An mixture of the cerebral circulation ischemic stroke in patients with neurological deficit and cli

灌注成像参数解读CT神经灌注的参数解读根据最新的研究发现，中国⼈群总体的终⾝卒中风险和男性的风险分别⾼达39.3%和41.1%，在同项⽐较中均居于全球⾸位。

说明我国脑卒中的防治任重道远。

综合性别和年龄评估2016年全球⼈群卒中终⽣风险The GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators. Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:2429-2437.前⾯我们介绍了CT神经灌注的检查流程（参见：CT神经灌注的检查流程），剂量优化策略（参见：CT神经灌注剂量优化策略）以及后处理流程（参见：CT神经灌注的后处理流程），在分析获得这些数据之后，我们还需要对参数进⾏解读，发掘出隐藏在这些参数背后的信息。

我们今天就聊聊CT神经灌注检查获得的这些参数如何解读。

脑卒中病理过程脑卒中的病理过程简单地可以分为缺⾎和出⾎两种。

脑卒中需要分为两个类型，缺⾎性脑卒中和出⾎性脑卒中。

（图⽚源⾃⽹络）缺⾎缺⾎性中风的发⽣是由于部分⼤脑供⾎不⾜，引发了缺⾎性级联反应，如果缺氧超过60-90s，脑组织就会停⽌功能，⼤约3⼩时后，脑组织将遭受不可逆转的损伤，可能导致组织死亡，即脑梗塞。

动脉粥样硬化可通过缩⼩⾎管管腔导致⾎流减少、导致⾎管内形成⾎栓或通过斑块解体释放⼤量⼩栓塞来破坏⾎液供应。

动脉粥样硬化斑块的栓塞性梗塞发⽣在循环系统其他部位形成的栓塞，通常是由于⼼房颤动⽽在⼼脏形成，或是在颈动脉形成的栓塞，破裂，进⼊⼤脑循环，然后滞留并阻塞脑⾎管。

由于⼤脑中的⾎管现在被阻塞了，⼤脑的能量变得很低，因此它利⽤脑组织缺⾎区域内的厌氧代谢。

厌氧代谢产⽣较少的三磷酸腺苷（ATP），但会释放⼀种称为乳酸的副产物。

乳酸是⼀种刺激物，可能会破坏细胞，因为它是⼀种酸，会破坏⼤脑中正常的酸碱平衡。

早产儿低血压的治疗徐小军李丽华封志纯关键词：早产儿低血压治疗低血压在早产、败血症及手术后的新生儿领域是一个需要重视的问题，症状性低血压(需要干预治疗的低血压)有着很高的发病率，在一项156例极低出生体重儿的病例对照研究中，生后72小时以内出现的症状性低血压与脑室内出血的严重程度相关，同时增加了患儿死亡率、听力丧失及神经发育不良的风险。

早产儿低血压的发病率与孕周、出生体重及生后年龄呈负相关。

一些定义阈值被应用在治疗中，包括平均动脉压小于胎龄，平均动脉压小于30mmHg，和平均动脉压小于根据胎龄及出生体重做出的血压参考值的第5-10个百分位，这些阈值应用于治疗的基本原理是基于两项观察研究。

第一个是基于关于低血压与短期的不良后果之间的关系；另一个是未成熟的大脑自主调节血流的最低平均压为28-30mmHg。

积极治疗早产儿低血压的主要是保障组织器官的血流灌注，特别是脑血流灌注，在疾病状态的早产儿不能通过自身调节造成脑灌注不足，通过药物进行升血压，防止因血压低于临界值出现血流灌注不足，也就是升血压即增加血流灌注。

本文主要针对新生儿低血压的治疗进行一个系统的讲述，以加强临床医生在新生儿低血压的治疗方面的认识，以便更合理地进行临床干预及治疗。

早产儿低血压的药物治疗药物剂量适应症注意事项扩容0.9%NaCL 4.5%白蛋白10-20ml/kg IV 低血容量怀疑围产期有失血，皮肤苍白伴心率增快对预后无改善液体过多可增加死亡率、PDA及CLD多巴胺 2.5-20ug/kg/min IV 窒息、肺高压及低血容量的一线用药在低血压患儿中可增加脑血流量多巴酚丁胺5-20ug/kg/minIV超过30min 低血压及低血容量的二线用药纠正60%的低血压未扩容可引起心动过速肾上腺素0.05-2.5ug/kg/min IV 低血压及低血容量的二线用药在低血压患儿中可增加脑血流量氢化可的松 2.5ug/kg q6h IV 肾上腺功能不全及顽固性低血压地塞米松0.25mg/kg IV 单剂肾上腺功能不全及顽固性低血压甲氰吡酮0.75ug/kg/min*3h低血容量后改0.2ug/kg/min IV垂体后叶素亚甲蓝1mg/kg IV多培沙明2ug/kg/min IV去甲肾上腺素0.1-1.5ug/kg/min IVT he incidence of hypotension in preterm neonates is inversely related to gestational age (GA) andbirth weight.1,2Several definitions are being used as treatment thresholds, including mean arterial blood pressure (MABP; in mmHg) of less than the GA (in weeks), MABP <30 mm Hg, and an MABP below the 5th-10th percentile accordingto age- and birth weight–specific reference values.2-4 The rationale for the application of these treatment thresholds indaily practice is based on 2 observations. The first is the reported association between adverse (short-term) outcome andhypotension.4-6 The second is the suggestion that the lowest threshold for intact cerebral autoregulation is an MABP of28-30 mm Hg.7-9 早产儿低血压的发病率与孕周、出生体重及生后年龄呈负相关。

