改革开放常用语翻译

改革开放类翻译词汇汇总手册版可对折 制成简易指南 随身携带保险业The insurance industry保证重点支出Ensure funding for priority areas被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business补发拖欠的养老金Clear up pension payments in arrears不良贷款Non—performing loan层层转包和违法分保Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting产值output value城乡信用社Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas城镇居民最低生活保障A minimum standard of living for city residents城镇职工医疗保险制度The system of medical insurance for urban workers抽样调查data from the sample survey出口信贷Export credit初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。

to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.贷款质量Loan quality贷款质量五级分类办法The five-category assets classification for bank loans第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry第一产业primary industry独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise发电量electric energy production发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market 发展过快excessive growth防范和化解金融风险Take precautions against and reduce financial risks 防洪工程Flood-prevention project非法外汇交易Illegal foreign exchange transaction非公有成分non-public sectors非贸易收汇Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels非银行金融机构Non-bank financial institutions费改税Transform administrative fees into taxes分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds副业sideline production改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展"。

汉英口译分类词汇（03）--改革开放词汇保险业The insurance industry保证重点支出Ensure funding for priority areas被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business补发拖欠的养老金 Clear up pension payments in arrears不良贷款 Non—performing loan层层转包和违法分保 Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting产值output value城乡信用社Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum standard of living for city residents城镇职工医疗保险制度 The system of medical insurance for urban workers抽样调查data from the sample survey出口信贷Export credit初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。

to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.贷款质量Loan quality贷款质量五级分类办法 The five-category assets classification for bank loans第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry第一产业primary industry独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise发电量electric energy production发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market发展过快excessive growth防范和化解金融风险 Take precautions against and reduce financial risks防洪工程 Flood-prevention project非法外汇交易Illegal foreign exchange transaction非公有成分non-public sectors非贸易收汇 Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels非银行金融机构 Non-bank financial institutions费改税Transform administrative fees into taxes分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds副业sideline production改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展"。

踏上了改革开放的历史征程：embarked on the historic journey of reform. and opening-up进取精神：a pioneering spirit波澜壮阔的创新实践：making bold innovation综合国力：overall national strength高度集中的计划经济体制：centralized planned economy社会主义市场经济体制：socialist market economy封闭半封闭国家：a closed and semi-closed country温饱不足：lacking basic living necessities世界多极化不可逆转：multipolarity is irreversible立足中国国情，顺应时代潮流：based on China's realities and in keeping with the trend of our times不干涉别国内部事务：not interfere in other countries' internal affairs不把自己的意志强加于人：not impose its own will on others奉行防御性国防政策，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张: to follow a defense policy that is defensive in nature and never seek hegemony or expansion对中国而言，今年是一个具有特殊意义的年份。

３０年前，在邓小平先生倡导和带领下，中国人民毅然决然地踏上了改革开放的历史征程。

这是中国在新的历史条件下进行的新的伟大革命。

This year is of special significance to China. Thirty years ago, underthe leadership of Mr. Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese people resolutely emba rkedon the historic journey of reform. and opening-up, an initiative takenby Deng Xiaoping. It started a great new revolution in China under thenew historical circumstances.斗转星移，春来秋去，转眼间３０年过去了。

改革开放英语怎么说单词短语是什么改革开放，是1978年12月十一届三中全会起中国开始实行的对内改革、对外开放的政策。

那么，你知道改革开放的英语怎么说吗?改革开放的英文释义：reform and opening-up;reform and opening to the outside world改革开放的英文例句：我立即告诉他们，中国改革开放的政策不仅没有发生逆转，反之，中国经济的改革开放已经向进一步深化方向发展，改革开放的程度会越来越高。

I immediately allayed their concerns.On the contrary, China is making further economic reforms to facilitate the process of opening up.我们把改革开放叫作社会主义改革开放，因为它是中国社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。

We refer to our reform and opening-up as socialist reform and opening-up because they constitute the process of self-improvement and development of the socialist system in China.30年来，改革开放的每一个重大的实践活动和理论创新，都是由思想解放开始的，思想解放是改革开放实践的先导。

In the past 30 years, every innovation of theory and practice would start from mind emancipating, which is the forerunner of reform and opening.改革与开放] 摘要：邓小平是我国改革开放的总设计师。

Deng Xiaoping is the chief designer of China's reform and opening-up policy.中国改革开放30年，以全面推进素质教育作为会计基础教育改革和会计专业教育改革的重要方向。

改革开放30年流行语固定英文译法30年流行语固定英文译法：“倒爷”：profiteer或wheeler-dealer“五好家庭”：Five Virtues Family“万元户”：ten-thousand-yuan household“大哥大”：GSM mobile telephone“喇叭裤”：bell-bottomed trousers“交谊舞”：ballroom dancing“蛤蟆镜”：goggles“菜篮子工程”：Non-Staple Food Project“铁饭碗”：Iron Rice Bowl“ 高考移民”：NCEE migrant（National College Entrance Examination migrant）“选秀”：talent show /talent-search show“保持党员先进性教育”：Campaign to Educate Party Members to Preserve Their Vanguard Nature“抓大放小”：Restructuring Major Enterprises and Relaxing Control over Small Ones “…三农‟问题”：Issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area“小康社会”：a moderately prosperous society至于当前正流行的“山寨”应该怎么译，目前似乎尚无确定的说法。

所谓“山寨”，其核心含义就是名牌产品的冒牌。

根据一些在华外国友人对目前正在走红的“山寨”现象所进行的评论，“山寨”在英语中大致可以表达为rip-off world class brands。

由于“山寨”产品大多质量较差，因此又有人称其为something is kind of a poorly done, low-class approximation of another thing。

专四专八常用政治术语的英文翻译1.马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、江泽民“三个代表”重要思想：Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent's” important Thought2.新民主主义革命：new-democratic revolution3.民族独立和人民解放：national independence and the liberation of the people4. 经济体制改革和政治体制改革：reforms in the economic and political structure5. 社会主义制度：socialist system6.社会变革：social transformation7.建设有中国特色的社会主义事业：the cause of building socialism with Chinesecharacteristics8. 中华民族的伟大复兴：the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation9. 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领：the basic theory, line andprogram of our Party in the primary stage of socialism10.改革开放政策：the policies of reform and opening to the outside11. 中国共产党十一届三中全会：The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CentralCommittee of the Communist Party of China12.马克思主义政党：Marxist political Party13. 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体：the collective leadership of the PartyCentral Committee of the first (second/third)generation14.人民民主专政：the people's democratic dictatorship15.国民经济体系：national economic system16.综合国力：aggregate national strength17.国内生产总值：the annual gross domestic product(GDP)18. 独立自主的和平外交政策：an independent foreign policy of peace19. 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合：the fundamental principles ofMarxism with the specific situation in China20.加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力：strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity,rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality21.“三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。

改革开放英文短语Reform and Opening-Up: Key Phrases and Their MeaningsSince the beginning of the Reform and Opening-Up policy in 1978, China has witnessed tremendous social and economic changes. This policy has led to the country's remarkable development and its integration into the global economy. In this article, we will explore some of the key phrases associated with China's Reform and Opening-Up policy and explain their meanings.1. "Reform and Opening-Up" (改革开放)Reform and Opening-Up refers to the series of economic and political changes initiated by the Chinese government in the late 1970s. The reforms aimed to shift from a centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy. Opening-Up refers to the policies aimed at increasing international trade, foreign investment, and the integration of China into the global economy.2. "Four Modernizations" (四个现代化)The Four Modernizations refer to the goals set by Deng Xiaoping, the architect of the Reform and Opening-Up policy. These modernizations encompass the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. The aim was to modernize and develop China in these four key areas, ultimately improving the living standards and overall strength of the country.3. "Special Economic Zones" (经济特区)Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established in the late 1970s to attract foreign investment and promote economic development. These zones, such as Shenzhen and Shanghai, offered preferential policies to foreign investors, including tax incentives and simplified bureaucratic procedures. The success of SEZs played a crucial role in the early stages of China's economic transformation.4. "Dual-Track System" (双轨制)The Dual-Track System refers to the coexistence of the planned economy and the market economy during the initial stages of the Reform and Opening-Up policy. Under this system, some sectors continued to operate under central planning, while others were allowed to engage in market activities. This dual-track approach facilitated the gradual transition from a planned to a market economy.5. "One Country, Two Systems" (一国两制)"One Country, Two Systems" is a policy that applies to the governance of Hong Kong and Macau. It guarantees a high degree of autonomy for these regions within the framework of the socialist system. It allows them to maintain their capitalist economic systems and legal systems while being a part of the People's Republic of China. This policy has played a crucial role in maintaining stability and prosperity in Hong Kong and Macau.6. "Socialist Market Economy" (社会主义市场经济)The concept of a socialist market economy emerged as a result of the Reform and Opening-Up policy. It refers to an economic system that combines socialist principles with market-oriented reforms. In a socialist market economy, the government plays a vital role in guiding and regulating the market while allowing market forces to determine resource allocation and economic growth.7. "Scientific Development Concept" (科学发展观)The Scientific Development Concept is a development strategy proposed by the Chinese government in the early 2000s. It emphasizes the importance of balanced, coordinated, and sustainable development. It aims to achieve economic growth while considering social progress, environmental protection, and resource conservation. This concept reflects the commitment of the Chinese government to a more sustainable and inclusive development model.In conclusion, the Reform and Opening-Up policy has brought significant changes to China and has shaped its modern development. The key phrases associated with this policy represent the various aspects and principles guiding China's economic and political reforms. Understanding these phrases is essential to grasp the magnitude and complexity of China's transformation over the past decades.。

改革开放词汇保险业The insurance industry保证重点支出Ensure funding for priority areas被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business补发拖欠的养老金Clear up pension payments in arrears不良贷款Non—performing loan层层转包和违法分保Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting产值output value城乡信用社Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum standard of living for city residents城镇职工医疗保险制度The system of medical insurance for urban workers抽样调查data from the sample survey出口信贷Export credit初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。

to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.贷款质量Loan quality贷款质量五级分类办法The five-category assets classification for bank loans第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry第一产业primary industry独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise发电量electric energy production发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market发展过快excessive growth防范和化解金融风险Take precautions against and reduce financial risks防洪工程Flood-prevention project非法外汇交易Illegal foreign exchange transaction非公有成分non-public sectors非贸易收汇Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels非银行金融机构Non-bank financial institutions费改税Transform administrative fees into taxes分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds副业sideline production改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展"。

改革开放30年经典热词英语翻译(一）一、文化类选秀 talent show /talent-search show（NBA的选秀叫做draft，但和这种真人秀reality TV show 显然不是一回事）高考college (or university) entrance examination高考移民NCEE migrant驴友Donkey Friends人肉搜索Cyber Manhunt“四有” 新人New Generation with “Four Qualifications”保安，保镖security staff, security guard, body guard名片business card粉丝fans发廊hair salon跳槽job-hopping红包convert payment; （neutral）red paper containing money as a gift,(derogative) bribe, kickback八卦gossip婚纱照wedding photo走穴（又叫赚外快）(actors, singers, etc.) perform for outside salary income without approval by t he unit they belong to ”VCD 是video compact disk 缩写，泛指一种影碟机。

