The characteristics of the least developed countries

主题：考研英语一2008section1内容：一、文章背景介绍1. 2008年考研英语一试卷中的section1是一篇议论文阅读理解题型。

2. 文章题目为"The Myth of Decline"，主要讨论了西方国家对于自身实力衰落的一种误解。

3. 本文将从文章结构、关键词解析、理解难点等方面展开分析，帮助考生更好地理解文章内容。

二、文章结构分析1. 本篇文章由三段组成。

2. 第一段引出对于西方国家实力衰落的误解，指出这种观点并非客观事实。

3. 第二段从历史和实际数据的角度论证了西方国家实力并未真正衰落。

4. 第三段提出了改正这种误解的必要性，并呼吁对实力衰落的误解进行深入反思。

三、关键词解析1. "The Myth of Decline"中的"myth"指代了西方国家实力衰落的观念。

2. "decline"指代实力衰落和衰退的意思。

3. 考生在阅读文章时，应注重这两个关键词的理解和引申。

四、理解难点分析1. 本文在历史、数据和逻辑推理等方面进行了论证，需要考生对这些内容有一定的了解和分析能力。

2. 文章中有许多高频词汇和复杂句式，需要考生有较高的阅读能力和分析能力。

3. 考生需要理解作者的立场和观点，并能够对文章进行综合性的理解和分析。

五、阅读策略建议1. 在阅读文章之前，考生应该先对关键词进行解析和预习，了解文章的大意和主题。

2. 在阅读过程中，考生应该注重抓住段落的逻辑关系，理清作者的论证思路和观点。

3. 在回答问题的时候，考生应该注重文本与题目的匹配，并且注意答案的逻辑关系和结构。

六、总结1. 考研英语一2008section1的文章《The Myth of Decline》是一篇典型的议论文阅读理解题型，需要考生在阅读理解的基础上，增强对于逻辑思维和分析能力。

2. 考生在备考期间应该注重对文章背景、结构、关键词和理解难点的分析，合理制定阅读策略，并加强实际推理和论证能力。

第13卷第2期安徽理工大学学报（社会科学版）Vol．13No．22011年6月Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology （Social Science ）Jun．2011扭曲的现实真实的人生———论舍伍德·安德森的《鸡蛋的胜利》的叙事特色罗璐1，2（1．华中师范大学外国语学院，武汉430079；2．淮南职业技术学院基础部，安徽淮南232001）摘要：舍伍德·安德森是美国现代文学史上具有引导意义的大师级人物。

其作品鲜明的特色和深刻的主题给后世的美国作家们以深远的影响。

《鸡蛋的胜利》即为其非常重要的代表作之一。

小说中叙事特色尤其值得后人研究。

从叙事结构，叙事者及叙事话语三个方面对这篇小说的写作特点加以分析与评论。

关键词：舍伍德·安德森；叙事结构；叙事者；叙事话语中图分类号：I106．4文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-1101（2011）02-0081-03收稿日期：2011-04-07作者简介：罗璐（1983－），女，安徽淮南人，助教，在读硕士，研究方向：英语语言文学。

True life in distorted reality———on the narrative features in Sherwood Anderson ’s The Triumph of the EggLUO Lu 1，2（1．School of Foreign Languages ，Central China Normal University ，Wuhan 430079，China ；2．The Basis of Ministry ，Huainan Voca-tional and Technical College ，Huainan ，Anhui 232001，China ）Abstract ：As a master of guiding significance in the history of modern American literature ，Sherwood Anderson is characterized by the distinct features of his works and the profundity of their themes ，which exerts a far －reac-hing influence on subsequent American writers．The Triumph of the Egg is one of his crucial masterpieces ，the narrative features of which are especially worth exploring by the successors．This paper analyzes and comments on the writing features of this short story from three aspects of narrative structure ，the narrator and narrative dis-course．Key words ：Sherwood Anderson ；narrative structure ；narrator ；narrative discourse在美国现代文学的历史上，舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson ）无疑起到了现代小说的导师和先驱者的作用，他鲜明的文风和对美国社会现实的深刻描写及讽刺深深的影响了一代又一代美国作家。

中外顶石课程教学模式比较与探讨*周泳，张云峰，杨诗源，曹满（泉州师范学院资源与环境科学学院，福建泉州362000）一、概述顶石课程是在美国高校本科教育改革中发展起来的一门课程，其以体验式教学、团队协作式课程组织、形式多样的教学手段和多元化考核评估的课程实施方式，在整合学生知识、提升综合素质及促进学校教学方面发挥了积极作用[1]。

早在上世纪70年代，顶石课程的理念和实践在美国的本科教学研究和实践中已有零星展现，二十世纪八十年代欧美高校开始出现较多的倡议、探索和实践。

21世纪以来，顶石课程在欧美高校得到普遍采纳和认可，越来越多的欧美知名高校在触类旁通的专业为本科生开设了顶石课程[2]。

同时，各国教育科学研究领域专家学者对顶石课程的定义、课程设计、授课计划与方式等开展了形式多样的实践，并对顶石课程的重要性及课程评价体系进行了深入研讨，如：美国学者罗伯特·杜勒尔曾提到“顶石课程是处于大学本科课程终端，以将片段化知识整合成一个整体为目标的‘皇冠式’课程或学习经历，为本科生提供一种过程：回顾和理解本科期间的课程学习经历，并在这种经历上向前展望生活”[3]。