九江2024年09版小学4年级上册英语第6单元暑期作业(含答案)考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The stars are ______ tonight. (bright)2、填空题：The __________ (土壤的质量) impacts plant growth significantly.3、听力题：The __________ is a large area that is home to many different animals.4、填空题：The _______ (Age of Exploration) led to the discovery of new lands and trade routes.5、填空题：__________ (反应性) describes how easily a substance reacts with others.6、听力题：I love to ___ in the summer. (swim)7、听力题：The baby is _____ in the stroller. (sitting)8、填空题：A ____(transportation network) connects various modes of transport.9、填空题：A rabbit is known for its strong ______ (后腿).10、听力题：A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that retain their ______ properties.11、What is the capital of Malaysia?A. Kuala LumpurB. JakartaC. BangkokD. Manila12、填空题：I enjoy ______ (在公园里) walking.13、填空题：The chameleon can blend into its _________. (环境)14、填空题：I like to go ______ (远足) in the mountains during the fall.15、听力题：The __________ is the longest mountain range in the world.16、听力题：Energy can be stored in _______ forms, like batteries.17、听力题：The cookies are ___ (baking) in the oven.18、填空题：I believe that everyone has the potential to make a difference in the _______ (社会).19、 (Declaration) of Independence was signed in 1776. 填空题：The ____20、What is the name of the planet we live on?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter21、填空题：The tortoise can live for many _________ (年).22、Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. LionD. Kangaroo23、听力题：My cousin is a ______. She loves to play video games.24、听力题：A ______ is often used to represent the composition of a compound.25、填空题：The quokka is one of the ______ (最快乐的) animals.26、Which of these is not a fruit?A. BananaB. CarrotC. AppleD. Orange27、填空题：We visit the ______ (动物园) to see exotic animals.28、What do you call a group of bees?A. SwarmB. ColonyC. HiveD. Flock答案:A29、填空题：The cat is _______ (在窗户旁边).30、听力题：I have _____ (one) best friend.31、听力题：I have a _____ (journal) for my thoughts.32、填空题：The __________ (历史事件) impact our lives even today.33、What is the opposite of "dark"?A. BrightB. LightC. ClearD. Colorful34、What do you call the place where fish are kept?A. PondB. AquariumC. OceanD. River答案:B35、填空题：We should _______ (关心)我们的环境.36、What is the capital of Libya?A. TripoliB. BenghaziC. MisrataD. Tobruk答案:A. Tripoli37、填空题：My dad is my hero _______ because he protects me.38、听力题：The _______ provides shade on sunny days.39、填空题：The garden is _______ (种满了) vegetables.40、填空题：The _____ (肥料) helps improve soil quality.41、What is the term for a scientist who studies the stars?A. BiologistB. ChemistC. AstronomerD. Geologist答案:C42、What do you call a person who studies rocks?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. MeteorologistD. Archaeologist答案:A43、填空题：The __________ (历史的多维视角) enrich discussions.44、填空题：The __________ (历史的实用性) informs policy-making.45、What do you call a story that teaches a lesson?A. FableB. MythC. NovelD. Biography46、听力题：He is wearing a __________ today.47、填空题：The __________ is an important region for agriculture. (平原)48、填空题：My _____ (遥控车) can go really fast.49、听力题：The capital of Indonesia is _______.50、填空题：A ______ (家庭田园) can provide fresh produce.51、听力题：A _____ (solution) is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.52、填空题：We go to the ______ (市场) for fresh fruits.53、填空题：The flowers in the garden are very ________ (美丽).54、填空题：I love _______ (玩游戏) with my friends.55、填空题：The __________ (花香) is a delight in the garden.56、How many continents are there?