晒工资wages online exposure非典型肺炎、非典、沙士SARS二、社会类蛤蟆镜goggles交谊舞ballroom dancing喇叭裤bell-bottomed pants; flare trousers大哥大GSM mobile telephoneBP机（寻呼机）Beep Pager万元户ten- thousand-yuan household五好家庭Five Virtues Family呼拉圈hula hoop彩电colored television set倒爷（指的是那些倒买倒卖的人）profiteer; wheeler-dealer 面的taxi下海go into business下岗再就业re-employment of laid-off workers下岗get laid off黄金周golden week农民工migrant worker房奴mortgage slave钉子户“dingzihu”; nail house黄牛党（俗称的“票贩子）ticket scalper传销pyramid selling走后门pull the string潜规则hidden rule超女”super girl (Super Girl Contest)按揭mortgage双休日two-day weekend炒鱿鱼get fired博客blog炒股to speculate in the stock market三、经济类“三农”问题Issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area两限房House of “Two Limits”农村税费改革Rural Tax and Fee Reform“三沿”地区开放Opening-up of seashore, river shore and border areas农村土地承包制Rural Land Contract System抓大放小Restructuring Major Enterprises and Relaxing Control over Small Ones 经济适用房Economical Housing三资企业Foreign-funded enterprises铁饭碗Iron Rice Bowl菜篮子工程Non-Staple Food Project西部大开发Western Development又好又快发展Sound and Fast Development小康社会 A moderately prosperous society循环经济Circular Economy社会主义新农村Socialist New Countryside新型工业化道路New Path of Industrialization南水北调工程South-to-North Water Diversion Project分税制Tax Sharing System三来一补企业Enterprises of Three Import and Compensation Trade利改税Tax for Profits兴边富民行动Program to Revitalize Border Areas and Enrich Residents’ Lives绿色信贷Green Credit廉租房Low-rent Housing家庭联产承包责任制Household Contract Responsibility System假日经济Holiday Economy财产性收入Property Income“三步走”战略Three-Step Development Strategy金税工程Golden Tax Project四、时政类一国两制One Country, Two Systems和谐社会A Harmonious society三通Three Direct Links大部制Super-Ministry System三个代表Three Represents科学发展观Scientific Outlook on Development双拥Double Support保持党员先进性教育Campaign to Educate Party Members to Preserve Their Vanguard Nature 和平共处五项原则Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence社会主义荣辱观Socialist Concept of Honor and Disgrace“三讲” 教育“Three Emphasis” Education党务公开Open Management of Party Affairs爱国统一战线Patriotic United Front南巡讲话South Tour Speeches实事求是To Seek Truth from Facts与时俱进Keep Up With the Times信访Letters and Visits星火计划Spark Program以人为本Put People First两岸直航包机Direct Chartered Flight Across the Taiwan Straits基层群众自治制度System of Community Level Self-Governance多党合作和政治协商制度System of Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation依法治国Rule of Law民主集中制Democratic Centralism政企分开Separate Government Functions from Enterprise Management863计划863 Program农转非Change From Rural Residents to Urban Residents。

改革开放英语表达以下是一些关于改革开放的常用英语表达：Reform and Opening-up 改革开放Economic liberalization 经济自由化Market-oriented reforms 市场化改革Foreign investment 外商投资Opening-up policy 开放政策Industrial restructuring 产业结构调整Trade liberalization 贸易自由化Technological advancement 科技进步Foreign trade 外贸Import and export 进出口Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 经济特区Foreign direct investment (FDI) 外商直接投资Privatization 私有化State-owned enterprises (SOEs) 国有企业Free trade 自由贸易Economic growth 经济增长Economic prosperity 经济繁荣Poverty alleviation 扶贫Rural development 农村发展Urbanization 城市化Infrastructure development 基础设施建设Employment opportunities 就业机会Income disparity 收入差距Social stability 社会稳定Cultural exchange 文化交流这些表达可以帮助描述改革开放的相关概念、政策和影响，帮助进行跨文化交流和讨论。

请根据具体情境和需要选择合适的表达方式。

汉英分类词汇（03）--改革开放词汇保险业The in sura nee in dustry 保证重点支出Ensure funding for priority areas 被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of bus in ess 补发拖欠的养老金Clear up pension payme nts in arrears 不良贷款Non —performin g loa n层层转包和违法分保Multi-level con tract ing and illegalsubc on tract ing 产值output value 城乡信用社Credit Cooperative in both urba n and rural areas 城镇居民最低生活保障 A minimum sta ndard of liv ing for city reside nts 城镇职工医疗保险制度The system of medical in sura neefor urba n workers 抽样调查data from the sample survey 出口信贷Exportcredit初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。

to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist pla nned commodity economy. 贷款质量Loan quality贷款质量五级分类办法The five-category assets classificati on for bank loa ns第一产业sec on dary in dustry 第三产业tertiaryin dustry第一产业primary in dustry独资企业wholly foreig nown ed/f un deden terprise 发电量electric en ergy producti on 发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market发展过快excessive growth防范和化解金融风险Take precautions against and reduce finan cial risks防洪工程Flood-preve ntio n project非法外汇交易Illegal foreig n excha nge tran sacti on 非公有成分non-public sectors 非贸易收汇Foreig n excha nge earnings through non trade cha nn els非银行金融机构Non-ba nk finan cial in stituti ons 费改税Tran sform admi nistrative fees into taxes分配形式forms of distributio n 风险资金risk funds 副业sideli ne producti on改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展"。