英国肯特大学学者Fincher等人2001年提出顶石课程的目标是“通过使用，整合和巩固前期已获得的概念和技能，并将其应用到具体项目工作中”[4]。

众多国内外学者认为：“顶点课程”旨在让学生有机会将他们在整个教育过程中获得的知识应用到实际问题中，以解决现实世界客观存在的不足，同时帮助学生再一次提炼、提高其专业所学习知识与技能。

无论是何种描述和定义，可以肯定顶石课程已经被广泛的推荐并应用于国际各专业教学领域。

本文将以综合分析国内外顶石课程教学模式为基础，深入探讨顶石课程教学过程中各类教学模式的适用摘要：顶石课程是近年来国内外高校本科教育改革重要转变之一，其核心以学生为本，以产业发展为导向，帮助学生总结已有知识的基础上，指导学生深入开展专业实践活动，衔接学生的教育经历与毕业后的职业生涯，进一步促进产教融合，推动产业与技术发展。

Unit2 Economic Impact of TourismThe travel and tourism industry is an industry of relatively recent development in many countries. Many countries have now recognized the importance of this industry. It definitely has a significant impact on a country’s ec onomy. Tourism provides benefits for both tourists and host country through the economic benefits it can bring to the region.Tourism can provide many economic incentives for development. The development of tourism, especially in a developing country, requires the existence of infrastructure of roads, electricity and water supplies, communication networks, and perhaps, airports, as well as hotel accommodations, and other facilities specific to tourism.Tourism gives significant contribution to a country’s r egional and national economies in terms of the capacity to attract investment, create employment, generate foreign exchange earnings, improve balance of payments, and create multiplier effects throughout the economy.The economic benefits of tourism will always bring economic benefits, as there are economic problems and costs. The greater the overall reliance on tourism as a dominant industry, the greater the overall reliance on tourism as a dominant industry, the greater the risks and costs are to the economy of a country. Developing countries may be more vulnerable to the boom-and-bust characteristics of the travel and tourism industry than locality must undertake its own analysis and assess whether or not tourism will have a positive influence on their economy.The Multiplier Effects of T ourismThe economic impact of tourism is both direct and indirect. The direct effect comes from the actual money spent by tourists at a destina tion. It is obvious that there is marked increases in revenue in areas where tourism is promoted, such as the accommodation sector, the transportation sector, and the catering sector. However, one must remember that other industries also benefic indirectly from tourism.Tourists spend money on hotels and other forms of accommodation. They patronise local shops and restaurants; they buy local tours; they purchase local handicrafts and souvenirs; and they use local transportation and other services.The inflow of revenue generates additional turnover, household in come, employment and government revenue. A multiplier effect is set in motion as the business establishments respend the money which they have received from tourists. The providers of services use the money to purchase capital equipment, to pay their employees wages and salaries, to pay rent, interest and taxes, and to pay suppliers for goods and services. The second recipients, both business establishments and individuals, respend part of this revenue, and further rounds of expenditure occur as the tourist dollars continue to change hands.The money as it filters through the economy, will continue to be spent and be respent until “leakage” occurs. This happens when the money is saved by the individual and is taken out of circulation as far as the generation of income is concerned. Some employees who are not local residents may send moneyhome. In other cases, companies who have their head offices in their home countries may send money back to the head office.Also “leakage” occurs when money is used o pay for imported goods and s ervices. For example, when tourists form Australia travel to china, they may demand items they are used to at home, they may want steaks. If China does not have beef of a suitable quality, it has to import steads to satisfy the tourists. When a hotel in Beijing pays for steaks imported form Australia, theeconomic impact is felt in Australia and not in China.The more that a country can cut down on imports resulting from tourism, the greater will be the economic impact of tourism in that coun-try. In other words, the more a country can have the tourists buy souvenirs made locally, eat food produced locally, and stay in hotels coun-try. In other words, the more a country can have the tourists buy souvenirs made locally, eat food produced locally, and stay in hotels constructed of local materials, the more the tourist money will stay in the country.An an example, a tourist who comes from the United States pays 900 yuan in a Beijing hotel for his room and food, the hotel owner takes too 900 yuan and uses some of it to pay the food supplier, and some of it to pay the wages of the employees. The food supplier, in turn, will pay the farmer for the vegetables while the employee spends yuan is increased. The benefits have been passed onto the agricultural and the clothing industries.This process continues through successive rounds of spending until the multiplier has worked its way through the system. For a developed country it takes longer time for the “rounds” of activity to permeate throughout the economy. It has been estimated in the U.S. economy, it takes 13 to 14 rounds of transactions before the money disappears, and that probably no more than five of six of those rounds takes place within the first year. On the other hand, in the Bahamas and Bermuda, the initial injection of money disappears within half a year with no more than five or six rounds of transactions.Another factor that might influence the multiplier’s value is the type of tourist received by the host country. Different types of tourists have different spending patterns. Business executives, for example, may spend a greater proportion of their total expenditures on accommodations than backpackers.If the hotel where the delegates stayed is a foreign investment, the multiplier value is high in employment, put low in income. A final multiplier will then be the weighted total of the multipliers for each tourist segment.The size of the tourism multiplier depends upon the extent to which the tourist sectors have developed their backward linkages to the local industries in construction.Developing countries tend to buy few goods and services from the domestic sectors, and as a result have a high propensity to import. In this case, the multiplier effect is relatively smaller in these countries than in other countries where these sectors are more closely intgrated into the local economy.the size of the tourist multiplier and the magnitude of the impact made by tourism on an economy can be increased if the existing linkages between the travel and tourism industry and the rest of the economy are strengthened.Generally, more develped countries exhibit lower leakages due to the existing infrastructure, labor skills, and technology. In Switzerland, there is a low leakage due to a high degree of local ownership and controls on foreign investors. Less developed countries exhibit the highest keakage due to low levels of control and the returning of profits back to foreign countries.Economic BenefitsThe following exonomic benefits have been identified:●improving balance of payment,●creating employment,●generating income,encouraging small business developmentWorksincentive something which encourages one to greater activity刺激；鼓励infrastructure the system or structures which are necessary for the operation of acountry or an organization基础结构；基础设施reliance dependence依靠，依赖vulnerable (of a place or thing) weak; able to be easily