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 857、填空题：A ____(clean energy) source reduces pollution.58、听力题：A saturated solution holds the maximum amount of _____.59、听力题：A substance that promotes chemical reactions is called a ______.60、选择题：What do we call a person who speaks many languages?A. LinguistB. TeacherC. ScholarD. Professor61、听力题：Many people love to _______ plants at home.62、听力题：The tree is very ___. (tall)63、What do you call the process of growing plants?A. GardeningB. FarmingC. PlantingD. Sowing答案:A64、填空题：A _____ (植物观察者) enjoys studying flora in nature.65、What is the capital of South Korea?A. BusanB. SeoulC. IncheonD. Daegu答案:B66、填空题：The __________ (草地) is perfect for picnics.67、听力题：The bunny hops around the _____ yard.68、填空题：The __________ (历史的价值) is immeasurable.69、What is the term for a baby cow?A. CalfB. LambC. FoalD. Kid答案:A. Calf70、听力题：My cousin is very good at ____ (acting).71、What is the main ingredient in a Caesar salad?A. LettuceB. SpinachC. KaleD. Arugula72、听力题：A solute is a substance that is ______ in a solvent.73、听力填空题：I love camping in the mountains. My favorite part is __________.74、填空题：_____ (热带雨林) are rich in biodiversity.75、What is the term for the area around a person's home?A. NeighborhoodB. CommunityC. DistrictD. Region答案:A76、What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. DevelopmentD. Transformation答案: A77、填空题：We need to _______ (珍惜) our resources.78、填空题：The __________ (气体) state has no fixed shape or volume.A chemical reaction may produce gas, solid, or ______.80、选择题：What is the name of the famous artist who painted the Mona Lisa?A. PicassoB. Van GoghC. Da VinciD. Michelangelo81、What do we call the process by which animals adapt to their environment?A. EvolutionB. MigrationC. HibernationD. Adaptation答案:A82、What do we call the time when the sun sets?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. NoonD. Midnight答案:B83、听力题：The sun sets and the sky is ______. (beautiful)84、Which season follows summer?A. WinterB. FallC. SpringD. Autumn答案:B85、填空题：This boy, ______ (这个男孩), loves to explore nature.86、听力题：The chemical formula for citric acid is ________.87、填空题：In the forest, I found a beautiful ______ (蘑菇). It was red with white ______ (斑点).88、填空题：The skunk is known for its _________ (气味).My cat enjoys the warmth of the _______ (阳光).90、听力题：The dog is ________ at the door.91、填空题：My favorite game to play during recess is ________ (跳绳) with my friends.92、What is the capital of Costa Rica?A. San JoséB. LiberiaC. CartagoD. Alajuela答案:A93、What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. CheeseD. Egg答案:B94、填空题：The ancient Romans were skilled in _____ and architecture.95、What do we call a person who flies an airplane?A. DriverB. PilotC. SailorD. Engineer答案:B96、填空题：The __________ was a significant event in the fight for women's suffrage. (选举权运动)97、填空题：The ancient Romans built ________ to improve transportation.98、听力题：The sun provides us with _______ energy.99、填空题：The ________ (生态系统动态监测) is important for health.The capital city of Australia is ________ (澳大利亚的首都城市是________).。

