LOB "Demo" Directory......................................................................................................................1-5 Compatibility and Migration Issues...............................................................................................1-5iiiExamples in This Manual Use Multimedia_Tab..........................................................................1-6 For Further Information...............................................................................................................1-62 Basic ComponentsThe LOB Datatype..............................................................................................................................2-2 Internal LOBs.................................................................................................................................2-2 External LOBs (BFILEs)................................................................................................................2-2 Internal LOBs Use Copy Semantics, External LOBs Use Reference Semantics...................2-3 Varying-Width Character Data.........................................................................................................2-4 The LOB Locator.................................................................................................................................2-5 LOB Value and Locators..............................................................................................................2-5 LOB Locator Operations..............................................................................................................2-5 Creating Tables that Contain LOBs.................................................................................................2-8 Initializing Internal LOBs to NULL or Empty..........................................................................2-8 Initializing Internal LOB Columns to a Value........................................................................2-10 Initializing External LOBs to NULL or a File Name..............................................................2-103 LOB Programmatic EnvironmentsSix Programmatic Environments Operate on LOBs.....................................................................3-2 Comparison of the Six LOB Interfaces...........................................................................................3-3 Using PL/SQL (DBMS_LOB Package) to Work With LOBs.......................................................3-6 Provide a LOB Locator Before Invoking the DBMS_LOB Routine.......................................3-6 Client PL/SQL Procedures Cannot Call DBMS_LOB Routines............................................3-6 Offset and Amount Parameters: Fixed-Width Versus Varying-Width, Character orByte For DBMS_LOB Package...............................................................................................3-7 DBMS_LOB.LOADFROMFILE: Specify Amount Parameter to be Less than Size ofBFILE!........................................................................................................................................3-7 DBMS_LOB.READ: Amount Parameter Can be Larger than Data Size...............................3-7 PL/SQL Functions and Procedures that Operate on BLOBs, CLOBs, NCLOBs, andBFILEs........................................................................................................................................3-7 PL/SQL Functions/Procedures To Modify BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB Values................3-8 PL/SQL Functions/Procedures To Read or Examine Internal and External LOB Values 3-8 PL/SQL Functions/Procedures To Operate on Temporary LOBs........................................3-8 PL/SQL Read-Only Functions/Procedures for BFILEs..........................................................3-9 PL/SQL Functions/Procedures To Open and Close Internal and External LOBs.............3-9ivUsing C (OCI) to Work With LOBs...............................................................................................3-11 Set CSID Parameter to OCI_UCS2ID to Read/Write in UCS2............................................3-11 Offset and Amount Parameters: Fixed-Width Versus Varying-Width, Characteror Byte With OCI...................................................................................................................3-11 OCILobLoadFromFile: Specify Amount Parameter to be Less than Length of BFILE.....3-13 OCILobRead: Specify Amount Parameter to be 4 gigabytes - 1..........................................3-13 OCI LOB Examples.....................................................................................................................3-13 Further Information About OCI:..............................................................................................3-14 