翻译必备：常用政经词汇Deepening reform and opening up 深化改革扩大开放The theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 建设有中国特色的社会主义理论The theory on the initial stage of socialism 社会主义初级阶段的理论One focus，two basic points 一个中心，两个基本点Focus on economic construction 以经济建设为中心Adhere to the four cardinal principles 坚持四项基本原则Adhere to reforms and opening to the outside world 坚持改革开放Seizing the opportunity，deepening the reform，抓住机遇，深化改革opening wider to the rest of the world，promoting development，扩大开放，促进发展，maintaining stability 保持稳定Whether it would be beneficial to developing socialist productive forces 是否有利于发展社会主义生产力Whether it would be beneficial to enhancing the overall strength of the country 是否有利于增强综合国力Whether it would be beneficial to raising people‘s living standard 是否有利于提高人民生活水平T aking the socialist public ownership as the mainstay 以社会主义公有制为主体Common development of multi-economic sectors 多种经济成分共同发展Establishment of socialist market economy 社会主义市场经济的建立Deepening economic reform 深化经济改革Relationships among reform，development and stability 改革发展和稳定的关系Deepening of reform and promotion of development 深化改革与促进发展Economic growth and social progress 经济增长与社会进步Strengthen the position of agriculture 加强农业的基础地位Science and technology are the primary productive forces 科学技术是第一生产力Strengthen the socialist legal system 加强社会主义法制A series of policies and measures 一系列政策措施Reform and opening up policy 改革开放政策Reform measures 改革措施Speed up reform 加快改革Reform of economic system 经济体制改革Reform of state-owned enterprises 国有企业改革Strengthen the management of state-owned property 加强国有资产管理Reform ofmanagement of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革Reform of property rights system 产权制度改革Reform of commodity circulation 商品流通体制改革Reform of foreign trade system 外贸体制改革Reform of personnel system 人事制度改革Reform of social security system 社会保险制度改革Reform of housing system 住房制度改革Planning system 计划管理体制Transferring the function of government 转换政府职能Open door policy 开放政策Open economy 开放经济Open-door to the outside world 对外开放Opening up 扩大开放Open domestic market 开放国内市场Introduce foreign capital，advanced technology and 引进外国的资金，先进技术和managerial experiences 管理经验Economic and technical development zone 经济技术开发区Special economic zones in coastal areas 沿海经济特区One country，two systems 一国两制Special administrative region 特别行政区Contract responsibility system with remuneration linked 家庭联产承包责任制to the householdNarrowing the gap between the rich and poor 缩小贫富差距Eliminate poverty 消除贫困Common prosperity 共同富裕ECONOMY AND MARKET ECONOMY 经济和市场经济Socialist market economy 社会主义市场经济Socialist sector of economy 社会主义经济成分State-owned economy 国有经济Non-state economy 非国有经济Collective economy 集体经济Individual economy 个体经济Coexistence of various economic composition 多种经济成分共存Sustained，rapid and sound economic development 持续，快速和健康的经济发展National economic budget 国民经济预算Comprehensive development of economy 经济综合发展Strategy for economic development 经济发展战略Theory of macroeconomic policy 宏观经济政策理论Macroeconomic decision 宏观经济决策Microeconomic phenomenon 微观经济现象Traditional planned economy 传统的计划经济Stimulate economic development 刺激经济发展Commodity economy 商品经济Market economy 市场经济Free market economy 自由市场经济Developed market economy 发达的市场经济Developing market economy 发展中的市场经济Emerging market economy 新兴市场经济Mature market economy 成熟市场经济Market economy country 市场经济国家Extensive economy 粗放型经济Intensive economy 集约型经济Transform the extensive economic mode into intensive one 粗放型经济转变为集约型经济Mixed economy 混合经济Regional economy 地区经济Internal-oriented economy 内向型经济Closed economy 闭关自守经济Economic growth point 经济增长点Economic growth mode 经济增长方式Economic growth rate 经济增长率Economy measure 经济手段Diversified economy 多种经济，多样化经济Economic situation 经济形势Economic cycle 经济周期Economic fluctuation 经济波动Economic miracle 经济奇迹Economic take-off 经济起飞Economic recovery 经济复苏Economic potential 经济潜力Economic sanction 经济制裁Global economy 全球经济Economic globalization 经济全球化Integration of world economy 世界经济一体化International economic integration 国际经济一体化New international economic order 国际新经济秩序Multi-polarization of world economy 世界经济多极化Economic community 经济共同体MACRO-CONTROL 宏观调控Strengthen macro-control 加强宏观调控Soft landing 软着路Macro-economic situation 宏观经济形势Macro control and micro invigoration 宏观控制与微观搞活Control of overall volume and economic restructuring 总量控制与经济结构调整Tight control on investment in fixed assets 紧缩固定资产投资控制Tight financial and monetary policy 从紧的金融货币政策Moderately tight monetary policy 适度从紧的货币政策Moderately tight credit policy 适度从紧的信贷政策Loosening tight monetary policy 放松紧缩的货币政策Adequate amount of the money supply 适度货币供应量Excessive amount of currency issue 过度货币发行量Maintain monetary stability 保持货币稳定Cheap money policy 低息货币政策Adjustment of interest rate 利率调整Cut interest rate 降低利率Control of interest rate 利率控制Deflation policy 紧缩政策Market intervention 市场干预State intervention 国家干预Administrative interference 行政干预Administrative intervention 行政干预Administrative measure 行政措施Economy measure 经济手段Risk-control mechanism 风险控制机制Overheated economy 过热的经济Consumer price index 消费品价格指数Commodity price index 商品物价指数Retail price index 零售物价指数Average price index 平均物价指数Cost-of-living index 生活费用指数Control of inflation 通货膨胀控制Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动的通货膨胀Double digit inflation 两位数字通货膨胀Excessive inflation 过度的通货膨胀Galloping inflation 恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀Hidden inflation 隐性通货膨胀Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Stagflation 经济停滞型的通货膨胀Inflation factor 通货膨胀因素Inflation of credit 信用膨胀Inflation rate 通货膨胀率Inflationary pressure 通货膨胀压力Curb inflation 抑制通货膨胀Curb the real estate craze 抑制房地产热Development zone craze 开发区热Overall demand and supply 总需求和总供给Balance between supply and demand 供需平衡Supply and demand relation 供求关系Supply overdemand 供过于求Supply exceeds demand 供过于求Economic crisis 经济危机Economic depression 经济萧条MANAGEMENT OF STATE-OWNED PROPERTY 国有资产管理Establish a system for the management，supervision and operation of State assets 建立国有资产管理，监督和营运体系Reform ofmanagement of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革Clearly defining property rights，specifying rights and responsibilities，separating ownership from daily management and adopting scientific management 产权清晰，责权明确，政企分开，管理科学Regulation on the supervision and management of the state-owned enterprises 国有企业监督管理条例Laws and regulations on the administration of state-owned property 国有资产管理法律法规Operate independently，assume sole responsibility for its profits and losses，seek self-development and self-reliance 自主经营，自负盈亏，自我发展，自我约束Uphold the principle of separating the functions of government from those of enterprises 坚持政企分开的原则alter the government‘s role in economic management 转变政府经济管理职能Safeguard state property 保卫国有资产Preserve and increase value and prevent losses 保值增值防止流失Prevent the drain of State-owned property 防止国有资产流失Reform of property rights system 产权制度改革Definition of property rights 产权界定Clarification of property rights 明晰产权Registration of property rights 产权登记Annual checks of the registration of property rights 产权登记年检Certificate of title 产权证书Change of registration 变更登记Change of title 产权变更Transfer of property rights 产权转让Transaction of property rights 产权交易Property rights transfer agency 产权交易机构Inspection of assets 资产清查Re-evaluation of fixed assets 固定资产重估Asset appraisal 资产评估Productive assets 经营性资产Non-productive assets 非经营性资产Return on assets 资产收益Balance sheet 资产负债表Consolidated balance sheet 合并资产负债表Reform of State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业改革Step up efforts to reform State-owned enterprises 加大国有企业改革力度Readjust and reorganize State-owned enterprises to promote re-arrangement of assets 调整改组国有企业促进资产重组and raise the overall quality of the State sector of the economy 提高国有经济的总体素质Concentrate on rejuvenating State-owned large enterprises and enterprises groups 集中力量抓好国有大型企业和企业集团Develop trans-regional and inter-trade enterprise groups 发展跨地区跨行业的企业集团Reform，reorganization and upgrading 改革，改组和改造Re-organization，association，merger，joint partnership，leasing，contract operation and sell-off 改组，联合，兼并，股份合作制租赁，承包经营和出售Manage well large enterprises and adopt a flexible policy towards small ones 抓好大的，放活小的Give small State-owned enterprises greater freedom 放活国有小企业Standardize bankruptcy procedures，规范破产程序encourage merging of enterprises 鼓励企业兼并promote re-employment 促进再就业Allow money-losing enterprise to merger or go bankrupt 允许亏损企业兼并或破产Dispersion of redundant employees 分流富余人员Re-employment funds 再就业基金Conscientiously strengthen the operation and management of enterprises切实加强企业经营管理Strengthen financial management of enterprises 强化企业财务管理Tighten control over extrabudgetary funds 加强预算外资金管理Increase capital and reduce debts through various channels 多渠道增资减债Strive to help enterprises eliminate losses and increase profits 抓好企业扭亏增盈Develop various modes of operation and marketing 发展多种营销方式Alleviate enterprises‘ social burdens 减轻企业的社会负担By tapping the potential and upgrading the technology 通过挖潜改造Mechanism for selecting the superior and eliminating the inferior 优胜劣汰机制Enjoy more decision-making power 享有更多的决策权Allow employees to hold some shares 允许职工持股Give more productive enterprises the power to engage in export independently 给更多的生产企业自营出口权Protect the interests of the working class 保护工人阶级利益Technological upgrading 技术改造Reform of state-owned enterprises 国有企业改革Deepening of the reform of State-owned enterprises 深化国有企业改革Modern enterprise system 现代企业制度Reorganization of state-owned enterprises 国有企业重组Transform the enterprises‘management mechanisms of State-owned enterprises 转换国有企业经营机制Adjustment of industrial structure 行业结构调整Industrial policy 产业政策Support and develop large enterprises and release small enterprises 支持发展大企业放开小企业Large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises can beturned into corporate enterprises 大中型企业可转变为股份公司Smaller enterprises can become shareholding co-operatives 小企业可转变为股份合作制Readjust the asset-liability ratio of state-owned enterprises 调整国有企业资产负债比State-owned independent accounting industrial enterprises 国有独立核算企业Pioneer enterprise 试点企业Enlarge the right of self-management 扩大自主权Optimize capital structure 优化资本结构Optimize resource allocation 优化资源配置Optimize investment structure 优化投资结构Recapitalization 调整资本结构Capital reorganization 资本重组Promote rational flow of property right 促进产权合理流动Reduce staff to improve efficiency 减员增效Investment risk mechanism 投资风险机制Project capital system 项目资本金制度Legal person responsibility system 法人责任制Responsibility for one‘s own profit and loss 自负盈亏Enterprise contract management responsibility system 企业承包责任制Unreasonable economic structure 不合理的经济结构Unreasonable product structure 不合理的产品结构Repeated construction 重复建设Repeated introduction of foreign equipment and technology 外国设备和技术的重复引进Regional and departmental protectionism 地区和部门保持主义Government supervision 政府监督Operating strategy 经营战略Out-dated management styles 落后的管理方式Backward in management 管理落后Relying on government subsidy 依赖政府补贴Heavy social subsidy 沉重的社会补贴Heavy social burdens 沉重的社会负担Excessive production capacity 过剩的生产能力Merger and acquisition 兼并与收购Encourage merger 鼓励兼并Preferential policy for bankruptcy and merger 对破产和兼并企业的优惠政策Standardize bankruptcy procedure 规范破产程序Prevent false bankruptcy 防止假破产Construction of a multi-layer social security system 建立多层次的社会保障制度Re-employment projects 再就业工程Re-employment of redundant workers 富余职工再就业Laid-offworkers 下岗职工ENTERPRISE AND COMPANY 企业和公司Central enterprise 中央企业Local enterprise 地方企业Backbone enterprise 骨干企业Large and medium enterprise 大中型企业State-owned enterprise 国有企业Enterprise solely funded by the State 国有独资企业State-owned firm 国有公司，国有企业Corporate enterprise 股份制企业Collective enterprise 集体企业Collective firm 集体企业，合作企业Township enterprise 乡镇企业Partnership enterprise 合伙企业Individual enterprise 个体企业Foreign-funded enterprise 外资企业Top 500 enterprises 最大500家企业Small business 小企业Primary industry 第一产业Secondary industry 第二产业Tertiary industry 第三产业Corporate Law 公司法Township Enterprise Law 乡镇企业法Independent legal entities 独立法人Board of directors 董事会Board of supervisors 监事会Shareholders conference 股东大会Entrepreneur 企业家Firm 公司，企业Company 公司Incorporation 公司Corporation 股份公司Group of enterprises 企业集团Conglomerate 企业集团，综合性大企业Company limited by shares 股份有限责任公司Controlling company 控股公司Holding company 控股公司Bank holding company 银行控股公司Company with limited liability 有限责任公司State-owned holding