attacked脆弱的，易受攻击的bust a complete failure完全失败facet any of the many parts of a subject to be considered; aspect（事物的）一个方面locality a particular neighborhood, place, or district地区revenue income, esp. that which the government receives as tax收入；（尤指）国家税收cater to provide what is needed or wanted by 为……提供服务inflow the act or process of flowing in or into, something that flows in orinto流入；流入量turnover the amount of business bone in a particular period, measured inmoney, the rate at which a particular kind of article is sold（某一时期的）营业额；成交量，售出额recipient someone who receives or is receptive接受者leakage the act or an instance of leaking漏泄permeate to spread or pass through or into every part（常与into，through连用）渗入；透入backpacker someone who hike while carrying a backpack背着背包徒步旅行者propensity （for doing/to do sth）(fml文)inclination or tendency倾向；习性Additional ReadingText A Economic MultipliersDirect EffectIn addition to the direct impact of tourism expenditures on an areas, there are also indirect impacts. The indirect or multiplier impact comes into play as visitor spending circulates and recirculates. The direct effects are the easiest to understand as they result from the visitors spending money in tourist enterprises and providing a living for the owners and managers and creating jobs for employees.Indirect EffectThis visitor expenditure gives rise to an income that, in turn, leads to a chain of expenditure-income-expenditure and so on, until leakages bring the chain to a halt. Consequently, the impact of the initial income derived from t he tourist’s expenditure is usually greater than the initial income, because subsequent rounds of spending are related to it. For example, a skier purchases a lift ticket for $ 30. This money received by the ski area will be used to pay the wages of the lift operators. The lift operator spends the money on groceries; the grocer uses the money topay part of his rent to the local landlady; the landlady uses it to pay for her dry cleaning; the dry cleaner spends it in a restaurant for a dinner; the restaurant owner spends it for steaks shipped in from Kansas City; and the cycle stops as the money is lost to the local economy. This last transaction is known as “leakage” from the economy.The combination of the direct and indirect effects of an expenditure pattern determines the impact. In a typical situation not all of the income generated in each round of expenditure is espent. Some portion tends to be saved, and some portion tends to be spent outside the local economy. The greater the proportion of income spent locally, the greater will be the multiplier.The degree to which a local area is able to retain tourist income depends on how self-sufficient the local economy is. If the local economy is able to produce the goods and services buy, the greater will be the multiplier effect. The more goods that have to be imported from outside the region, the smaller the multiplier will be.From the discussion, it is clear that when a tourist’s spending injects funds into the economy of a host area, an economic effect occurs that is a specified number of times what was originally spent. Initially, this effect is thought of as an income multiplier, as tourist expenditures become in come directly and indirectly to local people. However, there are additional economic phenomena. Increased spending necessitates more jobs, which results in an employment multiplier. Because money changes hands a number of times during a year there is a transactions multiplier. This is of particular interest to governmental tax officials where sales taxes are imposed. As business grows in a tourist destination area, more infrastructure and superstructure are constructed. This results in a capital multiplier, examples are provided here of how an employment multiplier and income multiplier were determined.Employment MultiplierThis multiplier varies from region to region depending on its economic base. In a study entitled Recreation as an industry, by Robert R. Nathan Associates, county employment multipliers calculated for the Appalachian region provide a good illustration of what typical multipliers are and how they work.The multipliers estimated in this study were based on county employment data. They repre sent the approximate measure of the direct and indirect employment associated with each addition of direct employment to the export of a county. There are 375 counties and 3 independent cities for which multipliers were estimated. The smallest multiplier was 1.13 and the highest was 2.63. Thus the county with the smallest multiplier value would provide other employment opportunities for approximately 0.13 person for each person directly employed in servicing export demand, and the county with the highest multiplier value would provide other employment opportunities for approximately 1.63 persons for each person directly employed in servicing export demand. In general, county employment multipliers vary directly with the population or total employment size of the counties: as county population size grows, so does the multiplier value. This relationship is as might be expected, insofar as import leakages would tend to be less where diversity of occupations is greater, and diversity is positively associated with county population or total employment.Income MultiplierJobs mean income, which stimulates the economy of the area in which the developmentoccurs. How much stimulation depends on several factors. Using a hotel as an example, the management takes one or two actions concerning the revenue earned-it either spends the money on goods and services, or it saves part of such funds. Economists refer to such action as MPC (marginal propensity to consume) or MPS (marginal propensity to save-removing funds from the local economy). Such removal of these marginal (extra) funds can be made in two ways: (1) they can be saved and thus not loaned to another spender, or (2) they can be used to purchase imports. In either case, so doing removes the funds and thus does not stimulate the local economy.Economic research is needed in a tourist destination area to determine what these income relationships are. If the results of such economic research were made available, many beneficial results might be possible, governmental bodies might be more inclined to appropriate additional funds for tourism promotion to their areas if they knew about the income that was generated by tourist expenditures. Also, improved and added developments of facilities to serve tourists might be more forth-coming if prospective investors could have more factual data upon which to base decisions.To understand the multiplier, we must first make some approximation as to what portion of the tourist dollars that are received in a community are spent (consumed) and saved (leakage). To illustrate this, suppose that we had a total of $1000 of tourist spending in a community and that there was an MPC of 1/2. The expenditure pattern might go through seven transactions in a year. These are illustrated in Table 2.1.The other formula for the multiplier is 1/MPS. This is a simpler formula, as it is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save. If the marginal propensity to save were 1/3, the multiplier would be 3. This is shown in Table 2.2.Leakage, as defined, is a combination of savings and imports. If we spend the money out side our country for imports, obviously it does not stimulate the economy locally. Also, of it is put into some form of savings that are not loaned to another spender within a year, it also has the same effect as imports-not stimulating