OCI Functions that Operate on BLObs, BLOBs, NCLOBs, and BFILEs.............................3-14 OCI Functions To Modify Internal LOB (BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB) Values..................3-14 OCI Functions To Read or Examine Internal LOB and External LOB (BFILE) Values....3-15 OCI Functions For Temporary LOBs.......................................................................................3-15 OCI Read-Only Functions For BFILEs.....................................................................................3-15 OCI LOB Locator Functions......................................................................................................3-16 OCI LOB-Buffering Functions..................................................................................................3-16 OCI Functions To Open and Close Internal and External LOBs.........................................3-16 Example Procedure: main() and seeIfLOBOpen....................................................................3-17 Using C/C++ (Pro*C) to Work with LOBs....................................................................................3-22 First Provide an Allocated Input Locator Pointer that Represents LOB............................3-22 Pro*C/C++ Statements that Operate on BLOBs, CLObs, NCLOBs, and BFILEs..............3-22 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements To Modify Internal LOBs (BLOB, CLOB,and NCLOB) Values..............................................................................................................3-23 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements To Read or Examine Internal andExternal LOB Values.............................................................................................................3-23 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements For Temporary LOBs..........................................3-24 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements For BFILEs............................................................3-24 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements For LOB Locators................................................3-24 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements For LOB Buffering...............................................3-25 Pro*C/C++ Embedded SQL Statements To Open and Close Internal LOBsand External LOBs (BFILEs).................................................................................................3-25 Using COBOL (Pro*COBOL) to Work with LOBs.....................................................................3-26 First Provide an Allocated Input Locator Pointer that Represents LOB............................3-26 Pro*COBOL Statements that Operate on BLOBs, CLOBs, NCLOBs, and BFILEs............3-27 Pro*COBOL Emvbedded SQL Statements To Modify Internal LOBs (BLOB, CLOB,and NCLOB) Values..............................................................................................................3-27vPro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements To Read or Examine Internal andExternal LOB Values.............................................................................................................3-28 Pro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements For Temporary LOBs..........................................3-28 Pro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements For BFILEs............................................................3-28 Pro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements For LOB Locators................................................3-29 Pro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements For LOB Buffering..............................................3-29 Pro*COBOL Embedded SQL Statements To Open and Close Internal LOBsand External LOBs (BFILEs).................................................................................................3-29 Using Visual Basic (Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)) to Work with LOBs..........................3-30 OO4O Syntax Reference and Further Information................................................................3-30 OraBlob, OraClob, and OraBfile Object Interfaces Encapsulate Locators..........................3-31 Example of OraBlob and OraBfile............................................................................................3-31 OO4O Methods and Properties to Access Data Stored in BLOBs, CLOBs, NCLOBs,and BFILEs..............................................................................................................................3-32 OO4O Methods To Modify Internal LOBs (BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB) Values..............3-33 