company 国家控股公司Public company 上市公司Private company 非上市公司Listed company 上市公司Overseas-listed company 境外上市公司Parent company 母公司Subsidiary company 子公司Group company 集团公司Large-scale industrial group 大型工业集团International conglomerate 跨国企业集团International corporation 跨国公司Multinational corporation 跨国公司Multinational market group 跨国市场集团Banking institution 金融机构Banking sector 银行部门Intermediary bank 中介银行Development bank 开发银行Commercial bank 商业银行Investment bank 投资银行Credit bank 信贷银行Cooperative bank 合作银行Mortgage bank 抵押银行Clearing bank 清算银行Credit union 信用社Non-bank financial institution 非银行金融机构Financing corporation 金融公司Securities company 证券公司Underwriting company 担保公司Loan and trust company 信托公司Insurance company 保险公司Life insurance company 人寿保险公司Utility company 公共事业公司MERGER AND ACQUISITION 兼并与收购Reorganization 重组Association 联合Merger 兼并Acquisition 收购Joint stock partnership 股份合作Leasing 出租Contract operation 承包经营Auction 拍卖Develop trans-regional and trans-industry enterprise groups 发展跨地区跨行业的企业集团Strategic acquisition 战略性收购Combination of enterprise 企业合并Concentric acquisition 集中收购Conglomerate merger 集团企业合并Consolidation by lease 租赁式合并Consolidation by merger 兼并式合并Leveraged buy-out （LBO‘s）杠杆收购Stock merger 股票兼并Vertical acquisition 纵向收购Vertical merger 纵向兼并Vertical consolidation 纵向合并Vertical integration 纵向合并Horizontal merger 横向兼并Horizontal acquisition 横向收购Horizontal combination 横向合并，同行业合并Horizontal integration 横向联合Acquisition cost 收购成本Acquiring enterprise 收购方企业Corporate reorganization 公司重组Bankruptcy Law 破产法Bankruptcy code chapter 7—— liquidation 破产法第七章清算Bankruptcy code 11 —— reorganization 破产法第十一章重组Act of bankruptcy 破产法案Antitrust Law 反托拉斯法Bankruptcy court 破产法庭Bankruptcy debtor 破产债务人Bankruptcy notice 破产公告Bankruptcy petition 要求宣布破产Declaration of bankruptcy 宣告破产Arrangement in bankruptcy court 破产法庭内的协调Arrangement out of bankruptcy court 不经破产法庭的协调Creditor‘s equity 债权人权益Bankruptcy trustee 破产受托人Creditor‘s meeting 债权人会议Creditor of bankruptcy 破产债权人MARKET AND COMPETITION 市场和竟争Commodity market 商品市场Securities market 证券市场Bond market 债券市场Stock market 股票市场Futures market 期货市场Options market 期权市场Property rights market 产权市场Capital market 资本市场Free market 自由市场Labour market 劳动力市场Flea market 跳蚤市场Bear market 股票市场的熊市Bull market 股票市场的牛市Market competition 市场竟争Market development 市场开发Market forecast 市场预测Market potential 市场潜力Market risk 市场风险Market share 市场份额Seller‘s market 卖方市场Buyer‘s market 买方市场Market abroad 海外市场Marketability 市场能力Marketable 销路好的Marketing channel 销售渠道Marketing strategy 销售战略Competition market 竞争市场Perfect competition 完全竞争Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Low-level competition 低水平竞争Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争Competitor 竞争对手Natural monopoly 自然垄断International monopoly 国际垄断Market 市场bear market 股票市场的熊市bond market 证券市场bull market 股票市场的牛市capital market 资本市场emerging market economic 新兴市场经济majority market economic 成熟市场经济market abroad 海外市场market analysis 市场分析market approach to fair market value 求得公平市场价值的市场法market competition 市场竟争market demand price 市场需求价格market development 市场开发market economy country 市场经济国家market factor 市场因素market forecast 市场预测market index 市场指数market information 市场信息market investigation 市场调查market potential 市场潜力market quotation 市场行情market replacement cost 市场重置成本market research 市场调查，市场研究market risk 市场风险market share 市场份额，市场占有率market value method 市价法market-oriented 面向市场的market-to-cost method 市价成本法property right market 产权市场seller‘s market 卖方市场social market economy 社会主义市场经济stock market 股票市场Marketing 营销，市场销售marketing channel 销售渠道，市场渠道marketing cost 销售成本marketing manager 市场销售经理markrting strategy 市场经营战略marketing system 市场体系relationship marketing 关系营销Asset，Liability And Equity 资产，负债和权益Asset management 资产管理T angible assets 有形资产Intangible assets 无形资产Physical assets 实物资产Fixed assets 固定资产Current assets 流动资产Current asset losses in suspense 待处理流动资产损失Deferred assets 递延资产Other assets 其它资产Total assets 总资产Net assets 净资产Book value of the assets 资产的账面值Non-ledger assets 帐外资产Asset account 资产账户Asset disposal 资产处置Asset depreciation 资产折旧Asset inventory shorts 资产盘亏Asset inventory surplus 资产盘盈Asset retirement 资产报废Asset revaluation 资产重估Capital assets 资本资产Monetary assets 金融资产Mortgage assets 抵押资产Long-term assets 长期资产Liability 负债Liability account 负债账户Direct liability 直接负债Current liability 流动负债Liability out of book 账外负债Long-term liability 长期负债Book debt 账面负债Asset liability ratio 资产负债比Owner‘s equity 所有者权益Equity account 权益账户Stockholders‘ equity 股东权益Preferred stock equity 优先股权益Cumulative preferred stock 积累优先股Non-cumulative preferred stock 非积累优先股Convertible preferred stock 可转换优先股Participating preferred stock 参加优先股Non-Participating preferred stock 非参加优先股Callable preferred stock 可赎回优先股Common stock equity 普通股权益Total equity 权益总额Assets Liabilities Ratio 资产负债率Quick Ratio 速动比率Current Ratio 流动比率P/E ratio 市盈率Current Liabilities to Net Worth 流动负债比净资产Total Liabilities to Net Worth 总负债比净资产Fixed Assets to Net Worth 固定资产比净资产Inventory Turnover Ratio Assets to Sales 存货Sales to Net Working Capital 销售收入比流动资金净值Accounts Payable to Sales 应付帐款比销售收入Return on Sales（profit Margin）Return on Assets 资产收益率Return on Total Assets 总资产收益率Return on Shareholder‘s Equity 股东权益收益率Return on Investment 投资收益Return on Net Worth（Return on Equity）净资产收益率INCOME STATEMENT 收益表Sales Revenue 销售收入Deduct：Sales Discount & Allowance 减：销售折扣与折让Net Sales Revenue 销售收入净值Deduct：Tax on Sales 减：销售税金Coat of Sales 销售成本Gross Profit from Sales 销售毛利Deduct：Administration Expenses 减：管理费用Financial Expenses 财务费用Profit from Sales 销售利润Plus：Profit from Other Operations 加：其它业务利润Operating Profits 营业利润Plus：Investment Income 加：投资收益Non-Operating Revenue 营业外净收入Adjustment of Earning of Prior Years 以前年度利润调整Total Profits（Before Tax）利润总额Deduct：Income T ax 减：所得税Net Profits 净利润CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET 合并资产负债表Assets 资产Current Assets 流动资产Long-term Receivable 长期应收账款Long-term Investment 长期投资Fixed Assets 固定资产Original Coat 原值Deduct：Accumulated Depreciation 减：累计折旧Net Worth 净值Construction in-progress 在建工程Other Assets 其它资产Total Assets 资产总额Liabilities & Equity 负债和权益Liabilities 负债Current Liabilities 流动负债Long-term Liabilities 长期负债Total Liabilities 负债合计Minority Interests 少数股东权益Equity 权益Paid-in Capital 实收资本Capital surplus 资本公积Retained Earnings 保留盈利Total Equity 权益合计Total Liabilities & Equity 负债和权益总额BALANCE SHEET 资产负债表ASSETS 资产Cash and Equivalents 现金和视同现金Accounts Receivable 应收帐款Inventories 存货Other Current Assets 其它流动资产Total Current Assets 流动资产总计Gross Prop.，Plant & Equip. 财产，场房和设备原值Accumulated Depreciation 累计折旧Net property，Plant & Equip. 财产，场房和设备净值Other Assets 其它资产Total Assets 总资产LIABILITIES & EQUITY 负债和权益Debt in Current Liabilities 流动负债Accounts Payable 应付帐款Income T axes Payable 应付所得税Other Current Liabilities 其它流动负债long-term Debt 长期负债Deferred Taxes 递延税金Other Liabilities 其它负债Minority Interest 少数股东权益Total Liabilities 总负债Preferred Stock Equity 优先股权益Common Stock Equity 普通股权益Total Stockholders‘ Equity 股东权益总计Total Liabilities and Equity 负债权益总计Economic 经济的economic analysis 经济分析economic and technical development zone 经济技术开发区economic base 经济基础economic community 经济共同体economic cooperation zone 经济协作区economic crisis 经济危机economic cycle 经济周期economic depression 经济萧条economic efficiency 经济效益economic entity 经济实体economic forecast 经济预测economic foundation 经济基础economic growth rate 经济增长率economic integration 经济一体化economic miracle 经济奇迹economic order 经济秩序economic policy 经济政策economic potential 经济潜力economic prospect 经济展望economic recovery 经济复苏economic sanctions 经济制裁economic situation 经济形势economic system 经济体制，经济制度economic value 经济价值East Asia Economic Rim 东亚经济圈Economics 经济学economics of industry 工业经济学economics of management 管理经济学economics of scale 规模经济学Economy 经济closed economy 闭关自守经济commodity economy 商品经济economy measure 经济手段economies of scale 规模经济market economy 市场经济mixed economy 混合经济planned economy 计划经济Enterprise 企业Entrepreneur 企业家Enterpreneurial 企业家的enterpreneurial courage 企业家的胆略enterpreneurial spirit 企业家精神Enterprise 企业backbone enterprise 骨干企业central enterprises 中央企业collectively-owned enterprises 集体企业combined enterprise 联合企业enterprise accounting 企业会计enterprise development fund 企业发展基金enterprise law 企业法enterprises‘ management mechanisms 企业管理机制foreign-funded enterprises 外资企业large and medium-size enterprises 大中型企业local enterprises 地方企业modern enterprise system 现代企业制度money-lossing enterprises 亏损企业state-owned enterprises 国有企业township enterprises 乡镇企业Accountant 会计师Certified Public Accountant （CPA）注册会计师chief accountant 总会计师cost accountant 成本会计certified management accountant （CMA）注册管理会计师certified public accountant （CPA）注册会计师Accounting 会计，会计学accounting classification 会计科目分类accounting cycle 会计周期accounting equation 会计方程式accounting firm 会计事务所accounting information 会计信息accounting principles for business enterprise 企业会计原则accounting statement 会计报表accounting system 会计系统accounting year 会计年度accrual basis accounting 权责发生制会计方法记帐cash basis accounting 现金会计方法记帐All-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 美国注册会计师协会（AICPA）certified copy 正式核准的副本certified financial statement 经会计师证明的财务报表certified invoice 证实发票certified management accountant （CMA）注册管理会计师certified public accountant （CPA）注册会计师annual accounting 年度决算annual audit 年度审计annual balance sheet 年终决算表annual budget 年度预算annual financial report 年度财务报告annual summary 年度汇总表summary balance sheet 资产负债汇总表Audit 审计annual audit 年度审计audit certificate 审计证书Audit Law 审计法audit of financial statement 财务报表审计external audit 外部审计legally required audit 法定审计Auditing firm 审计公司Auditor 审计师Account 帐户，会计科目accounting classification 会计科目分类account balance 帐户余额account payable 应付帐款account receivable 应收帐款accumulation account 累积帐户assets account 资产帐户bank account 银行帐户capital account 资本帐户cash account 现金帐户checking account 支票帐户clearing account 清算帐户，结算帐户commission account 佣金帐户cost account 成本帐户deposit account 存款帐户doubtful account 可疑帐户equity account 股本帐户expenses account 开支帐户foreign currency account 外汇帐户frozen account 冻结帐户group account 集团帐户inventory account 存货帐户investment account 投资帐户journal account 日记帐ledger account 分类帐帐户liability account 负债帐户overdrawn account 透支帐户property account 财产帐户savings account 储蓄帐户accrued expenses payable 应计未付费用accrued income 应计收入accrued interest on bonds 应计债券利息accrued interest on investment 应计投资利息accured interest patable 应计未付利息accrued liability 应计负债accrued profit 应计利润accrued taxes 应计税款accumulated amount 累计额accumulated earnings 累计收益accumulated funds 公积金accumulated net income 累计净收益accumulated profit 累计利润accumulating capital 累计资本accumulating losses 累计损失Acid ratio 流动比率actual assets 实际资产actual cash value 实际现金价值actual capital 实际资本actual cost 实际成本actual depreciation 实际折旧actual value 实际价值Adjusted 调整后的adjusted acquisition cost 调整后购置成本adjusted base 调整后基数adjusted book balance 调整后的帐面余额adjusted gross income 调整后的净收入adjusted net profit 调整后的净利润Adjustment 调整adjustment account 调整帐户Advance 预付advance account 预付帐户advance charge 预付费用advance payment 预先付款advance received 暂收款Allocated cost 已分摊成本Allocated cost of fixed assts 固定资产折旧Allocation 分配，分摊allocation of market 市场分配allocation of purchase price 购置价格分摊（指成套设备）allocation of quota 配额分配allocation of resources 资源分配allocation of shares 股金分配allocation optimum 最优配置allocations to accounting periods 会计期间内的分摊Allotment 拨款Amendment 修改amendment of register 变更登记American Society of Appraisers （ASA）美国评估师协会Amortization 摊销，摊还amortization fund 偿债基金amortization of bond issued expense 债券发行费摊销amortization of fixed asset 固定资产摊销amortization of loan 分期偿还贷款amortization schedule 摊销表Amount 数量，总额，合计amount guaranteed 担保额amount of investment 投资额amount of sales 销售额financial statement analysis 财务报表分析analysis of assets changes 资产变动分析analysis of balance sheet 资产负债表分析balance sheet evaluation 资产负债表评价analysis of business profit 企业利润分析analysis of capital changes 资本变动分析analysis of changes in financial position 财务状况变动分析balance sheet 资产负债表balance sheet audit 资产负债表审计balance sheet classification 资产负债表分类certified financial statement 经会计师证明的财务报表classified balance sheet 分类资产负债表current account balance sheet 流动资产负债表analysis of variance 方差分析gross profit analysis 毛利分析investment analysis 投资分析market analysis 市场分析macro analysis 微观分析qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析ratio analysis 比率分析return analysis 回报分析sales analysis 销售分析Analytical model 分析模型bad account 坏帐，呆帐bad debt loss 坏帐损失bad debt recovey 呆坏帐收回bad title 失效产权。