假肢与矫形器专业词汇（英语）abdomen anatomical retainer of the intestinesabdominal related to the abdomenabduct to move (a limb) away from the midline of the bodyabducted gait walking with the legs spread away from the midlinemuscleabductor abductingablatio mammae, mastectomy surgical removal of female breastabove elbow (A.E.) prosthesis prosthesis for transhumeral amputationabove the knee (A.K.) prosthesis prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)abutment counter piece, counter flare, neckacceleration getting continuously fasteracceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of gaitinpelvis, receiving the hip jointsocketacetabulum concaveacetone chemical thinner for laquers and paintsAchilles tendon tendon at distal end of calf muscleacrylic resin thermoplastic resin on acrylic basisacute rapid onset or short duration of a conditionadapter device coupling two different endsadduct to move (a limb) toward the midline of the bodyadductor adducting muscleadductor roll medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics) adhesion contact socket contact socket, type of suction socketadiposity being too large in abdominal and other circumferences, fat ADL's aids for daily livingadolescent juvenile - phase between childhood and adulthoodadultadolescent youngadult “grown up” - beyond adolescenceaetiology reason or factor causing a diseaseAFO ankle-foot-orthosisagonist muscle being active and result-oriented (opposite:antagaonist) aids for daily living (ADL) tools and devices etc.- modified for the disabledair splint orthoses containing an air chamber to customize fitAK (prosthesis) prosthesis after transfemoral amputationAK-socket above knee (transfemoral) socketalignment assembling O&P components referring to a reference system allergy reaction of the immune system against “foreign” matteralloy a mix of metals, changing the specific characteristics aluminum a light metalambulate / ambulation reciprocal walkingambulator a walking frame, supporting a patient's ambulation amputation surgical removal of a body partamputation surgery surgical act of removing a body segment (extremity) analgesia absence of, or insensitivity to pain sensationanalyse, analysis detailed research on components of a wholeanamnesis background of a diseaseanatomical landmarks (bony) prominences, points of importance in O&Panatomy descriptive or functional explanation of the body properties angularity in the shape of an angleangulus sub-pubicus angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-socketsjointankle tibio-tarsalankle block connector between prosthetic foot and shinankle joint (talus joint) joint connecting foot and shankankle-foot orthosis (AFO) orthosis with functional impact on ankle and footankylosing to unite or stiffen by ankylosisankylosis immobility, posttraumatic fusion of a jointantagonist muscle opposing agonist action, often controllinganterior in front of, the foremostanteversion to bring (a limb) forward, opposite of retroversion anthropometry taking measurements of the human bodyanti… againstanvil block of iron, surface used in forging metalA-P or a-p antero-posterior, from front to backapex top or summit, the highest point, the peakappliance an instrument, O&P: a prosthesis or orthosis, technical aid application making work or connecting to…learning a professionapprentice somebodyapprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprenticeship (course) training course for vocational educationappropriate best (compromise-) solution for a given problem Appropriate Technology technology appropriate (e.g. for the Third World)arch support shell shell-like custom molded medical shoe insertarteries blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood to the periphery arthritis acute or chronic joint inflammationarthrodesis blocking a joint through surgical procedurearthroplasty reconstruction of a joint through surgical procedure arthrosis, osteoarthritis joint disease - degenerating cartilage and joint surfaceGelenkarticulation Articulatio,aseptic not caused by bacterial infectionASIS / A.S.I.S anterior superior iliac spineassessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition) athetosis condition of slow withering movementsathletic arch support custom molded medical shoe insert for the athleteatrophy shrinkage, wastage of biological tissueautonomic nervous system independent nerve tissue, not under voluntary controlaxial rotator joint for socket rotation around the vertical axisback posterior component of the trunkbalance condition of keeping the body stabilized in a desired positionball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable ball joint (universal joint) tri-axial jointband, strap, cuff suspension aid (small corset)bandages elastic wrapping, light brace, adhesive wrapping etc.bandaging act of applying bandages, tapingbands m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)bars, side-bars uprights, vertical struts in an orthosisbearing, ball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable bed sore pressure/shear related skin trauma of bed-bound individuals below elbow amputation (BE-) forearmamputation (below the elbow joint, transradial, transulnar) below elbow, lower arm arm below the elbow jointbelt suspension component, also light abdominal bandagebench workstation,worktablebench alignment static alignment of prosthetic/orthotic componentsbending providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.bending iron set of two contouring tools for metal bar bendingbending moment the force or torque bending an objectbending, contouring providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.BE-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the elbow jointbevel to brake an edgebig toe halluxbilateral twosided, double..., relating to “both sides”bio-engineering science of engineering related to living structuresbio-feedback internal autoresponse to a biological eventbiological age the "natural age" - dependent on how a person presentsbiology science related to living structuresbio-mechanics science combining biology and mechanicsbipivotal joint joint with two axesBi-scapular abduction bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)BK below the kneeBK-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the kneeBK-socket below the knee socketblister forming vacuum molding plastic sheet material in a frameblock heels wide basis heelsbody the total appearance of a biological beingbody jacket US-American term for symmetrical spinal orthosesbody powered operated by human power (as opposed to outside energy) bolts machine screw and