the economy. Thus, to get the maximum benefits economically from tourist expenditures, we should introduce as much of the tourist funds as possible into the local economy or goods and services rather than save the proceeds or buy a large amount of imports.Here, also, more economic research is needed. Some studies have indicated that the multiplier might be as high as 3 in some areas, but economic research in other localities indicates that it may be more typically lower than this.1Multiplier=1MPCWhereM=marginal (extra)P=propensity (inclination)C=consume (spending) MPCS=savings (money out of circulation) MPSSuppose $1000 of tourist expenditure and an MPC of 1/2. Then$1000.00 1/201000500.00 (1/2)11000250.00 (1/2)21000125.00(1/2)31000 62.50(1/2)41000 31.25(1/2)51000 15.63(1/2)61000 7.81(1/2)710000 …$2000.oo(approx.) Multiply:1 *$1000=$2000 Thus, the original $1000 of tourist expenditure becomes $2000 of income to the communityTable 2.1 Formula for the Multiplierports savingsLeakage Im =where Savings=not loaned to another spenderImports=spending on tourism needs in sources outside country (state)Multiplier=MPC -11 MPS=1Multiplier=3/11Multiplier=3Table 2.2 “Leakage”Text B Economic ImportanceToday, the authoritative World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) has declared that tourism is the world’s largest industry , surpassing autos, steel, electronics, and agriculture. In 1944 this global industry’s gross output of goods and services reached $3.4 trillion (U.S .). During the same year, $665 billion in taxes were paid in corporate, personal, and other forms. The WTTC also estimated that tourism created employment for 204 million men and women-1 in 9 workers worldwide. Their estimates expect 1994 tourism jobs will account for $1.7 trillion or 10.3 percent of employee wages and salaries globally. Tourism also accounts for 11 percent of consumer spending. During 1991 the tourism industry invested $613 billion in new capital. This represents 11.2 percent of worldwide capital investment.The economic figures cited show that tourism has grown to be an activity of worldwide importance and significance. For a number of countries, tourism is the largest commodity in international trade. In many others it ranks among the top three industries. Tourism has grown rapidly to become a major social and economic force in the world.As tourism has grown, it has moved from being the province of the rich to accessibility to the masses, involving millions of people. The world tourism organization (WTO) attempts to document tourism’s growth in an annual publication entitled tourism compendium. The 1993 edition estimates that some 4475.5 million international tourist arrivals were recorded in 1992, up form the 455.6 peak recorded in 1990. The series shows strong growth form 1950 (see Table 2.3).Y earArrivals (millions) Percent of Growth1950 25.3 ---1960 69.3 173.91970 165.8 139.21980 287.8 73.61981 289.9 0.71982 289.2 -0.21983 292.7 1.21984 320.1 9.41985 329.6 3.01986 340.8 3.41987 366.8 7.61988 393.9 7.41989 427.9 8.61990 455.6 6.51991 455.1(r) -0.11992 475.6(p) 4.5Table 2.3 International Tourist Arrivals:1950,1960,1970, and 1980-1993While not yet finalized, WTO is estimating 500 million arrivals in 1993. According to WTO forecasts, the number of international arrivals is expected to reach 661 million by the year 2000 and 937 million by the year 2010.The WTTC Report examines travel and tourism in 24 countries belonging to the Organization for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD) that account for about 75 percent ($2,550 trillion) of the world’s tourism industry gross output in 1994. Of these countries the United States led the list with $820.1 billion, almost 25 percent of the world total. Japan and Germany were second and third, grossing $435.4 billion (12.79 percent) and $263.9 billion (7.75 percent), respectively. France, United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain exceeded $100 billion, with France recording $196.4 billion, United Kingdom $177.7 billion, Italy $161.4 billion, and Spain $102.0 billion. See Figure 2.1.Figure 2.1 1994 Travel and Tourism Gross output (Share of World Total) (Source: WTTC Report, 1993)In the United Stated, tourism is ranked as the third largest retail industry behind food and auto sales. In employment it is second to health services. Although tourism is often thought of as leisure travel, it also encompasses business and convention travel, meetings seminars, recreation and student travels (if less than a year) and transportation services and accommodations. According to the U.S. Travel Data Center, travel and tourism generate about $397 billion in domestic spending in the United States, including expenditures by foreign travelers here in 1993. During the past 10 years, tourism employment has grown by 56.3 percent and now totals over 6 million direct jobs. This is more than twice the job rate increase for the economy as a whole.Every job in tourism generates three more jobs in businesses supplying goods and services to the industry and in government service promoting and servicing tourism, such as customs inspectors. Furthermore, this business creates more tax dollars proportionate to its size than does any other industry. So, indeed, this is a dynamic and most valuable growth enterprise.Directly or indirectly, tourism is part of the fabric of most of the world’s industries, including transportation, retailing, advertising, sports, sporting goods and equipment, clothing, the food industry, and health care. Tourism also plays a part in most communication media, particularly in the travel sections of newspapers. There are many print and visual media of direct interest to tourism suppliers and students of this subject, in addition to those engaged in marketing tourism, especially those of interest to airlines, cruise lines, motorcoach and rail lines, tour companies, travel agencies, auto rental companies, accommodations, attractions including theme parks, and tourism educational organizations.Politicians at all levels are typically very concerned with tourism. They look increasingly at tourism as a tool for economic development. In development, they have enacted laws requiring land use plans with subsequent zoning and building codes to control location, number, and manner of construction of tourist facilities. Parks and recreation programs are enjoyed by tourists as well as local residents. Many governments impose taxes of which all or part are paid directly or indirectly by tourists and their suppliers. The power of tourism politically is sometimes manifested in unusual ways. An example was the threat of a travel boycott of Alaska by environmental groups protesting the state’s planned aerial shooting of 300 wolves. The plan was canceled.Many industry analysts project a doubling of tourism by the year 2005, with constructive government policies we believe such policies will indeed be forthcoming if tourism leaders will convey their message effectively. It is in all our interests to achieve this growth, provided that it is accomplished in an intelligent, planned, and thoughtful manner by developers and the public alike. There is an unequivocable responsibility to review the social and environmental factors vigilantly in order to preserve and enhance those qualities that give any destination its special appeal and character. These comprise its culture, natural resources, host population, and the spirit of the place. We hope that you will strive to assist in the achievement of these ultimate worthy goals.经济对旅游的影响旅游业是近些年来在许多国家刚刚发展起来的新兴行业。