这些翻译表达涵盖了改革开放40年以来中国在经济、贸易、金融以及社会发展，科技创新、教育文化、农业农村发展，业劳动力、城市发展与建设，交通与基础设施、环境保护与可持续发展、文化与教育，医疗与健康、法律与司法、体育与奥运、军事与国防，外交与国际关系、党风廉政与反腐败，城市化与城市发展等领域的进展和改革。

它们在相关的政策文件、新闻报道和学术文献中被广泛使用。

Reform and Opening Up: 改革开放Economic restructuring: 经济重组Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Opening up to the outside world: 对外开放Foreign investment: 外资投资Trade liberalization: 贸易自由化Foreign trade: 外贸Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Export-oriented economy: 出口导向型经济Special Economic Zones (SEZs): 经济特区Opening up of the financial sector: 金融业开放State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Private enterprise development: 民营企业发展Market economy: 市场经济Socialism with Chinese characteristics: 中国特色社会主义Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Technological innovation: 科技创新Sustainable development: 可持续发展经济与金融：State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Mixed ownership reform: 混合所有制改革Financial liberalization: 金融自由化Stock market: 股票市场Bond market: 债券市场Foreign exchange market: 外汇市场Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Capital market: 资本市场Intellectual property rights protection: 知识产权保护Financial deregulation: 金融放松管制贸易与对外关系：31. Free trade: 自由贸易Trade surplus/deficit: 贸易顺差/逆差Bilateral trade: 双边贸易Multilateral trade: 多边贸易Trade barriers: 贸易壁垒Trade imbalance: 贸易不平衡Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Trade cooperation: 贸易合作Export-oriented industries: 出口导向产业Cross-border e-commerce: 跨境电子商务社会发展与改革：Urbanization: 城市化Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social welfare: 社会福利Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Education reform: 教育改革Environmental protection: 环境保护Rural revitalization: 农村振兴Housing reform: 住房改革Pension system reform: 养老保险制度改革Social security system: 社会保障体系51. Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发High-tech industry: 高科技产业Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Internet of Things (IoT): 物联网Big data: 大数据Cloud computing: 云计算Cybersecurity: 网络安全教育与文化：Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural diversity: 文化多样性Intangible cultural heritage: 非物质文化遗产Cultural preservation: 文化保护Art education: 艺术教育Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Education reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习Cultural heritage conservation: 文化遗产保护Quality-oriented education: 素质教育Vocational education: 职业教育Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural heritage protection: 文化遗产保护Film and television industry: 影视产业Performing arts: 表演艺术Literary works: 文学作品农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Crop diversification: 作物多样化Organic farming: 有机农业Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Farmer cooperatives: 农民合作社Agricultural technology transfer: 农业技术转让Rural poverty alleviation: 农村扶贫Agricultural reforms: 农业改革Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Agricultural reform: 农村改革Agricultural technology: 农业技术Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续发展Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Farmer's income: 农民收入Agricultural cooperation: 农业合作就业与劳动力：Employment opportunities: 就业机会Labor market: 劳动力市场Job creation: 就业创造Labor rights: 劳工权益Wage reform: 工资改革Labor mobility: 劳动力流动性Unemployment rate: 失业率Labor union: 工会Labor protection: 劳动保护Work-life balance: 工作与生活平衡城市发展与建设：Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban planning: 城市规划Sustainable urbanization: 可持续城市化Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transportation: 城市交通Urban pollution control: 城市污染控制Urbanization rate: 城镇化率Urban-rural integration: 城乡一体化Livable cities: 宜居城市交通与基础设施：High-speed rail: 高速铁路Expressways: 高速公路Airport expansion: 机场扩建Port development: 港口发展Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Public transportation: 公共交通Logistics network: 物流网络Rail transit: 轨道交通Bridge construction: 桥梁建设Urban transport planning: 城市交通规划环境保护与可持续发展：Green development: 绿色发展Renewable energy: 可再生能源Carbon emissions reduction: 减排Eco-friendly practices: 环保实践Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Waste management: 废物管理Clean energy technology: 清洁能源技术Sustainable agriculture: 可持续农业Environmental regulations: 环境法规Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解社会治理与法律改革：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Legal system reform: 法制改革Social stability: 社会稳定Public security: 公共安全Community governance: 社区治理Crime prevention: 犯罪预防Human rights protection: 人权保护Legal education: 法律教育社会福利与保障：Social insurance: 社会保险Healthcare coverage: 医疗保障Pension system: 养老保险制度Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability support: 残疾人扶助Childcare services: 儿童保育服务Elderly care: 老年人护理Housing subsidies: 住房补贴Family planning policy: 计划生育政策科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Higher education: 高等教育Scientific achievements: 科研成果Science and technology parks: 科技园区STEM education: 科学、技术、工程、数学教育School curriculum: 学校课程Talent cultivation: 人才培养Academic exchange: 学术交流Digital learning: 数字化学习Education equity: 教育公平性文化与娱乐：Cultural industry: 文化产业Artistic expression: 艺术表达Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Film festival: 电影节Music concert: 音乐会Literary award: 文学奖项Cultural heritage sites: 文化遗产地Performing arts center: 表演艺术中心Art exhibition: 艺术展览Online streaming platform: 在线流媒体平台经济与金融：Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Economic liberalization: 经济自由化Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Financial reform: 金融改革Stock market: 股票市场Monetary policy: 货币政策Economic globalization: 经济全球化Supply-side reforms: 供给侧改革Consumer market: 消费市场国际合作与外交：Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作Diplomatic relations: 外交关系International trade: 国际贸易Foreign aid: 外援Cultural diplomacy: 文化外交Global governance: 全球治理Regional integration: 区域一体化International organizations: 国际组织Peacekeeping missions: 维和任务社会变革与社会价值观：Gender equality: 性别平等Family values: 家庭价值观Social equality: 社会平等Human dignity: 人的尊严Social justice: 社会公正Civil society: 公民社会Youth empowerment: 青年赋权Volunteerism: 志愿服务Social inclusion: 社会包容Cultural diversity: 文化多样性人民生活与社会福利：Living standards: 生活水平Social security system: 社会保障体系Health insurance: 医疗保险Education system: 教育体系Housing affordability: 住房可负担性Consumer rights: 消费者权益Social welfare: 社会福利Elderly care services: 老年人护理服务Maternity leave: 产假Cultural activities: 文化活动科技与创新：Technological advancements: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Science parks: 科技园区Start-up ecosystem: 创业生态系统High-tech industries: 高科技产业Digital transformation: 数字化转型Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Big data analytics: 大数据分析环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental conservation: 环境保护Sustainable development: 可持续发展Clean energy: 清洁能源Carbon emissions: 碳排放Renewable resources: 可再生资源Ecological restoration: 生态恢复Green technology: 绿色技术Waste management: 废物管理Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Public transportation: 公共交通Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban design: 城市设计Urban governance: 城市治理Urban development: 城市发展Housing construction: 住房建设医疗与健康：Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Universal health coverage: 全民医保Primary healthcare: 基层医疗Medical research: 医学研究Disease prevention and control: 疾病预防和控制Telemedicine: 远程医疗Health promotion: 健康促进Traditional Chinese medicine: 中医药Public health emergency response: 公共卫生应急响应Health education: 健康教育法律与司法：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Legal system: 法律体系Legal rights: 法律权益Legal aid: 法律援助Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Judicial independence: 司法独立Criminal justice: 刑事司法Civil litigation: 民事诉讼Legal awareness: 法律意识体育与奥运：Sports development: 体育发展Olympic Games: 奥运会Sportsmanship: 体育精神Athlete training: 运动员培训Sports facilities: 体育设施Sports culture: 体育文化Sports diplomacy: 体育外交Fair play: 公平竞争Paralympic Games: 残奥会Sports nutrition: 运动营养军事与国防：National defense: 国防Military modernization: 军事现代化Defense technology: 防务技术Peacekeeping operations: 维和行动National security: 国家安全Defense budget: 国防预算Military strategy: 军事战略Defense industry: 国防工业Cybersecurity: 网络安全Military cooperation: 军事合作经济与贸易：Economic reform: 经济改革Market-oriented economy: 市场经济Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Free trade: 自由贸易Economic globalization: 经济全球化Export-oriented manufacturing: 出口导向型制造业Financial market: 金融市场E-commerce: 电子商务Economic growth: 经济增长Sustainable development: 可持续发展科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Technological innovation: 技术创新STEM education: 科学、技术、工程和数学教育Knowledge-based economy: 知识经济Research institute: 研究所Academic exchange: 学术交流Science and technology policy: 科技政策Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护Educational reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习社会与人文：Social harmony: 社会和谐Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social equality: 社会平等Gender equality: 性别平等Social welfare: 社会福利Volunteer work: 志愿者工作Community development: 社区发展Cultural tolerance: 文化包容Ethical values: 道德价值观Social responsibility: 社会责任农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural productivity: 农业生产力Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Agricultural technology: 农业技术Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续性Farmer's income: 农民收入Crop diversification: 农作物多样化交通与基础设施：Transportation network: 交通网络High-speed rail: 高铁Expressway: 高速公路Urban transportation: 城市交通Airport construction: 机场建设Port development: 港口发展Bridge and tunnel: 桥梁和隧道Public transportation system: 公共交通系统Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Smart transportation: 智能交通外交与国际关系：Diplomatic relations: 外交关系Bilateral cooperation: 双边合作Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作International trade: 国际贸易Global governance: 全球治理International cooperation: 国际合作Foreign aid: 外援Peacekeeping mission: 维和任务Non-interference policy: 不干涉政策Soft power: 软实力党风廉政与反腐败：Party discipline: 党纪Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Party building: 党建设Clean governance: 清廉政府Anti-graft measures: 反贪措施Integrity education: 廉政教育Corruption investigation: 腐败调查Asset recovery: 资产追回Whistleblower protection: 举报保护Anti-corruption legislation: 反腐败立法城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Urban renewal: 城市更新Sustainable urban development: 可持续城市发展Smart city: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transport system: 城市交通系统Urban design: 城市设计Urban environmental protection: 城市环境保护Urban governance: 城市治理环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental protection: 环境保护Pollution control: 污染治理Carbon emissions reduction: 碳排放减少Renewable energy: 可再生能源Ecological conservation: 生态保护Biodiversity preservation: 生物多样性保护Clean energy development: 清洁能源开发Waste management: 废物处理Green technology: 绿色技术Sustainable development goals: 可持续发展目标科技与创新：Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development: 研发Artificial intelligence: 人工智能Big data: 大数据Internet of Things: 物联网Cloud computing: 云计算Robotics: 机器人技术Quantum computing: 量子计算5G technology: 5G技术社会保障与福利：Social security: 社会保障Pension system: 养老金制度Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Social insurance: 社会保险Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability rights: 残疾人权益Maternity benefits: 生育津贴Unemployment insurance: 失业保险Housing welfare: 住房福利人民生活水平提高：Standard of living: 生活水平Income inequality: 收入不平等Consumerism: 消费主义Quality of life: 生活质量Education equality: 教育平等Affordable housing: 负担得起的住房Employment opportunities: 就业机会Social mobility: 社会流动性Leisure and entertainment: 休闲与娱乐Consumer rights: 消费者权益法律与知识产权保护：Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Patent protection: 专利保护Copyright infringement: 侵权Trademark registration: 商标注册Anti-counterfeiting measures: 打击假冒行动Cybersecurity: 网络安全Data protection: 数据保护Legal enforcement: 法律执法Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败斗争Anti-money laundering: 反洗钱。