similarbonding agent connective glue, cement etc.bone single part of the skeletal systembone loss syndrome reduction of bony massbone spur a protrusion of bone or fragment of bonebonification, calcification change into bony tissuebony bridge surgical bony fusion between e.g. tibia and fibulabony landmark anatomically protruding bony surfaces (as the fibula head) bony lock (ischial containment) m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets bordering providing a smooth trim line or brimbordering, trimming providing a well-rounded trim line or smooth brimBoston Brace spinal orthosis developed in Boston, USA (scoliosis, kyphosis treatment)bouncy mechanism flexion device for limited flexion in prosthetic kneesbow leg genu varum, o-shaped legs, enlarged distance between knees brace, splint, caliper supportive device, old-fashioned for “orthosis”brain, cerebrum main switch board of the central nervous systembrazing heat supported metal solderingbrazing tool, soldering iron tool for heat supported metal solderingbrim proximal socket area, casting tool / templatebrooch / hook hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.buffing creating a shiny surface finishbuild-up (of a material) location of added plaster in modifications of plaster castsburn heat related injurybursa anatomic padding cavity containing liquidby-law (USA: bill) lawCAD CAM Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture cadence rhythm of walkingcalcaneus heelbonecalculation doing mathematical operationscalf band m-l connection between side bars (KAFO)calf corset enclosure of calf and shin (in an orthosis)calf muscle, triceps surae plantar flexor of the foot, muscle in the lower legcaliper measuring tool, precision instrumentcaliper, brace, splint old fashioned term for joint stabilizing lower limb orthoses Canadian Hip Disarticulation Pr. external shell prosthesis for hip disarticulationscane walkingstickcap band finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsetscarbon fiber structural reinforcement in plastic compositescardanic two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each othercardio-vascular related to heart and blood circulationcarve shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)cast positive (plaster or similar) moldcast modification functional changing of the shape of a castcast removal removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster castcast taking act of taking a plaster- or similar impressioncasters freely moving front wheels at a wheel chaircasting and measurement taking getting 3-dimensional body impressions and measurements casting procedures technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions caudal direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)c-clamp clamping tool (woodwork)CDH congenital dislocation of the hipcell (biological and technical) smallest living unit; hollow technical unitcellular made up from cellscelluloid one of the first plastic materials availablecement, glue bonding agentcenter of gravity (COG) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point center of mass calculated concentration of mass (in bio-mechanics) center of mass (COM) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point centrode graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation cerebral related to the cerebrum, braincerebral palsy loss of neural muscle control by congenital brain damage cerebral paresis dysfunction of muscle tissue related to cerebral trauma cerebro vascular accident vascular bloodclotting in a part of the brainbraincerebrum thecerebrum / cerebral brain / related to the braincervical related to the neckcervical collar (cervical brace) orthosis for the neck (after whiplash syndrome)cervical spine most proximal segment of the spinal columnchairback brace posterior semi-shell trunk orthosischamfer to thin out the edges of a materialCharcot joint rapid progressive degeneration of a joint (foot)check-, or diagnostic socket transparent or translucent socket for diagnosis of fit chiropedist (Canada) medical doctor specialized in foot careChopart amputation tarsal (partial) foot amputation at the Chopart joint line Chopart joint tarsal joint line of several bones in the footchronic long term (disease; opposite of acute)circumduction semi-circular (mowing) forward swing of a leg circumference the measurment around a physical bodyclam shell design longitudinally split socket or shellclosure mechanism used to closeclub foot, talipes varus pes equino varus, a congenital (or acquired) foot deformity CNC Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing CO cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilizationCO - CP - CPO Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist coating surface cover (as plasticising metal surfaces)coccyx Anatomy: the “tailbone”coefficient of friction number determining forces between sliding surfacescollar cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization collateral ligaments ligaments bridging the side of jointscompatible fitting to each othercompliance measure of willingness to follow a therapeutic ordercomponents single parts of a whole, construction parts, pre-fab partscomposite reinforced plastic component, matrix and fillercompound result of a chemical binding processcompression panty hose orthotic garment to treat varicosisconcave inwardly shaped, hollow (opposite of convex)condyle massive rounded end of bone, basis for forming a joint surfacewithborncongenital beingconstant friction continuous application of a braking forcecontact cushion distal contact padding in prosthetic socketcontact measuring measuring while touching the object measuredcontact pad contact cushion (prosthetics)continuous passive motion (CPM) keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device contour (the) the outer perimeter of a bodycontour (to) creating a shape by forming, bendingcontour drawing draft of the outer perimeter of a bodycontracture condition of motion limitation in jointsconvex outwardly shaped, bulged (opposite of concave)cork bark of a tree, natural cellular leight weight materialcoronal plane frontal planecorrection, rectification modification (of shapes, designs etc.) in order to improvecorrosion deterioration of materials by chemical influence (as oxdation)corset therapeutic circular enclosement of body segmentscorset, fabric corset lumbar brace made from textile materialcountersinking taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavitycoupler a connective devicecoxitis/coxarthritis inflammation of the hip jointCPM, continuous passive motion keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device CPO Certified Prosthetist / Orthotistcraft & trade European (German) vocational structuring systemcranial relating to the headcrossline filing using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset directioncruciates, cruciate ligaments crossed ligaments at the knee centerCRW Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)CT, computer tomography a method to take X-rays in "slices"Orthosis CTLSO Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-SacralOrthosisCTO Cervico-Thoracocuff, band, strap suspension aid (small corset)cup, connection cup socket connector in prostheticscure (med.) medical therapeutic measurecure (techn.) to set, hardencushion, pad upholstering device, providing soft surfacecustom made made to measurements as a single unitdeceleration to become continuously slowerdeceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of human gaitdecree, directive, regulation text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdeficiency lack of necessary function or ability by physical impairmentdeflector plate a leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return devicedeformity malformation of form, may be influencing functiondegeneration biological wear and tearDelrin a plastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keeldensity foaming hard foam block on a socket as a connector to componentsdeposit (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sedimentdermatitis skin disease, infection of the skinderotating orthosis (scoliosis) orthosis for derotation - one of the priciples of scoliosis treatment design construction, functional lay-out and planningdexterity, manual skill skill of creating by hand, craftsman skilldiabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism disorder (frequent amputation reason) diabetic gangrene death of tissue caused by diabetesdiagnosis searching and finding a cause and details of diseasediaphysis shaft of a long bonedimension seize as measureddimensional stability keeping the dimensionsdiplegia paralysis, affecting both sides of the bodydirect socket technique manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb directive information or order on how to …..directive, regulation, decree text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdisability handicap, functional loss of abilitydisabled person a person with a disability, handicapdisabled, handicapped handicapped, having a functional loss of ability"amputation"directly through a joint linedisarticulation thedisc, intervertebral disc intervertebral cartilaginous cushioning elementdislocation joint injury resulting in complete discontiuity of joint surfaces dislocation overstretching or rupture of ligaments, also in combination with fracture doff US-colloquial: do - off = take offdoffing a prosthesis taking off a prosthesiscontrollingdominant leading,don US-colloquial: do - on = put ondonning a prosthesis putting on a prosthesisdonning aid aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinette, silk tie etc.dorsal related to the dorsum = back, posteriorly locateddorsiflexion lifting the forefoot, correct would be “dorsal extension”, lift of footdraft first drawing of a new ideadrawer effect a-p instability of the knee caused by slack cruciatesdrill (to) to machine a holeDS(L)T Direct Socket (Lamination) TechniqueDUCHENNE's disease severe progressive form of muscular dystrophyDUCHENNE's sign trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phaseDUPUYTREN’sche Kontraktur fibrosis, flexion contracture of fingers into palmstiffnessdurometer hardness,duroplastic resin synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curingdystrophy pathologic loss of muscle massCommunityEC Europeanedema, oedema swelling, high concentration of fluids in the soft tissueelastic capable of recovering form and shape after deformation elastic anklet ankle foot orthosiselastic bandage, ACE-bandage stretchable, expandable bandageelastic knee sleeve knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspensionelbow splint old-fashioned term for: elbow orthosiselectrical stimulation neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses electromyography recording of electrical activity of a muscleembedding enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function) embossing manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammerEMG recording of electrical activity of a muscleendo-skeletal pylon type prosthetic components covered by external cover energy consumption use of energy in physical activitiesenergy expenditure spending of energy in physical activitiesenergy return energy output, achieved by spring-like design in O&PorthosisEO elbowepicondylitis stress related inflammation of the elbow, (tennis)epiphysis dist./prox. End of a bone, zone of longitudinal growth equilibrium keeping of balanceequinovalgus combined drop foot and valgus deformityequinovarus combined drop foot and varus deformityeversion rotation of hand or foot around long axis of the limbeversion turning foot outward and up (opposite of inversion)EWHO elbow wrist hand orthosisexamination, assessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition)exo-skeletal prosthetics: external structural components (opposite: modular) extension straightening motion of a jointextension assist strap or other means assisting joint extensionextension moment force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints extension stop bumper or other means of extension limitationextensor muscle causing extensionexternal related to the outside (opposite: internal)external fixation outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result) extremity upper or lower extremities: arms or legsfabric corset textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunkfabrication the procedure of mechanically creating a devicefatality mortality, death ratefatigue (material) time-dependent alteration of typical material propertiesfatigue (muscles) time-dependent slow down of muscle actionFederal Trade Association German professional trade associationfeedback return of informationfelt material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber female the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)femoral channel dorso-lateral convex channel in a prosthetic socketfemoral condyles the distal ends (close to the knee joint) of the femurfemur the thigh boneFES functional electrical stimulationfibre glass (fiber glass) glass reinforcement component in compositesfibula calfbone, the lesser of two bones in the calffibular head the proximal