OO4O Methods To Read or Examine internal and External LOB Values..........................3-34 OO4O Methods To Open and Close External LOBs (BFILEs).............................................3-34 OO4O Methods For Internal LOB-Buffering..........................................................................3-35 OO4O Properties For Operating on LOBs..............................................................................3-35 OO4O Read-Only Methods For External Lobs (BFILEs)......................................................3-36 OO4O Properties For Operating on External LOBs (BFILEs)..............................................3-36 Using Java (JDBC) to Work with LOBs.........................................................................................3-37 Changing Internal LOBs with Java..........................................................................................3-37 Reading Internal LOBs and External LOBs (BFILEs) with Java...........................................3-37 Calling DBMS_LOB Package....................................................................................................3-37 Referencing the LOBs.................................................................................................................3-37 JDBC Syntax References and Further Information................................................................3-38 JDBC Methods for Operating on LOBs....................................................................................3-39 JDBC oracle.sql.BLOB Methods To Modify BLOB Values..................................................3-39 JDBC oracle.sql.BLOB Methods To Read or Examine BLOB Values.................................3-39 JDBC oracle.sql.BLOB Methods and Properties for BLOB-Buffering................................3-40 JDBC oracle.sql.CLOB Methods To Modify CLOB Values.................................................3-40 JDBC oracle.sql.CLOB Methods To Read or Examine CLOB Values................................3-41 JDBC oracle.sql.CLOB Methods and Properties for CLOB-Buffering..............................3-41 .......................................................................................................................................................3-42viJDBC oracle.sql.BFILE Methods To Read or Examine External LOB (BFILE) Values....3-42 JDBC oracle.sql.BFILE Methods and Properties for BFILE-Buffering...............................3-43 JDBC: OracleBlob and OracleClob Do Not Work in 8.1.x and Future Releases................3-434Managing LOBsDBA Actions Required Prior to Working with LOBs..................................................................4-2 Set Maximum Number of Open BFILEs...................................................................................4-2 Using SQL DML for Basic Operations on LOBs......................................................................4-2 Changing Tablespace Storage for a LOB...................................................................................4-3 Managing Temporary LOBs..............................................................................................................4-4 Using SQL Loader to Load LOBs.....................................................................................................4-5 LOBFILES.......................................................................................................................................4-5 Loading InLine and Out-Of-Line Data into Internal LOBs Using SQL Loader.....................4-6 SQL Loader Performance: Loading Into Internal LOBs..........................................................4-6 Loading Inline LOB Data..................................................................................................................4-7 Loading Inline LOB Data in Predetermined Size Fields.........................................................4-7 Loading Inline LOB Data in Delimited Fields..........................................................................4-8 Loading Inline LOB Data in Length-Value Pair Fields...........................................................4-8 Loading Out-Of-Line LOB Data....................................................................................................4-10 Loading One LOB Per File.........................................................................................................4-10 Loading Out-of-Line LOB Data in Predetermined Size Fields............................................4-11 Loading Out-of-Line LOB Data in Delimited Fields.............................................................4-12 Loading Out-of-Line LOB Data in Length-Value Pair Fields..............................................4-13 SQL Loader LOB Loading