国家公共英语（四级）笔试模拟试卷138(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 2. Use of English 3. Reading Comprehension 4. WritingSection I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are THREE parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfe PART ADirections: For Questions 1-5, you will hear a conversation. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.听力原文：If you work in the business world, E-mail is undoubtedly a big part of your life. Yet few of us who rely on E-mail as a mode of communication even took a course in its proper use. Below are some tips for you to improve your digital messages and ensure that your electronic correspondence fosters good relations rather than hard feelings. 1. In an E-mail message, never say anything about someone else that you would not want that person to see. Keep in mind that E-mail message can be forwarded to anybody by the recipient. Therefore, never say anything in an E-mail that you would be embarrassed to have read back to you. 2. Get the most out of your subject line. Remember that aside from your name, the subject line of your E-mail message is the first thing that a recipient will read. So it pays to take some time to think about your subject line. 3. Do use commonly accepted standards of manners in all E-mail messages that you send. Avoid using all capital letters in your messages, which may well give one the impression that you are screaming. In addition, be careful about any use of sarcasm or humor in your E-mail messages. In writing, both sarcasm and humor can easily be misinterpreted. 4. Before sending an E-mail message, consider whether E-mail is the most effective form of communication for your purpose. In business settings E-mail is best used to convey key information, to confirm appointments, to document decisions, or to contact a decision-maker directly. Avoid using an E-mail message to begin a conversation that likely will require input from several people at the same time unless the decision-making process should be documented. At last, remember the value of face-to-face conversation.1．正确答案：communication2．正确答案：appointments3．正确答案：subject4．正确答案：capital5．正确答案：humorPART BDirections: For Questions 6-10, you will hear a passage. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and the questions below.听力原文： A news report says the growing population around the world is harming the environment. More people are using more of the earth’s natural resources than ever before. Experts say poor people around the world will suffer most in the future unless environmental damage is stopped. They say more should be done to balance human and environmental needs. The United Nations Population Fund is responsible for studying population growth. It released the report about the subject. It examines the links among environmental conditions, population growth and efforts to help poor people in developing countries. The world population is now more than 6 billion people. That number has increased by 100% since 1960. The population is expected to increase to more than 9 billion by the year 2050. The report says about 2 billion people lack food security. Water supplies and agricultural lands are heavily used. In 50 years, experts say more than 4 billion people will be living in countries that can not meet people’s daily needs. The report says all of the expected growth in world population will take place in developing countries. The 49 least developed countries are expected to increase by almost 200% in 50 years. Yet, the UN agency says people in the richest countries use much more of the world’s resources than people in developing countries. It says a child born today in the United States, France or Japan will do more harm to the environment during his lifetime than as many as 50 children born in developing countries. The UN Population Fund says international policies need to be put into effect to improve poor conditions, increase social development and ease pressure on the environment. It also says women need more control over their lives. It says empowering women would lead to smaller families and slower population growth. The lin Population Fund says these measures would help improve the well being of growing populations while protecting the naturalworld.6．What is the main task of the United Nations Population Fund?正确答案：Studying population growth.7．How many people are there in the world today?正确答案：More than 6 billion.8．What’s the percentage of the population growth of the 49 least developed countries in 50 years?正确答案：200%.9．Who will do more harm to the environment, the developing countries or the developed countries?正确答案：The developed countries.10．Who should be given more power in older to have slower population growth?正确答案：Women.PART CDirections: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.听力原文：M: Doctor, I just don’t know what’s wrong with me. I always feel tired and rundown. My wife finally persuaded me to visit you to find out what the trouble is.W: Looking at your case history I see that you had pneumonia four years ago and that you also had a minor operation last year. Did you have any long after effects?M: Well. I don’t remember so...W: For instance, how long did you stay at home each time?M: Just a couple of days. But about six months ago I was at home for about two weeks with a cold or something.W: Did you see a doctor at that time or did you just stay at home?M: No, I didn’t see a doctor. The symptoms were about the same as this time. When I began to feel better, I returned to work.W: And when did you start feeling so tired again?M: It must have been about ten days ago. When I came home from work one night there just didn’t seem to be any reason to go back the next day.W: Well, it sounds as if your problem may be the kind of work you do. The tests I just made really don’t show anything wrong. But I would like to make some further tests in the hospital.M: That’s fine with me.W: All right, you can checkin tonight, and I’ll make the test tomorrow morning.11．How does the man feel?A．Sick.B．Dizzy.C．Exhausted and weak.D．Painful.正确答案：C12．What happened to the man four years ago?A．He had a minor operation.B．He had pneumonia.C．He had a car accident.D．He had long aftereffects.正确答案：B13．What seems to be the problem with the man?A．He overworks.B．He has a cold.C．He does not stay at home often enough.D．The work he does.