汉英经改词汇A Chinese-English Glossary on China´s Economic Restructuring改革开放：the reform and open policy; the policy of reform and opening up; reform and opening to the outside world发展安定团结的政治局面：to enhance political unity and stability综合国力：comprehensive national strength; comprehensive strength of a state; (overall strength; all - around strength)市场繁荣：flourishing market supply跨国公司：transnational corporation多种经营：diversified economy多种经济成分竞争：diversified economic competition按劳分配制度：the principle of "to each according to his work"白手起家：starting from scratch按揭贷款：mortgage loan打白条：to issue IOUS; ( a promissory note without bounding effect大款：tycoon; big buck; money bags; millionaire公正、公平、公开：just , fair and open促进全球经济一体化：foster integration with the global economy把企业推向市场：encourage the enterprises to compete in the market拜金主义：money worship暴跌：steep fall (in price); slumps sharp fall; nose-dive; plunge工薪阶层：salaried person公积金：public accumulation funds骨干企业：key enterprises挂靠：be attached or affiliated to, be subordinate to观望态度：wait-and-see attitude国际惯例：international common practice货币化：monetization激励和制约体系：a system of incentives and disincentives集约经营：intensive operation多种经济成分：diverse sectors of the economy政法词汇国家电力公司State Electric Power Corporation国家发展计划委员会State Development & Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室State Flood Prevention General Command Office国家房管局State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局State Administration on Textile Industry国家纺织工业局State Textile Industry Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration for Industry and Commerce国家公诉人State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局The State Broadcasting Film and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会National Defense Mobilization Commission国家国内贸易局State Administration for Domestic Trade国家国有资产管理局State State-owned Assets Administration Bureau国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局State Environment Protection Administration国家黄金管理局State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室State Organ People Air Defence Office国家机械工业局State Administration of Machinery Industry国家基本建设委员会State Infrastructure Commission国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission国家计划委员会State Planning Commission国家计量局State Metrological Bureau机部机械设备成套总局General Office of Complete Set of Machinery of the First Machinery Industry Ministry of the State Construction Commission国家建筑材料工业局State Construction Materials Industry Administration国家教育委员会State Education Commission国家结构state structure国家进出口管理委员会State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会National Ban Drugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会State Economy Commission国家开发银行State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission 国家科学技术委员会State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室State Secret code Regulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会State National Affairs Commission国家南极考察委员会National South Pole Investigation Commission国家能源投资公司State Energy Resources Investment Corporation国家能源委员会State Energy Resources Commission国家农业委员会State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室State Agriculture Comprehensive Development Office 国家破产储量管理局State Minerals Reserves Administration Bureau国家器具state apparatus国家轻工业局State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会State People´s Air Defense Commission国家人事局State Personnel Bureau国家商标局State Trademark Bureau国家商检局State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局State Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家水产总局State Aquatic Product General Bureau国家税务局National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局State Administration on Taxation国家所有权state ownership国家体育运动委员会State Physical Culture and Sports Commission国家体育总局State Administration of Sports国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家土地State owned land国家土地管理局China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局State Price Control Bureau国家物资局State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau)国家行政区域划分demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会State Language Affairs Commission国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度state system国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision国家中医药管理局State Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau国家主席President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会State Natural Science Funds Commission国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券treasury bills国民政府National Government国体polity国土资源部Ministry of Natural Resources国务院State Council国务院Safety manufacture Commission of the State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council国务院参事室Counsellor Office of the State Council国务院出版事业管理局Publication Cause Administration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室Electronic Rejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心The State Development Research Center国务院法制办Legal Affairs Office of the State Council国务院法制局Bureau of the Legislative Affairs under the State Council国务院扶贫开发办Aid-the-Poor Development Office of the State Council国务院港澳办Hong Kong and Macao Office of the State Council国务院工资制度改革小组Salary Reform Group of the State Council国务院关税税则委员会Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council 国务院经济法规研究中心Economic Law Research Center of the State Council国务院经济贸易办公室Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院科技干部局Science and Technology Cadre Bureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室Science and Technology Education Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院口岸领导小组Port Leading Group of the State Council国务院农村发展研究中心Rural Development Research Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council国务院企业管理委员会Enterprise Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Oversea Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组Liquidition and Assets Check Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室Liquidation Assets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院清理三角债导小组Clearing "Chain Debts" Leading Group of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会Three Gorges Project Construction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室San Xian Construction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Office of the State Council国务院生产办公室Manufacture Office of the State Council国务院水土保持委员会Water Soil Conservation Commission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室) Taxation Accounting Commodity Price Examination Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council国务院特区办公室Special Zone Office of the State Council国务院体制改革办公室System Reform Office of the State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会Uniform Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院外事办Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the StateCouncil国务院住房制度改革领导小组Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council 国有股state-owned shares国有股减持reduce state´s stake in listed companies国债投资treasury bond investment国债专项资金special fund for treasury bond哈尔滨市Harbin Municipality海关法customs law海关税customs duties海关总署General Customs Administration海军司令部Commander Department of the Navy海事法院admiralty court海洋公约the Hague Convention含糊ambiguity邯郸市Handan Municipality汉族Han people合并merger合法lawful合法的房屋所有权legitimate land ownership right合法继承人lawful successor合法权益lawful benefit合法权益lawful right合法收入legitimate income合法受让人lawful assignee合法性legality合肥市Hefei Municipality合伙生意partnership合计惩处aggregate punishment合理的reasonable合理的考虑reasonable contemplation合理的预见reasonable foresee ability合理期限reasonable time合理时限reasonable time合理性方面的要求requirement of reasonableness合理性要求requirement of reasonableness合谋conspire合谋诈骗conspiratorial swindling合适的处分appropriate penalty合适的处分just penalty合适人选fit person合同变更modification of contract合同当事人contracting parties合同当事人相互关系privity of contract合同法law of contract合同前仲裁pre-contract arbitration合同条款的分类classification of terms合同转让assignment of contract合议纪要summary of discussion合议庭Collegiate Bench合议制collegiate system合营期限duration of joint ventures合约contract合约一方party合约责任contractual obligation合作经营企业co-operative venture和解accord河北省高级人民法院High People´s Court of Hebei Province核实verify核实证据verified evidence黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province横向关系horizontal relationship衡平法equity衡平法赋予的自由裁量权equitable discretion衡平法上的补救措施equitable remedy衡阳市Hengyang Municipality哄抢财产roaring seizure后法优于前法lex posterior derogat lex priori后果的严重程度severity of consequence后续条件condition subsequent呼和浩特市Huhehaote Municipality互免签证协议visa exemption agreement互相帮助assist each other互相抵押mutual security互相供养的责任感a sense of mutual obligation to support one another 互相印证corroborate互选elect from among themselves互争权利诉讼interpleader proceedings户口尚未解决residence account in the city not yet properly arranged 华侨事务委员会Oversea Chinese Affairs Commission淮南市Huainan Municipality缓期执行suspension of execution缓刑suspended sentence患精神病mentally ill, psychologically ill恢复resume恢复行使主权resume the exercise of sovereignty挥霍浪费spendthrift挥霍浪费waste徽章honour回报return回报payoff回报率rate of return回避withdrawal回购协议repurchase agreement回扣commit悔改remorse悔改repent悔罪repentance汇票draft贿赂bribery惠州市Huizhou Municipality婚外性关系sexual relations outside marriage婚姻登记所Marriage Registration Office婚姻法marriage law婚姻基础basis for marriage婚姻授产协议marriage settlement混合饲料mixed provender货证bill of lading获得procurement机械工业委员会Machinery Industry Commission基本法Basic Law基本法律basic statute基本权利和义务fundamental rights and duties基本人权fundamental human rights基本性国家法律overriding national law基本政策fundamental policies基层公安机关grassroots public security agencies基层人民法院Basic People´s Court基层人民法院副院长Basic People´s Court vice-president基层人民法院院长Basic People´s Court president缉私anti-smuggling及时promptness即此函达尚希见复为荷respectfully submitted for clearance 极刑capital punishment集会结社assembly and association集体企业collectively owned enterprise集体所有collective