Tips......................................................................................................4-14 LOB Restrictions...............................................................................................................................4-15 Removed Restrictions......................................................................................................................4-165 Advanced TopicsRead-Consistent Locators..................................................................................................................5-2A Selected Locator Becomes a Read Consistent Locator........................................................5-2Updating LOBs and Read-Consistency.....................................................................................5-3 Example of an Update Using Read Consistent Locators........................................................5-3 Updated LObs Via Updated Locators.......................................................................................5-5 Example of Updating a LOB Using SQL DML and DBMS_LOB..........................................5-6 Example of Using One Locator to Update the Same LOB Value...........................................5-8viiExample of Updating a LOB with a PL/SQL (DBMS_LOB) Bind Variable.......................5-10 LOB Locators Cannot Span Transactions................................................................................5-13 Example of Locator Not Spanning a Transaction..................................................................5-13 LOB Locators and Transaction Boundaries..................................................................................5-16 Locators Contain Transaction IDs When................................................................................5-16 Locators Do Not Contain Transaction IDs When..................................................................5-16 Transaction IDs: Reading and Writing to a LOB Using Locators........................................5-16 Non-Serializable Example: Selecting the Locator with No Current Transaction..............5-17 Non-Serializable Example: Selecting the Locator within a Transaction.............................5-18 LOBs in the Object Cache...............................................................................................................5-20 LOB Buffering Subsystem..............................................................................................................5-21 Advantages of LOB Buffering...................................................................................................5-21 Guidelines for Using LOB Buffering........................................................................................5-21 LOB Buffering Usage Notes......................................................................................................5-23 Flushing the LOB Buffer...........................................................................................................5-25 Flushing the Updated LOB........................................................................................................5-26 Using Buffer-Enabled Locators.................................................................................................5-27 Saving Locator State to Avoid a Reselect................................................................................5-27 OCI Example of LOB Buffering................................................................................................5-28 Creating a Varray Containing References to LOBs....................................................................5-326 Frequently Asked QuestionsConverting Data Types to LOB Data Types...................................................................................6-3 Can I Insert or Update Any Length Data Into a LOB Column?.............................................6-3 Does COPY LONG to LOB Work if Data is > 64K?.................................................................6-3 General..................................................................................................................................................6-4 How Do I Determine if the LOB Column with a Trigger is Being Updated?......................6-4 Reading and Loading LOB Data: What Should Amount Parameter Size Be?.....................6-4 Index-Organized Tables (IOTs) and LOBs.....................................................................................6-6 Is Inline Storage Allowed for LOBs in Index-Organized Tables?..........................................6-6 Initializing LOB Locators..................................................................................................................6-7 When Do I Use EMPTY_BLOB() and