thicker portion of the fibulafit compatibility between patient and device in function/comfortflab abundance of soft tissueflaccid paralysis, paresis non-spastic paralysis, loss of voluntary muscle innervationflare even anatomical surface (as the tibial flare)flat evenflat foot foot deformity, loss of medial-longitudinal arch heightflatfoot, talipes planus foot deformity, loss of any medial-longitudinal arch heightflexion joint motion, buckling or bending a jointflexion assist device assisting (joint) flexionflexion moment force (torque) causing flexionflexor muscle creating a flexion motionfloor reaction orthosis orthosis utilizing floor reaction forces for patient stabilizationFO (either) finger orthosis (or) foot orthosisfoam a cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)foaming act of manual creation of a prosthetic foam connectorchildfoetus unbornfollow-up continuous control and maintenance, aftertreatmentfoot cradel anatomically adapted plantar foot supportfoot deformity misalignment (functional misshape) of the footfoot flat stance phase: sole of the foot getting in complete ground contact foot slap stance phase: uncontrolled quick foot flat motionforce cause or reason for acceleration, deceleration, movementforging non-chipping iron shaping process under the influence of heat fracture traumatic breaking of a boneframe the outer supportive, stiffening elementframe socket the outer supportive, stiff element as a retainer for a flexible socket freehand drawing, draft manual first draft or drawingcounter-acting sliding movement, "rubbing"friction forcefrontal plane, coronal plane reference plane as seen from the frontfulcrum center of a single axis joint, center of rotationfully synthetical man-made (material)functional component i.e. joints etc. (as opposed to structural components)functional level degree of function a disabled patient still achievesfunctional needs component need to satisfy specific needsfundamental of basic importanceambulationgait walking,gait analysis research of gait patterns and time-related specificsgait deviation pathological changes in normal walking patternsgait pattern physiological or pathological walking characteristicsgait trainer somebody teaching how to walkgait training lessons in learning how to walkgalvanization surface protection of metalsgangrene local death of soft tissue due to lack of blood supply gastrocnemii, “gastrocs” double-headed calf musclegauge measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)gear train joint joint components, forcing each other trough toggled connection gel man-made or natural material, consistency similar to gelantine genu kneegenu recurvatum hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis) genu valgum/knock knee knock knees, knees frequently touching each other medially genu varum/bowleg bow legs, knee distance too large (opposite of genu valgum) geometric locking locking systematic of polycentric knee jointsgeometrical stance control locking systematic for the provision of stance stabilitygeriatric elderly, old, aged,glue, cement bonding agentgoniometer instrument (tool) for measuring anglesgrease fat, as lubricant or tissuegrid particle size indication in abrassive materialsgrind surface modification by abrasion, sanding etc.ground reaction force force directed from the ground toward the body Haemo.., haema... related to the bloodhallux, halluces big toeHalo brace cranial/cervical orthoses, ring fixed at proximal cranium hamstrings popliteal tendons, insertion of flexor muscleshand splint old fashioned for hand orthosishard and soft foaming technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combinationhd extra sturdy version of…..disarticulationHD hipHDPE HighPolyethyleneDensityHD-socket pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesisheavy metals a specific group of metals (heavy in weight)heel clamp prosthesis a partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp" heel cup foot orthosis, Berkely cupheel off / heel rise moment in stance phase when the heel risesheel spur bony protrusion at the distal-medial aspect of the calcaneus heel strike moment in stance phase when the heel touches the ground heel wedge heel bumper in foot or length compensation, absorbs shockHelfet’s heel cup foot orthosis, similar Berkely cupremoving the distal half of the bodysurgery,hemicorporectomy amputationhemipelvectomy amputation surgery removing one half of the pelvis hemipelvectomy-prosthesis artificial leg after hemipelvectomyhemiplegia paralysis of one half side of the bodyheredetary congenital by transmission from parent to offspringhernia subcutaneous protrusion of intestinshindfoot posterior 1/3 of the foot (heel and tarsus)hinge simple joint, single axiship dysplasia pathological development of hip socket leading to dislocation hip hiking exaggerated movement (lifting) of the hip joint in gaithip joint, articulatio coxae proximal joint of the leg, leg-pelvis jointhip positioning orthoses a brace controlling functional alignment of the hip jointhip socket concave component of the hip jointhip spica cast applied to pelvis and legHKAFO Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-OrthosisHO (either) Hand Orthosis (or) Hip Orthosis (!!)hobby-handicraft hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional resulthook and eyelet closure closure of textile fabric corsetshook and pile closure Closure material with interlocking surfaces (e.g. Velcro)hook and pile, Velcro self-adhesive strap materialhorizontal plane reference plane as seen from the tophosiery, medical hosiery medical compression hosiery (phlebology)humerus bone in the upper armhybrid something having properties of at least two different resources hydraulic joint control cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion hyper… more of somethinghyperextension over-stretching (of a joint)hyperextension orthosis a spinal brace serving for reclination of the thoracic spinegrowthhyperplasia increasedhyper-reflexia pathologically exaggerated reflexeshypertonia elevated blood pressurehypertonicity increased muscle tone or muscle tensionhypertrophy growth of tissue by enlargement of cellshypo… less of somethinghypoplasia biological structure significantly diminished in sizehypotonia low blood pressurehypotonicity loss of muscle tone (or tension)ContainmentIC IschialICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRC Ischial and ramus containmentIC-socket ischial containment socketidiopathic scoliosis adolescent scoliosis without a known causeilium, os ilium the medial or lateral "wing-shaped" bone in the pelvis。