ownership集体所有制单位unit under collective ownership集体土地collective-owned land计划经济planned economy计划生育family planning技术产权交易所technology equity market济南市Jinan Municipality济宁市Jining Municipality继承in succession继承纠纷succession dispute继承权right in succession继承人successor继承人多many successors and beneficiaries and not suitable for division 继承遗产take as a beneficiary under an estate继父母step parent继续进行to proceed继子女step-child寄递consignment寄养子女foster child寄运consignment加权平均值weighted average加重刑罚Aggravate Punishment佳木斯市Kiamusze Municipality家庭财产分割协议marriage settlement家庭成员family members家庭法family law家庭副业family sideline production假冒商标passing of trademark假冒商标罪crime of passing off trademarks假释parole假证据false evidence奸淫幼女罪crime of having sexual intercourse with a minor坚决要求firmly demanded间接法indirect rule兼容性compatibility监察部Ministry of Supervision监察局Supervisory Bureau监督supervise监护人guardian监内执行execution of punishment inside the prison监视surveillance监视居住residential surveillance监狱Prison and Detention houses减轻处罚reduced punishment减轻损失mitigation检查鉴定结论conclusion after examination检查员censor检察长chief procurator检察机关procuratorate检察人员procurator检察委员会Procuratorial Committee检察委员会会员Procuratorial Committee member检察委员会检察员Procuratorial Committee procurator检察委员会书记员Procuratorial Committee clerk检察委员会助理检察员Procuratorial Committee assistant procurator检举accusation检控institute a public prosecution检验examination简单合同simple contract建筑许可证Construction Licence建筑业协会Architecture Industry Association鉴定identification鉴定员identifier江阴市Jiangyin Municipality交付delivery交给relinguish交通部Ministry of Communication交通事故行政裁决administrative decision of traffic accident交通银行Bank of Communication缴获seize教唆犯instigators教唆者instigators教育,挽救,感化education, saving, influence教育部Ministry of Education教育附加费additional education tax阶级斗争class struggle接管take over接纳上诉appeal allowed接受存款公司deposit-taking company接受令状的送达accepts service of the writ接受宣判的当事人the party to accept the judgment to be pronounced结案wind up a case, close a case, settle a lawsuit结合united结婚登记marriage registration结束termination解除determine解除合同termination of contract解答clarification on解放军总直属队The Army Units Directly under the Chinese People´s Liberation Army 解交被拘押者到庭作证令状writ of habeas corpus ad subjiciendum解决未果fail to resolve解释Interpretation介入人intervener介入诉讼intervene in proceedings介绍信letter of introduction借据IOU藉内庭发出传票by summons in chambers斤jin金钱赔偿monetary compensation金融机构Financial agency金融市场financial market金融租赁公司financial lease companies金税工程Golden Tax Project锦州市Jinzhou Municipality近亲属near relatives禁渔期closed fishing seasons禁制令injunction经办人员handling personnel经常性贷款commercial lending经调解upon mediation经纪broker经济案件级别管辖Jurisdiction by amount in controversy in economic cases 经济帮助financial assistance经济承受能力ability to shoulder economically经济等检察厅Economic Affairs经济法economic law经济犯罪economic crimes经济合同法Economic Contract Law经济合同仲裁委员会Economic Contract Arbitration Board经济合作合同contract on economic co-operation经济价值economic value经济审判庭Economic Division经济审判庭副庭长Economic Division Associate Chief Judge经济审判庭庭长Economic Division Chief Judge经济师economist经济损失economic loss经济特区法规laws and regulations of the special economic zones经济仲裁制度economic arbitration system资本不足under-capitalized资本充足率capital adequacy ratio资本利润率return on capital资本账户可兑换capital account convertibility资不抵债insolvent资产负债表balance sheet资产负债率liability/asset ratio资产集中asset concentration资产贡献率asset contribution factor资产利润率return on assets资产质量asset quality资产组合asset portfolio资金成本cost of funding; cost of capital资金到位fully funded资金宽裕have sufficient funds资金利用率fund utilization rate资金缺口financing gap资金体外循环financial disintermediation资金占压funds tied up自筹投资项目self-financed projects自有资金equity fund综合国力overall national strength指令性措施mandatory measures指令性计划mandatory plan; administered plan制定和实施货币政策conduct monetary policy滞后影响lagged effect中介机构intermediaries中央与地方财政delineation of fiscal responsibilities分灶吃饭重点建设key construction projects周期谷底bottom (trough) of business cycle周转速度velocity主办银行main bank主权风险sovereign risk注册资本registered capital逐步到位phase in逐步取消phase out抓大放小seize the big and free the small专款专用use of funds as ear-marked转贷on-lending转轨经济transition economy转机turnaround转折关头turning point准财政赤字quasi-fiscal deficit准货币quasi-money在途资金fund in float增加农业投入increase investment in agriculture增势减缓deceleration of growth增收节支措施revenue-enhancing and expenditure control measures 增长平稳steady growth增值税value-added tax涨幅偏高higher-than-desirable growth rate账外账concealed accounts折旧depreciation整顿retrenchment政策工具policy instrument政策性业务policy-related operations政策性银行policy banks政策组合policy mix政府干预government intervention证券交易清算settlement of securities transactions证券业务占款funding of securities purchase支付困难payment difficulty支付能力payment capacity直接调控方式向increase the reliance on indirect policy instruments职能转换transformation of functions职业道德professional ethics一级市场primary market应收未收利息overdue interest银行网点banking outlets赢利能力profitability营业税business tax硬贷款commercial loans用地审批grant land use right有管理的浮动汇率managed floating exchange rate证券投资portfolio investment游资hot money有市场的产品marketable products有效供给effective supply诱发新一轮经济扩张trigger a new round of economic expansion逾期贷款overdue loans; past-due loans与国际惯例接轨become compatible with internationally accepted practices与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market预算外支出（收入）off-budgetexpenditure预调pre-emptive adjustment月环比on a month-on-month basis再贷款central bank lending在国际金融机构储备头寸reserve position in international financial institutions 在人行存款deposits at the central bank新经济增长点new sources of economic growth新开工项目new projects; newly started projects新增贷款incremental credit; loan increment; credit growth; credit expansion 新增就业位置new jobs; new job opportunities信贷规模考核review the compliance with credit ceilings信号失真distorted signals信托投资公司trust and investment companies信息不对称information asymmetry信息反馈feedback信息共享系统information sharing system信息披露information disclosure信用扩张credit expansion信用评级credit rating姓资还是姓社pertaining to socialism or capitalism; socialist or captialist 行政措施administrative measures需求膨胀demand expansion; excessive demand虚伪存款window-dressing deposits削减冗员shed excess labor force 寻租rent seeking迅速反弹quick rebound养老基金pension fund一刀切universal application; non-discretionary implementation委托存款entrusted deposits稳步增长steady growth稳健的银行系统a sound banking system稳中求进make progress while ensuring stability无纸交易book-entry transaction物价监测price monitoring吸纳流动性absorb liquidity稀缺经济scarcity economy洗钱money laundering系统内调度fund allocation within a bank系统性金融危机systemic financial crisis下岗工人laid-off employees下游企业down-stream enterprises现场稽核on-site examination现金滞留cash held outside the banking system乡镇企业township and village enterprises消费物价指数consumer price index消费税excise tax消灭财政赤字balance the budget; to eliminate fiscal deficit销货款回笼reflow of corporate sales income to the banking system销售平淡lackluster sales协议外资金额committed amount of foreign investment贴现窗口discount window同比on year-on-year basis同业拆借inter-bank borrowing同业拆借市场利率CHIBOR同业融通票据inter-bank financing bills同业往来inter-bank transactions透支overdraft退税tax refund头寸position吞吐基础货币adjustment of monetary base脱媒现象disintermediation外部审计external audit外国直接投资foreign direct investment外汇储备foreign exchange reserves外汇调剂foreign exchange swap外汇占款the RMB counterpart of foreign exchange reserves外向型经济export-oriented economy外债external debt外资企业foreign-funded enterprises完善现代企业制度improve the modern enterprise system完税凭证tax payment documentation违法经营illegal business实时real time实收资本paid-in capital实现利润realized profit市场分割market segmentation市场经济market economy市场占有率（市场份额）market share市场准入market access(指商品和劳务的进入)市价总值market capitalization适度从紧appropriately tight适时调节timely adjustment收回对金融机构贷款to recall central bank loans (to financial institutions) 税后还贷amortization (repayment of loans) after tax税收流失tax erosion税源不足weak tax base私营经济（私人经济）the private sector私有制private ownership所有者权益owner´s equity逃税（请见"避税"）tax evasion套汇currency swap非法套汇illegal purchase of foreign exchange剔除季节性因素seasonally adjusted调节流动性influence liquidity level缺乏后劲unsustainable momentum绕规模贷款circumvent credit ceiling人均国内生产总值per capita GDP人均收入per capita income人民币升值压力upward pressure on the Renminbi认缴资本subscribed capital软贷款soft loans软预算约束soft budget constraint软着陆soft landing三角债chain debts善政廉政good governance商业贷款commercial loans上市公司listed corporations设备利用capacity utilization社会保障social safety net深层次矛盾deep-rooted structural imbalance审批金融机构license financial institutions审慎监管prudential supervision生产能力闲置unutilized capacity生息资产interest-bearing assets实际利用外资disbursement of foreign capital实际有效汇率real effective exchange rate外贸中常用的缩略语1 C&F (cost&freight)成本加运费价2 T/T (telegraphic transfer)电汇3 D/P (document against payment)付款交单4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证6 G.S.P. (generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTN/CTNS (carton/cartons)纸箱8 PCE/PCS (piece/pieces)只、的个、的支等9 DL/DLS (dollar/dollars)美元10 DOZ/DZ (dozen)一打11 PKG (package)一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT (weight)重量13 G.W. (gross weight)毛重14 N.W. (net weight)净重15 C/D (customs declaration)报关单16 EA (each)每个，各17 W (with)具有18 w/o (without)没有19 FAC (facsimile)传真20 IMP (import)进口21 EXP (export)出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等，中级的25 M/V (merchant vessel)商船26 S.S (steamship)船运27 MT或M/T (metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、的单据29 INT (international)国际的30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、的明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF (reference)参考、的查价34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递35 STL. (style)式样、的款式、的类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB (renminbi)人民币38 S/M (shipping marks)装船标记39 PR或PRC (price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、的购货41 S/C (sales contract)销售确认书42 L/C (letter of credit)信用证43 B/L (bill of lading)提单44 FOB (free on board)离岸价45 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、的保险加运费价补充：CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。