正确答案：D听力原文：Good morning, everyone. Today I’ll talk about the Internet. The Internet is a computer-based worldwide information network. The Internet is composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks called internets. These internets may connect hundreds or thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with each other and to share various resources, such as powerful super computers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each other. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized system. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost. In the future, the Internet may have a dramatic impact on higher education and business as more universities offer courses and more companies offer goods and services on-line. The internets from which the Internet is composed are usually public access networks, meaning that the resources of the network can be shared with anyone logging onto, or accessing the network. Other types of internets, called intranets, are closed to public use. Intranets are the most common type of computer network used in companies and organizations where it is important to restrict access to the information contained on the network. During the 1990s, the Internet has grown tremendously in the number of people using it and the amount of informationcontained on it. According to the Internet Society, a non-profit society that studies and promotes the use of the Internet, 134 countries had full Internet connection and an additional 52 countries had limited access( for example, E-mail only)in 1996. Some surveys found that as of September 1997 there were between 53 and 57 million users of the Internet worldwide.14．Which of the following is true about the Internet according to the talk?A．The Internet is different from television in which it’s more convenient.B．The Internet may greatly affect the ways of college education and business.C．The Internet is the cheapest way of communication with other people.D．The Internet is composed of many computers.正确答案：B15．What is the most common type of computer network used in companies?A．The databases of information.B．The public access networks.C．The super computer networks.D．Intranets.正确答案：D16．According to the talk, the Internet has grown in ______.A．the amount of information available on itB．the number of Internet societiesC．the profit it makesD．the number of networks正确答案：A听力原文：M: Hi, mum!W: Ah, there you are, I was getting worried about you. It’s late.M: Yes. I bumped into Lyn and went to the pub for a drink. She was telling me about a funny thing that had happened to her yesterday.W: Oh, what was that?M: Well, she was driving home from work when suddenly she saw an old lady on her hands and knees in the middle of the road.W: Oh, her hands and knees in the middle of the road?M: Yes, in front of her car. She was so shocked that she stopped without warning, and the car behind crashed into hers.W: Oh! Was she hurt?M: No, she wasn’t, fortunately.W: And what was the old lady doing on her hands and knees?M: I’m just coming to that -- so Lyn got out of her car. Then the old lady picked up something, and walked away without saying a word.W: Well. I never! She was lucky, Lyn didn’t run her over.M: Well, yes. Then a policeman came but he didn’t believe the story.W: Oh?M: Luckily there was a witness, a man waiting for the bus. He saw it all. Guess what the old lady was doing?W: I haven’t the faintest idea.M: She was looking for a false tooth.W: A false tooth?M: Yes, it fell out as she was crossing the road. Thewitness heard her mumbling, “Oh, my gold tooth.”W: I don’t believe it.M: It’s true. Ask Lyn.17．Why was the old lady on her hands and knees in the middle of the road?A．She was run over by a car.B．She was shocked to see a car crashing into another.C．She fell when crossing the road.D．She was looking for her false tooth.正确答案：D18．The mother said, “I haven’t the faintest idea.” What does that mean?A．I don’t know what to do.B．I haven’t found any idea.C．I have no plan.D．I don’t know at all.正确答案：D19．What can we learn about the old lady?A．She couldn’t see clearly.B．She couldn’t walk.C．She couldn’t hear.D．She couldn’t speak.正确答案：A20．What would have happened to Lyn if there hadn’t been a witness?A．She would have been caught.B．She would have been fined.C．She would have been let go.D．She would have been run over.正确答案：BSection II Use of English (15 minutes)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Although 【21】______ circuits made computers smaller, the processing units still consisted 【22】______ a number of circuits on separate chips. In 1971, an engineer working for Intel realized that a 【23】______ of circuits commissioned for an electronic calculator could all be put 【24】______ one chip, and that the resulting device could be used 【25】______ a general-purpose “computer on a chip”. The result was the Intel 4004 -- the world’sfirst microprocessor. Physically, it consisted of a silicon chip in a protective ceramic capsule, with a set of metal pins sticking 【26】______ that connected it to other components in whatever 【27】______ it controlled. It 【28】______ 2,300 transistors, 【29】______ 60,000 operations per second, and could be used for any device -- including computers and robots -- that required a “brain”for accepting 【30】______ and following a program of 【31】______ to produce an output. Within five years, many very powerful microprocessors had 【32】______ .The invention of microprocessors 【33】______ the stage for the arrival of the microcomputer, or personal computer (PC)-- an affordable machine for 【34】______ The first PCs, in kit form, appeared in the mid 1970s, and by the mid-1980s machines such as the Apple Macintosh and those based 【35】______ a PC first 【36】______ by IBM in 1981 were popular throughout the world. The success of these machines led to an explosion of software, in 【37】______ a range of spreadsheet, word-processing, graphic, educational, and games programs. Since the 1980s, a number of strong-intertwined themes have 【38】______ the computer revolution forward, including a continuing increase in the processing power and decrease in the size and cost of PCs; a switch of emphasis from 【39】______ to linked machines, as evidenced by the growth of local area networks and the Internet; and the spread of computer applications into virtually every 【40】______ of home and business life.21．【21】A．integralB．comprehensiveC．integratedD．general正确答案：C解析：integral意为“整体的，完整的”；comprehensive意为“广泛的”；integrated意为“各部分配合好的，完整的”；general意为“综合的，概括的”。