1.心理学是研究心理现象的一门科学，主要研究个体心理，包括认知、情绪、动机、能力和人格等，也研究团体和社会心理。

Psychology is the science of studying psychological phenomenon, mainly research in the individual psychology, including cognition , emotion , motivation, ability and personality,etc , also in the study of group and social psychology.2.结构心理学是心理学的第一个学派，包括感觉、意象和感情三个基本元素。

结构心理学主张心理学应该研究人们的直接经验，即意识。

Structure psychology is the first school of psychology , including three basic elements, feeling, image and emotion. Structure psychology asserts that psychology should be in the study of the direct experience from people , namely consciousness.3.美国著名的心理学家william james是机能心理学的创始人；他认为心理学应该研究心理在适应环境方面的功能、作用；机能心理学认为意识是一种持续不断、川流不息，即意识流。

William James , the famous American psychologist, is the founder of the functionalpsychology; He thought: psychology should be in the study of the function and effect of mind in the aspect of adapting to the environment ; Functional psychology thought that consciousness is a constant and flowing thing , namely the stream of consciousness.4.美国心理学家华生于1913年创立了行为心理学；华生认为心理学不应该研究意识，而应该研究可观察的、可测量的行为。

季羡林《长寿之道》英译季羡林（1911.8.6~2009.7.11），山东临清人，字希逋，又字齐奘。

国际著名东方学大师、语言学家、文学家、国学家、佛学家、史学家、教育家和社会活动家。

历任中国科学院哲学社会科学部委员、北京大学副校长、中国社科院南亚研究所所长，是北京大学惟一的终身教授。

通英文、德文、梵文、巴利文，能阅俄文、法文，尤其精于吐火罗文，是世界上仅有的精于此语言的几位学者之一。

“梵学、佛学、吐火罗文研究并举，中国文学、比较文学、文艺理论研究齐飞”，其著作已汇编成24卷的《季羡林文集》。

生前曾撰文三辞桂冠：国学大师、学界泰斗、国宝。

长寿之道我已经到了望九之年，可谓长寿矣。

因此经常有人向我询问长寿之道，养生之术。

我敬谨答曰：“养生无术是有术。

”这话看似深奥，其实极为简单明了。

我有两个朋友，十分重视养生之道。

每天锻炼身体，至少要练上两个钟头。

曹操诗曰：“对酒当歌，人生几何？”人生不过百年，每天费上两个钟头，统计起来，要有多少钟头啊！利用这些钟头，能做多少事情呀！如果真有用，也还罢了。

他们二人，一个先我而走，一个卧病在家，不能出门。

因此，我首创了三“不”主义：不锻炼，不挑食，不嘀咕，名闻全国。

我这个三不主义，容易招误会，我现在利用这个机会解释一下。

我并不绝对反对适当的体育锻炼，但不要过头。

一个人如果天天望长寿如大旱之望云霓，而又绝对相信体育锻炼，则此人心态恐怕有点失常，反不如顺其自然为佳。

至于不挑食，其心态与上面相似。

常见有人年才逾不惑，就开始挑食，蛋黄不吃，动物内脏不吃，每到吃饭，战战兢兢，如履薄冰，窘态可掬，看了令人失笑。

以这种心态而欲求长寿，岂非南辕而北辙！我个人认为，第三点最为重要。

对什么事情都不嘀嘀咕咕，心胸开朗，乐观愉快，吃也吃得下，睡也睡得着，有问题则设法解决之，有困难则努力克服之，决不视芝麻绿豆大的窘境如苏迷庐山般大，也决不毫无原则随遇而安，决不玩世不恭。

“应尽便须尽，无复独多虑。

系统医学 2023 年 9 月第 8 卷第 18期影响后循环脑梗死发作的血液生化指标因素分析杨颖1，罗敏21.北京水利医院神经内科，北京100036；2.北京水利医院内科，北京100036[摘要]目的探讨影响后循环脑梗死发作的血液生化指标相关的危险因素。

方法回顾性分析2019年8月—2023年6月北京水利医院收治的40例脑梗死患者的临床资料。

按是否存在后循环缺血分为两组，一组为循环缺血组20例，一组为非后循环缺血组20例。

针对影响后循环缺血发生的生化结果进行单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析。

结果单因素分析发现低密度脂蛋白水平、糖化血红蛋白水平和同型半胱氨酸水平均为影响后循环缺血发生的相关危险因素。

多因素Logistic回归分析提示，低密度脂蛋白升高、糖化血红蛋白和同型半胱氨酸升高为影响后循环缺血发生的独立危险因素（OR=2.819，2.446，3.868，P<0.05）。

结论低密度脂蛋白、同型半胱氨酸和糖化血红蛋白水平升高是后循环脑梗死的相关及独立危险因素。

[关键词]低密度脂蛋白；同型半胱氨酸；糖化血红蛋白；后循环；脑梗死[中图分类号]R4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]2096-1782（2023）09(b)-0107-04 Analysis of Blood Biochemical Factors Affecting the Onset of Posterior Cir⁃culation Cerebral InfarctionYANG Ying1, LUO Min21.Department of Neurology, Beijing Shuili Hospital, Beijing, 100036 China;2.Department of Internal Medicine, Bei⁃jing Shuili Hospital, Beijing, 100036 China[Abstract] Objective To explore the risk factors related to blood biochemical factors affecting the onset of posterior circulation cerebral infarction. Methods The clinical data of 40 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to Beijing Shuili Hospital from August 2019 to June 2023 were analyzed retrospectively, and they were divided into two groups according to the incidence of posterior circulation ischemia. There were 20 cases with posterior circulation ischemia in one group and 20 cases with out posterior circulation ischemia in the other group. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the biochemical outcome of posterior circulation ischemia. Results Uni⁃factor analysis showed that low density lipoprotein level, glycosylated hemoglobin level and homocysteine level were the risk factors affecting the occurrence of posterior circulation ischemia. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated low-density lipoprotein, glycosylated hemoglobin and homocysteine were independent risk fac⁃tors for posterior circulation ischemia (OR=2.819, 2.446 , 3.868, P<0.05). Conclusion Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein, homocysteine and HBA1c were associated and independent risk factors for postcirculating cerebral infarc⁃tion.[Key words] Low density lipoprotein; Homocysteine; Glycosylated hemoglobin; Postcirculation; Cerebral infarction脑血管系统主要由椎基底动脉与颈内动脉系统双重供血，其中椎动脉与基底动脉及其分支组成椎基底动脉系统，即临床上所称后循环，区别于颈内动脉系统所构成的前循环[1]。