EMPTY_CLOB()?.........................................................6-7 How Do I Initialize a BLOB Attribute Using EMPTY_BLOB() in Java?...............................6-8 JDBC, JPublisher and LOBs..............................................................................................................6-8 How Do I Insert a Row With Empty LOB Locator into Table Using JDBC?........................6-8viiiHow Do I setData to EMPTY_BLOB() Using JPublisher?...................................................6-9 JDBC: Do OracleBlob and OracleClob Work in 8.1.x?............................................................6-9 How Do I Manipulate LOBs With the 8.1.5 JDBC Thin Driver?..........................................6-10 Is the FOR UPDATE Clause Needed on SELECT When Writing to a LOB?.....................6-11 Loading LOBs and Data Into LOBs...............................................................................................6-12 How do I Load a 1Mb File into a CLOB Column?.................................................................6-12 How Do We Improve BLOB and CLOB Performance When Using JDBC DriverTo Load?...................................................................................................................................6-12 LOB Indexing....................................................................................................................................6-16 Is LOB Index Created in Same Tablespace as LOB Data?....................................................6-16 Indexing: Why is a BLOB Column Removed on DELETing but not a BFILE Column?..6-16 Which Views Can I Query to Find Out About a LOB Index?..............................................6-16 LOB Storage and Space Issues.......................................................................................................6-18 What Happens If I Specify LOB Tablespace and ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW?............6-18 What Are the Pros and Cons of Storing Images in a BFILE Versus a BLOB?....................6-18 When Should I Specify DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW?......................................................6-19 Do <4K BLOBs Go Into the Same Segment as Table Data, >4K BLOBs Go Into aSpecified Segment?................................................................................................................6-19 Is 4K LOB Stored Inline?............................................................................................................6-20 How is a LOB Locator Stored If the LOB Column is EMPTY_CLOB() orEMPTY_BLOB() Instead of NULL? Are Extra Data Blocks Used For This?.................6-21 Migrating From Other Database Systems....................................................................................6-22 Is Implicit LOB Conversion Between Different LOB Types Allowed in Oracle8i?...........6-22 Performance.......................................................................................................................................6-23 What Can We Do To Improve the Poor LOB Loading Performance When UsingVeritas File System on Disk Arrays, UNIX, and Oracle?.................................................6-23 Is There a Difference in Performance When Using DBMS_LOB.SUBSTRVersus DBMS_LOB.READ?.................................................................................................6-24 Are There Any White Papers or Guidelines on Tuning LOB Performance?.....................6-24 When Should I Use Chunks Over Reading the Whole Thing?............................................6-25 Is Inlining the LOB a Good Idea and If So When?.................................................................6-25 How Can I Store LOBs >4Gb in the Database?......................................................................6-26ix。
Oracle E-Business Suite（EBS）是一套集成的应用程序，用于支持企业日常的业务运营和管理。
以下是一些常用的Oracle EBS开发技巧：1. 使用标准代码和组件：尽可能使用Oracle提供的标准代码和组件，而不是从头开始编写。
这不仅可以提高代码质量和稳定性，还可以确保与其他Oracle应用程序的兼容性。
2. 定制化开发：如果标准代码和组件不能满足需求，进行定制化开发时，要确保遵循Oracle EBS的最佳实践和规范。
这包括使用标准的Oracle EBS对象、属性和方法。
3. 利用工作流：Oracle EBS支持各种工作流，如审批、任务分配等。
合理利用这些工作流可以提高工作效率，减少手动干预。
4. 优化性能：通过优化数据库性能、减少网络延迟和使用高效的查询语句，可以提高Oracle EBS的性能。
此外，合理配置和应用服务器参数也能有助于提高系统性能。
5. 测试：在部署之前，对修改过的应用程序进行彻底的测试，确保没有引入新的问题。
测试应该覆盖功能、性能和用户界面等方面。
6. 文档：保持完整的开发文档，包括需求分析、设计、实现和测试文档。
这有助于维护和升级应用程序时跟踪代码更改。
7. 安全性：确保应用程序遵循Oracle EBS的安全最佳实践，包括用户认证、访问控制和数据加密等。
8. 持续学习：Oracle EBS是一个不断发展的系统，定期学习新的功能和最佳实践，以及参加Oracle提供的培训课程，可以帮助保持技能更新。
9. 使用工具和插件：Oracle提供了一系列工具和插件，如Oracle SQL Developer和Apex，这些工具可以帮助开发人员更高效地编写、测试和调试代码。
10. 遵循企业架构原则：在开发过程中，遵循企业架构原则，确保应用程序与企业的其他系统集成良好，并满足业务需求。
遵循这些技巧可以帮助开发人员更有效地利用Oracle EBS的功能，提高应用程序的质量和性能。
主题：Oracle API接口开发实例实践一、背景介绍在企业信息化系统中，API接口是非常重要的一部分。
Oracle作为一款领先的数据库系统，也提供了丰富的API接口开发工具和技术。
本文将通过实际案例，介绍Oracle API接口开发的实践经验和技巧。