[收稿日期]2008-12-26　[作者简介]易觉非(1966-),男,1987年大学毕业,讲师,现主要从事应用数学和软件开发的教学和科研工作。

面向对象的测井图形系统设计和实现 易觉非　(长江大学信息与数学学院,湖北荆州434023)[摘要]在测井解释研究过程中,会用到大量的数据,采用数据可视化技术将这些数据图形化是测井解释研究的基础,对这些图形进行了抽象和分类,在此基础上,给出了适合测井解释的图形系统设计。

[关键词]面向对象;数据可视化;系统设计;类[中图分类号]T E243[文献标识码]A [文章编号]1673-1409(2009)01-N 177-03 科学计算可视化自1987年提出以来,在各工程和计算领域得到了广泛的应用和发展[1]。

近年来,随着计算机的计算能力迅速提高,运用计算机图形学及图像处理技术形象、直观地显示科学计算的中间结果及最终结果成为可能[2]。

在测井解释过程中,可视化要求更为突出。

如研究人员需要将测井曲线、实验分析参数等形成直观、清晰的图形或图像,以便于能够在界面友好、交互性强的可视化环境下,得到较精确的研究结果。

这方面,国内先后开发出了诸如G 包、P 包、EXPRESS 以及FORWA RD 等测井绘图软件[3],但这些软件都存在以下问题:①版本老化。

特别是M icro soft .Net Framew ork 推出之后,其设计和开发理念均不符合技术进步要求;②可扩充性和可重用性程度低。

这些软件在设计和开发时均只考虑了特定的系统实现,并未为二次开发留出空间,因此无法在此基础上进行重用或扩充。

为此,笔者设计并开发了测井图形系统。

测井图形系统的设计和开发基于Microsoft .Net Framework 框架,采用面向对象的设计思想,通过构建基本图元和接口,从而实现各类测井解释研究图形的绘制。

该系统旨在实现下列目标:①为测井解释所涉及的各个应用系统的开发提供一致的面向对象的测井绘图编程环境;②测井解释软件部署和版本控制冲突最小化;③软件模块可重用性和可扩充性程度最大化。