改革开放30年经典热词英语翻译－时政类一国两制One Country, Two SystemsAn idea formally put forward by Deng Xiaoping, then leader of China, in the early 1980s to reunify the country.Deng suggested that there should only be one China, but the regions of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, once reunified with the rest of the country, could retain their original economic and political systems while other parts keep pursuing socialism.This arrangement was observed when the country resumed sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao in 1997 and 1999 respectively. The two cities are now the special administrative regions of the country with a high degree of autonomy.The central government has also proposed the idea to the Taiwan authorities to speed up the reunification of China.三通Three Direct LinksShorthand for direct links in post, transportation and trade between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan. Direct communication across the Taiwan Straits in most social and economical terms virtually stopped after the Kuomintang forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. And the contacts, if any, were routed through intermediate places, mainly Hong Kong and Macao.In the early 1980s, the central government appealed to the Taiwan authorities for opening "three links". The latter has consistently refused, but had to make concessions in the face of growing cross-Straits exchanges. "Three mini-links" was opened in 2001 between Fujian Province and the islands of Jinmen and Matsu in Taiwan. Cross-Straits charter flights were approved in 2003 for the Lunar New Year and the flights were arranged in 2006 for three other traditional Chinese festivals.和谐社会A Harmonious societyA blueprint for social development featuring decent living standards for the majority of people, a tolerant society and peaceful coexistence between the human society and nature.The concept was first floated in 2004 and then amplified in October 2006, when the Party set specific goals for building a harmonious society by 2020. The goals range from fostering the rule of law, substantial protection for private property, developed public services to foster creativity and more efficient use of resources.Stemming from ancient Chinese ideas about harmony, the blueprint underlines the need to fine tune relations between different social entities. The idea also appears in the country's foreign policy, particularly its call for "a harmonious world".大部制Super-Ministry SystemA very recent idea to restructure central government offices so that ministries, commissions and departments of the State Council with similar or overlapping functions can be merged into super-ministries. This scheme has been introduced in a reshuffle of the State Council approved by the National People's Congress in March to improve efficiency, reduce the cost of policy making and its execution, and straighten out problematic chains of command. Five super-ministries respectively overseeing industry, transport, housing and construction, human resources and the environment were established.Based upon the current changes, the central government vowed to undertake further administrative reforms in the future.三个代表Three RepresentsShorthand for the call that the Communist Party of China (CPC) provides insight and leadership for economic and cultural progress, and commit itself to public good.Former CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin, who was credited with its creation, literally admonished his comrades to "represent the development trend of China's most advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's most advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people".The theory is the result of deliberations of the CPC's third-generation leaders on legitimacy and Party-building. At the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, it was formally written into the Party Constitution.科学发展观Scientific Outlook on DevelopmentA concept initiated by the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2003. It stresses a comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development that is people-orientated. With priority on addressing the needs and protecting the rights of the people, the country will not only grow in economic terms, but also in political and cultural terms. The growth aims to bridge regional disparity, the urban-rural gap, protect resources, and the environment.This concept is the core of policies by the CPC's current leaders headed by Hu Jintao. At the 17th CPC National Congress in October 2007, it was formally included in the Party Constitution.双拥Double SupportShorthand for the administrative effort to enhance ties between the army and civilian communities. In essence, the expression means local governments and common people should support the army and give preferential treatment to the families of service people, particularly those killed while on the job, while soldiers should support the government and love the people.In connection with this effort, schools offer training programs to soldiers, while common people provide technological consultations and donate books and the use of other facilities to the army. In return, the army helps deal with natural disasters, major construction projects and other difficulties.保持党员先进性教育Campaign to Educate Party Members to Preserve Their Vanguard NatureA campaign by the Communist Party of China to educate its members to stick firmly to the principles of the Party and serve the people so as to keep the Party's vigor and leading role in the country.From January 2005 to June 2006, the country's 68 million Party members participated in the special education program. They refreshed their knowledge about the important theories of the Party at different periods, solidified their loyalty to the Party and improved the efficiency of the grass-root organizations of the Party in serving the people.和平共处五项原则Five Principles of Peaceful CoexistenceA set of norms governing relations between nations first raised by China. Put forward by then Premier Zhou Enlai in 1953 during negotiations between China and India, the five principles were originally meant to maintain friendly ties. Under the principles, both sides agreed to respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of each other, not to invade the soil of each other, do not interfere in each other's internal affairs, the ties should be equally based, and mutually beneficial for the two countries to coexist peacefully.The five principles have been widely accepted in bilateral relations between China and many other countries. One of the corner stones of China's foreign policy, it has also become an important part in the law on international relationships.社会主义荣辱观Socialist Concept of Honor and DisgraceAn idea put forward to instill a value of moral standards among the pub lic, especially youngsters, in line with Chinese traditional values and modern virtues.The concept underscores the value of patriotism, consciousness of serving the people, belief in science, hard work, solidarity, honesty, observation of the law and plain living. It condemns the opposite of these virtues as disgraces.It was raised by Hu Jintao, general secretary of the Communist Party of China, in March 2006. And the concept is also known as "eight honors and eight disgraces" "三讲" 教育"Three Emphasis" EducationA campaign by the Communist Party of China (CPC) to remind Party officials to pay more attention to theoretical study, improve their political awareness, and be honest and upright.Jiang Zemin, then CPC general secretary, pointed out in November 1995 that Party officials should improve their self-education in the three aspects. And a national campaign was soon started among all Party officials. A conference was held in December 2000 which hailed the campaign as a success. CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao said the move had boosted the individual capabilities of Party members and the internal governance of the Party as well.党务公开Open Management of Party AffairsAn institutional arrangement for branches of the Communist Party of China (CPC) at all levels to improve transparency.According to this principle, Party branches are obliged to make their processes for making decisions and carrying out activities as well as their achievements known to other Party members according to the characteristics of the issues. And if the issues are closely related to the interests of the public, the Party branches should also publicize their work to all. Formally included in the CPC Constitution in 2007, this principle was part of the CPC's effort to promote democracy within the Party, protect the democratic rights of Party members and enhance the internal supervision of the Party.爱国统一战线Patriotic United FrontA political union of all socialist laborers, patriots supporting socialism and patriots supporting the unification of China.First raised as the "ethnic united front" in 1935 by the Communist Party of China (CPC), it was meant to join the powers of all social groups regardless of their class, wealth and political positions to fight against the Japanese aggressors during the World War II.Despite changes in the specific concept and target of the union under different historical conditions, this union has remained a key strategy of the CPC to mobilize all social sectors to achieve the contemporary goals it sets for the country.Part of institutional arrangements for the country to consolidate and develop the people's dictatorship, this union was embodied in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, whose members include people from the CPC, the eight non-communist parties and other social groups.南巡讲话South Tour SpeechesA series of speeches delivered by the late leader Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, during his inspection tour of southern Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai in early 1992. Targeted at domestic misgivings and confusion among some scholars and even officials about the country's reform and development, Deng put forward some new viewpoints on a series of crucial issues, such as the core of Marxism, the essence of socialism, market economy, and how to emancipate and develop productivity. The significant speeches outlined an unequivocal path for the country's further re form and opening-up and have greatly driven its political, economic, and social development.实事求是To Seek Truth from FactsA term stressing that facts or practices are the single standard by which to judge whether a theory is valid. It is one of the core ideas of the Communist Party of China about socialism with Chinese characteristics. Repeatedly stressed by different generations of leaders, this term was formally raised by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s. It was to mobilize the country to look for means of development in economic and political terms feasible and suitable for China rather than those based on political ideology. It is still part of the principles for the CPC stipulated in its constitution. It is also a popular term extensively used in different aspects of social 与时俱进Keep Up With the TimesAn expression that has become popular in official documents and speeches, accentuating the need on the part of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to keep pace with the rapid changes that have taken place in society.First appearing in former President Jiang Zemin's speech commemorating the 80th anniversary of the CPC's founding on July 1, 2001, the expression was included as part of the theme for the Party's 16th National Congress in 2002. Under the principle, the Party vowed to adapt its ideology and work in tune with the latest developments in and out of the country to better serve the people.信访Letters and VisitsA special term referring to actions of citizens or institutions to give information, make comments or suggestions and lodge complaints to the special administrative department in charge of receiving them through various forms. Letters and visits from the grassroots were lauded by State leaders as having remarkable significance in enhancing ties between the government and the people. Individuals and institutions could write letters or pay visits to the relevant department when they have information about or want to complain about the performance of the administrative organization, enterprise or institutions supplying public services as well as about their staff members. Departments receiving letters and visits are required to process the information and complaints according to a State Council regulation first adopted in 1995 and revised in 2005.星火计划Spark ProgramA State effort to popularize modern technologies in the rural areas to stimulate rural development and raise the farmers' income. Started in 1986, the program offers support to technological projects easily applied and developed in rural areas, encourages factories and small businesses to develop these projects with incentives in several aspects, holds training courses in rural businesses and promotes agricultural technology among farmers. By 2006, local governments invested 14.3 billion yuan while the central government contributed 363.1 billion yuan to the program.以人为本Put People FirstAn idea of the Communist Party of China (CPC) stresses that boosting the people's interests and development are the purpose of the Party as well as the State. Formally raised during the third plenary session of the 16th CPC Central Committee in October 2003, this idea was tagged as the core of the scientific outlook of development by general secretary Hu Jintao in his report on the 17th CPC National Congress in 2007. As a ruling party, the CPC vowed to expand the people's interests, respect the people's position in political life, give play to their creativity and let them share the benefits of development.两岸直航包机Direct Chartere d Flight Across the Taiwan StraitsFlights between designated airports on the Chinese mainland and Taiwan during major Chinese festivals. Regular flights have been cut off between the two sides since 1949. In 2003, the Taiwan authorities allowed Taiwan airlines to fly Taiwan people living in the mainland with chartered flights from Shanghai for the Spring Festival. As a trust-building step, chartered flights were added in 2006 during three other holidays: Tomb Sweeping Day, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid Autumn Festival. Airlines from both sides were allowed and the flights stopped at four mainland cities and two Taiwan cities. Negotiations are underway to arrange the chartered flights weekly or even more frequently.基层群众自治制度System of Community Level Self-GovernanceA grassroots democratic system in which rural and urban citizens manage the public affairs in their organizations and communities. Composed of the villagers' committee in rural areas, neighborhood committee in urban areas and the conference of workers and staff in businesses, the system enables the members to carry out democratic elections, decision-making and supervision. An important part in the country's political democracy, it was stressed as a fundamental system to adhere to in improving the socialist political system by General Secretary Hu Jintao in his report to the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2007.多党合作和政治协商制度System of Multi-party Cooperation and Political ConsultationA basic political system in China under which the Communist Party of China (CPC), as the party in power, consults all non-Communist parties and representatives of non-party personages to reach a common understanding before taking major decisions. Formally established in 1949 when New China was founded, the system is practiced through various forms. The two major forms are the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, of which non-Communist party members and non-party personages are members, and the consultative conferences attended by non-Communist parties and unaffiliated democrats who are invited by the CPC bodies at different 依法治国Rule of LawA fundamental principle of governance that stresses that the country should be administered in accordance with the law.It was formally raised as a fundamental principle in 1997 when former general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Jiang Zemin delivered his report to the 15th National Congress of the CPC. He stressed the principle should be fully observed as "socialist democracy is gradually institutionalized and codified so that such institutions and laws will not change with changes in the leadership or changes in the views or focus of attention of any leader."This principle was reiterated by General Secretary Hu Jintao during the 17th CPC National Congress in 2007.民主集中制Democratic CentralismA principle of organization in the Communist Party of China (CPC) as well as in the country's political life, stressing both democracy and centralism. Enunciated originally by Vladimir Lenin, the principle stresses that the Party members have the freedom to discuss and debate matters of policy and direction, but must support the final decision once it is reached through a majority vote. Individuals must obey the Party or the organization, the minority must obey the majority, the lower levels of organizations must obey the ones at the upper level. It is one of the most important principles adopted by the CPC at its early stage and is upheld till now.政企分开SeparateGovernment Functions from Enterprise ManagementAn effort to draw a clear line between the roles of the administration and of the businesses. Under the planned economy, the extensive involvement of the government in economic operations resulted in the government making commercial decisions for the businesses and the State-owned enterprises offering public services to their employees, ranging from medical care to education. Since the country introduced the economic reform, it became a major mission for the government to separate the functions of the administration from those of the enterprises in order to improve the efficiency of both.农转非Change From Rural Residents to Urban ResidentsA change in the residential status of people under the household registration system.Since the household registration system was established in the 1950s, residents were put into two categories, urban and rural, according to where they lived. While urban residents enjoyed relatively better social security as industrial workers, rural residents had to depend on farming for a living. Rural people could obtain urban registration under special circumstances, like entering universities or becoming army officers. This was difficult to achieve, but viewed as a quick way to a better life, especially in the 1970s and 1980s.As the country began to reform, so did the household registration system. The supply of commodities became more abundant on the market, and the difference in welfare of urban and rural residents was narrowed.863计划863 ProgramA government program to stimulate the development of advanced technologies. The figure "863" comes from the fact that it was created in the third month of 1986.Approved by former leader Deng Xiaoping, the program aims at lifting China's own efforts in scientific and technology research as well as in commercializing the benefits of the research. The program's specific plan gives preference to research in biology, information technology, astronautics, laser technology, automation, energy technology, and new materials.A milestone in the history of scientific progress, the program has boosted China's independent research capability, laying a solid foundation for economic and social growth.。