二、Oracle API接口开发概述1. 什么是Oracle API接口？Oracle API接口是通过调用Oracle数据库中的程序单元来实现数据交换和业务逻辑处理的一种技术。
通过API接口，可以实现数据库与外部系统的数据交互，实现数据的增删改查操作，以及业务逻辑的执行。
2. Oracle API接口开发工具和技术Oracle提供了多种API接口开发工具和技术，如PL/SQL、Java API、RESTful API等。
开发人员可以根据具体的需求和场景选择合适的技术来进行API接口开发。
三、实例介绍以一个简单的用户信息管理系统为例，介绍如何通过Oracle API接口实现用户信息的增删改查操作。
1. 用户信息管理系统的需求假设我们有一个用户信息管理系统，需要实现以下功能：- 查询用户信息- 新增用户信息- 修改用户信息- 删除用户信息2. 数据库设计我们需要在Oracle数据库中创建一个用户信息表，包括用户ID、用户名、性别、芳龄等字段。
3. API接口开发针对用户信息管理系统的需求，我们可以通过PL/SQL语言编写API 接口，实现相应的功能。
编写查询用户信息的API接口，可以使用如下PL/SQL语句：```sqlCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_user_info (userId IN NUMBER, userInfo OUT SYS_REFCURSOR) ASBEGINOPEN userInfo FORSELECT * FROM user_info WHERE user_id = userId; END;```类似地，可以编写新增、修改、删除用户信息的API接口。
oracle 开发面试题Oracle开发面试题在Oracle数据库开发领域，面试官常常会提出各种问题，以了解面试者的技能水平和经验。
本文将介绍一些常见的Oracle开发面试题，帮助读者更好地应对面试。
1. 介绍一下Oracle数据库Oracle数据库是一个关系型数据库管理系统（RDMS），由Oracle公司开发和销售。
它具有可扩展性、高性能和安全性等特点，被广泛应用于各种企业级应用系统。
2. 什么是SQL？SQL（Structured Query Language）是用于在关系型数据库中进行数据定义和操作的标准语言。
它包括数据查询、插入、更新、删除等功能，是Oracle数据库中重要的开发工具。
3. 请解释Oracle中的索引是什么？索引是一种特殊的数据库对象，用于加快查询操作的速度。
它通过创建一个基于列的数据结构，可以快速定位和访问数据库表中的数据。
4. 什么是主键和外键？主键是一种用于唯一标识表中每一行数据的特殊列。
它的值必须是唯一的，并且不能为空。
外键是用于建立表之间关系的列，它与另一张表的主键相关。
5. 请解释Oracle中的事务是什么？事务是一组数据库操作的逻辑单元，要么全部执行成功，要么全部回滚。
它保证了数据库在并发操作时的一致性和完整性。
6. 请描述Oracle中的触发器是什么？触发器是一种特殊的存储过程，它在数据库表上的插入、更新或删除操作前或后触发。
触发器可以用于实现数据约束、日志记录、审计等功能。
7. 什么是视图？视图是一个虚拟表，它由查询语句定义，并且不包含任何物理数据。
它提供了一种简化和安全访问数据库表的方式，同时可以隐藏底层表结构的细节。
8. 请解释Oracle中的连接（Join）是什么？连接是通过比较两个或多个表之间的共同列，将它们关联起来，以便一次性检索相关的数据。
Oracle支持多种连接类型，如内连接、外连接和自连接等。
9. 请解释Oracle中的归并（Merge）语句是什么？归并语句是一种用于在目标表中执行插入、更新或删除操作的高效方法。
【原】Oracle开发专题之：窗口函数目录=========================================1.窗口函数简介2.窗口函数示例-全统计3.窗口函数进阶-滚动统计(累积/均值)4.窗口函数进阶-根据时间范围统计5.窗口函数进阶-first_value/last_value6.窗口函数进阶-比较相邻记录一、窗口函数简介：到目前为止，我们所学习的分析函数在计算/统计一段时间内的数据时特别有用，但是假如计算/统计需要随着遍历记录集的每一条记录而进行呢？举些例子来说：①列出每月的订单总额以及全年的订单总额②列出每月的订单总额以及截至到当前月的订单总额③列出上个月、当月、下一月的订单总额以及全年的订单总额④列出每天的营业额及一周来的总营业额⑤列出每天的营业额及一周来每天的平均营业额仔细回顾一下前面我们介绍到的分析函数，我们会发现这些需求和前面有一些不同：前面我们介绍的分析函数用于计算/统计一个明确的阶段/记录集，而这里有部分需求例如2，需要随着遍历记录集的每一条记录的同时进行统计。
也即是说：统计不止发生一次，而是发生多次。
统计不至发生在记录集形成后，而是发生在记录集形成的过程中。
这就是我们这次要介绍的窗口函数的应用了。
它适用于以下几个场合：①通过指定一批记录：例如从当前记录开始直至某个部分的最后一条记录结束②通过指定一个时间间隔：例如在交易日之前的前30天③通过指定一个范围值：例如所有占到当前交易量总额5%的记录二、窗口函数示例－全统计：下面我们以需求：列出每月的订单总额以及全年的订单总额为例，来看看窗口函数的应用。
【1】测试环境：SQL>desc orders;名称是否为空? 类型----------------------- -------- ----------------MONTH NUMBER(2)TOT_SALES NUMBERSQL>【2】测试数据：SQL>select*from orders;MONTH TOT_SALES---------- ----------161069724286763637031454114655929356501485760691484605209392898105101171153288912492458已选择12行。
技术心得一、SQL查询：1、”列出同部门中工资高于1000的员工数量超过2人的部门，显示部门名字、地区名称”.查询语句如下：selectdistinct dept.department_name,loc.cityfrom employeesemp,departmentsdept,locationslocwhere emp.department_id=dept.department_idandfromwhereand)子,fromwhereandandhavingcount(*)>2对于groupby来说每一条emp.department_id必对应唯一dept.department_id、dept.department_name因此不论groupbydepartment_id还是groupbydepartment_name,loc.city达到的效果是一样的2、用一条语句查询出scott.emp表中每个部门工资前三位的数据:selectdepartment_id,max(salary)max_salary,max(decode(rank,2,salary,salary))mid_s alary,min(salary)min_salaryfrom(selectdepartment_id,salary,rankfrom(selectemp.department_id,emp.employee_id,emp.salary,row_number()over(partitionby emp.department_idorderbyemp.salary)asrankfromemployeesemp)EwhereE.rank<=3)groupbydepartment_idSQL%ISOPEN FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSESQL%FOUND TRUE有结果成功成功-20,999之间的参数.可在程序块中自定义异常，并捕捉在其他函数或存储过程中RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR抛出的异常，与Oracle交互.4、PRAGMAAUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTIONORACLE8i可以支持事务处理中的事务处理的概念．这种子事务处理可以完成它自己的工作，独(2)不使用自动事务处理:CREATEORREPLACEPROCEDURE log_message(p_message varchar2)ASBEGININSERTINTO logtable VALUES(user,sysdate,p_message);COMMIT;END log_message;(select*fromtemp_table查询结果有数据)流程:1、以2、3、4、实例:1为’GL’)件:and'yyy y-mm-ddHH24:MI:SS'))and(to_date(p_End_Date,'yyyy-mm-ddHH24:MI:SS'));！！!注意’HH24:MI:SS’必不可少，因为请求程序要求的数据一定是带时分秒的数据否则解析报表时会报错.如下所示:**Starts**23-08-201111:53:42**Ends**23-08-201111:53:42ORA-01830:日期格式图片在转换整个输入字符串之前结束2、根据借方数量与借方金额求出借方单价同理求贷方单价，每发生一笔，统计当前数量与当前金额，然后得出当前数量当前总价与当前单价其中借方与贷方金额的获取，如:select(case cila.inv_typewhen'IN'then(case cila.type_codewhen'GL'thenACCOUNTED_DRwhen'AP'thenAP_ACCOUNTEDend)end3四、1即是多OUview_all_orgnization_flagFROMper_security_profilesWHEREsecurity_profile_id=to_number(fnd_profile.value(‘XLA_MO_SECURITY_PROFILE_LEVEL’));可以通过以下语句获取当前安全性配置文件和当前用户在当前职责下可访问的OU nazation_id,organization_id,nameFROMper_orgnazation_listper,Hr_operating_unitshrWHEREper.secutity_profile_id=to_number(fnd_profile.VALUE(‘XLA_MO_SECURITY_PROFILE_LEVEL’))nization_id=nization_idable_flagisnull;如我在CUX_INV_MATERIAL_ALL表中建立的Org_Id字段，可在策略函数中通过此字段产生Where 子句，筛选可操作客户化职责下物料维护菜单的OU.当用户进入YD_GL_ALL_总账超级用户职责时将初始化用户的上下文，通过MO_GLOBAL的一系列方法设置CONTEXT的值(包括访问模式和当前Org_Id)。