2024年牛津版英语初一上学期复习试题与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、Listen to the following dialogue and choose the best answer to complete the sentence.A. What’s the weather like today?B. How was your vacation?C. How was your exam?Answer: BExplanation: The question asks about the person’s vacation, which is a common topic for follow-up questions after a dialogue. The correct response would be asking about the experience of the vacation.2、Listen to the question and the four possible answers. Choose the correct answer.Question: How many students are in your class?A. Twenty.B. Thirty.C. Forty.D. Fifty.Answer: AExplanation: The question asks for the number of students in the class. Thecorrect answer would be the one that corresponds to the number provided in the dialogue, which in this case is “Twenty.”3、Listen to the conversation between two students, Alex and Jamie, and choose the best answer to complete the following sentence.A. Alex is asking Jamie for help with his science homework.B. Jamie is telling Alex about his new favorite book.C. They are discussing their plans for the weekend.Answer: AExplanation: The conversation indicates that Alex is struggling with his science homework and Jamie is offering to help him, which matches option A.4、Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student, and complete the following sentence with the correct information.The teacher asks the student about his progress in the English class. The student responds by saying:A. “I’m doing fine, thank you.”B. “I’m making good progress, but I need more practice.”C. “I’m not doing well; I find the grammar too difficult.”Answer: BExplanation: The student’s response suggests that while there are challenges, they are making progress and acknowledge the need for additional practice, aligning with option B.5.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob,discussing their weekend plans.Question: What is Alice planning to do this weekend?A. Go to the movies.B. Visit a friend in another city.C. Stay at home and read a book.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Alice mentions that she is planning to stay at home and read a book this weekend. There is no mention of going to the movies or visiting a friend in another city. Therefore, the correct answer is C.6.Listen to a short dialogue between a teacher and a student, discussing the student’s assignment.Question: What is the teacher asking the student to do?A. Hand in the assignment tomorrow.B. Submit the assignment by the end of the week.C. Revise the assignment before the next class.Answer: CExplanation: The teacher in the dialogue asks the student to revise the assignment before the next class, indicating that there are some issues that need to be corrected. The teacher does not mention specific deadlines like tomorrow or the end of the week, so the correct answer is C.7、Listen to the following dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear.A. The man is going to the library.B. The woman is looking for a book.C. The man is helping the woman find the book.D. The woman is asking for help to find the library.Answer: CExplanation: In the dialogue, the woman asks the man if he can help her find a book, which indicates that she is looking for assistance in finding something. Therefore, the correct answer is C.8、Listen to the following passage and choose the best answer to the question you hear.A. The speaker is explaining the importance of exercise.B. The speaker is talking about the benefits of a healthy diet.C. The speaker is discussing the importance of getting enough sleep.D. The speaker is giving advice on how to improve one’s lifestyle.Answer: AExplanation: The passage focuses on the importance of regular exercise and its impact on physical and mental health. The speaker mentions the benefits of exercise, such as reducing stress and improving energy levels. Therefore, the correct answer is A.9.You hear a conversation between two students discussing their weekend plans.A. What are they planning to do this weekend?B. Who is going to join them?Answer: A. What are they planning to do this weekend?Explanation: The question asks about the content of the conversation, specifically about the plans they have for the weekend. The correct answer should reflect that information.10.You hear a short dialogue between a teacher and a student about an upcoming assignment.A. What is the assignment about?B. When is the assignment due?Answer: B. When is the assignment due?Explanation: The question focuses on the timing of the assignment. The correct answer should provide the specific date or deadline mentioned in the dialogue. The content of the assignment is not the primary focus of this question.11.You are listening to a conversation between two friends, Alice and Bob. They are discussing their favorite book.Alice: Hey Bob, have you ever read “To Kill a Mockingbird”?Bob: Yes, I have. It’s one of my fa vorite books.Alice: Really? Why do you like it so much?Bob: Well, it’s not just the story, but also the way the author, Harper Lee, writes about the characters and the themes of racism and injustice.Question: What does Bob like most about “To Kill a Mockingbird”?A) The storyB) The author’s writing styleC) The themesD) The charactersAnswer: B) The author’s writing style解析：在对话中，Bob提到他喜欢《杀死一只知更鸟》不仅仅是因为故事，还因为作者Harper Lee对人物和主题的描写方式。

英语四级翻译练习：科学请将下面这段话翻译成英文：科学和自然界中一切存在的事物和发生的现象的特点和过程有关。

科学包括整个自然界，它精辟地阐述了人类关于各种自然现象是如何彼此联系并如何构成我们所说的宇宙的种种概念的。

科学有许多特性，要了解科学是什么，就得详细地考察一下这些性能和特点。

有一些作者断言说科学实际上只是一种方法—科学的方法。

这样的定义是过于简单化了。

但是科学方法在决定科学知识的性质方面肯定起着重要的作用。

参考答案:Science is related to all the existing things and thecharacteristics and process of the phenomenahappening in nature.Science contains the wholenature,whichdevelpos various penetrating viewsabout human being's conceptions that how variousnatural phenomena are related together and how they constitute our so-called universe.Science has many characteristics.We have to inspect those functions and characteristics indetail if we want to know what the science is.Some authors assert that science in fact is a kindof method-scientific method.This definition is over simplified.But obviously the scientificmethod plays an important role in deciding the nature of the scientific knowledge.考点分析：科学包括整个自然界，它精辟地阐述了人类关于各种自然现象是如何彼此联系并如何构成我们所说的宇宙的种种概念的。