N-002 Collection of metocean data (Rev[1]. 1, Sept. 1997)

NORSOK STANDARD G-001Rev. 2, October 2004 Marine soil investigationsThis NORSOK standard is developed with broad petroleum industry participation by interested parties in the Norwegian petroleum industry and is owned by the Norwegian petroleum industry represented by The NorwegianOil Industry Association (OLF) and Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries (TBL). Please note that whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this NORSOK standard, neither OLF nor TBL or any of their members will assume liability for any use thereof. Standards Norway is responsible for the administration and publication of this NORSOK standard.Standards Norway Telephone: + 47 67 83 86 00Strandveien 18, P.O. Box 242 Fax: + 47 67 83 86 01Foreword 5 Introduction 5 1Scope 6 2Normative and informative references 62.1Normative references 62.2Informative references 7 3Terms, definitions and abbreviations 93.1Terms and definitions 93.2Abbreviations 9 4General objectives of investigations and need for planning 10 5General requirements to execution of work 10 6Drilling and logging 11 7Sampling 11 8In situ testing 11 9Laboratory testing 12 10Evaluation of data and reporting 1210.1Evaluation of data 1210.2Reporting of data 12 Annex A (Normative) Drilling and logging 13 A.1Introduction 13 A.2Drilling spread 13 A.3Choice of drilling procedures depending on soil type 13 A.4Logging of drilling parameters 14 A.5Rotary core drilling 14 A.6Geophysical borehole logging 14 A.7Shallow gas 15 Annex B (Normative) Sampling 16 B.1Background with definitions 16 B.2Seabed sampling equipment and procedures 16B.2.1General 16B.2.2Grab 16B.2.3Gravity corer 16B.2.4Vibrocorer 17B.2.5Box corers 17B.2.6Other corers 17 B.3Down-hole samplers 17 B.4Choice of equipment according to expected soils 18 B.5Sample handling and storage 18B.5.1General 18B.5.2Offshore handling 18B.5.3Offshore storage 19B.5.4Onshore transport, handling and storage 19 B.6Sample log 19 B.7Contaminated samples 20 Annex C (Normative) In situ testing 21C.1Deployment 21C.1.1Introduction 21C.1.2Seabed in situ testing (seabed mode) 21C.1.3Down-hole in situ testing (drilling mode) 21 C.2Cone penetration test 21C.2.1Equipment requirements 21C.2.2Testing procedure 22C.2.3Data acquisition system 22C.2.4Calibration requirements 22C.2.5Required accuracy 23C.2.6Presentation of results 23 C.3Seismic cone test 24C.3.1General 24C.3.2Geometry and configuration of equipment 24C.3.3Testing procedure 25C.3.4Data acquisition 25C.3.5Calibration 25C.3.6Presentation of results 25 C.4Electrical conductivity cone 25C.4.1General 25C.4.2Geometry and configuration of equipment 25C.4.3Testing procedure 25C.4.4Data acquisition 26C.4.5Calibration 26C.4.6Presentation of results 26 C.5Field vane test 26C.5.1Vane geometry 26C.5.2Testing procedure 26C.5.3Data acquisition 26C.5.4Calibration requirements 27C.5.5Accuracy 27C.5.6Presentation of results 27 C.6BAT probe test/deep water gas probe (DGP) 27C.6.1General 27C.6.2Equipment 27C.6.3Test procedure 27C.6.4Calibration of sensors 28C.6.5Presentation of result 28 C.7T-bar test 28C.7.1Equipment requirements 28C.7.2Testing procedure 28C.7.3Data acquisition system 28C.7.4Calibration requirements 29C.7.5Required accuracy 29C.7.6Presentation of results 29 C.8Other in situ tests 29C.8.1General 29C.8.2Documentation requirements 30 Annex D (Normative) Laboratory testing 31D.1Classification and index tests 31D.1.1General 31D.1.2Soil description and classification 31D.1.3Water content 31D.1.4Liquid and plastic limits 31D.1.5Bulk density of soil or soil unit weight 32D.1.6Specific gravity of soil 32D.1.7Maximum and minimum density 32D.1.8Grain size distribution 32D.1.9Angularity 33D.1.10Radiography 33D.1.11Index shear strength tests 33D.1.12Remoulded strength/sensitivity 34 D.2Consolidation tests 35D.2.1General 35D.2.2Incremental load test 35D.2.3Continuous loading test 35D.2.4Measurement of permeability 35D.2.5Coefficient of consolidation 36D.2.6Measurements of horizontal stress 36D.2.7Calibration 36D.2.8Presentation of results 36D.2.9Evaluation of sample quality 37 D.3Triaxial tests 37D.3.1General 37D.3.2Test apparatus 37D.3.3Preparation of test specimen 40D.3.4Consolidation stage prior to shearing 40D.3.5Static shearing 41D.3.6Cycling testing 42D.3.7Dismounting specimen 43D.3.8Presentation of results 43D.3.9Evaluation of sample quality 44 D.4Direct simple shear tests 44D.4.1General 44D.4.2Test apparatus 44D.4.3Preparation of test specimen 47D.4.4Consolidation stage prior to shearing 47D.4.5Static shearing 47D.4.6Cyclic testing 48D.4.7Dismounting specimen 48D.4.8Presentation of results 48D.4.9Evaluation of sample quality 50 D.5Ring shear tests 50D.5.1General 50D.5.2Sample preparation 50D.5.3Test procedure 50D.5.4Presentation of results 50 D.6Resonant column tests 51D.6.1General 51D.6.2Sample preparation 51D.6.3Test procedure 51D.6.4Presentation of results 51 D.7Piezoceramic bender element tests 51D.7.1General 52D.7.2Sample preparation 52D.7.3Test procedure 52D.7.4Presentation of results 52 D.8Thixotropy tests 52D.8.1General 52D.8.2Sample preparation 52D.8.3Test procedure 52D.8.4Presentation of results 52 D.9Heat conductivity test 53D.9.1General 53D.9.2Sample preparation 53D.9.3Test procedure 53D.9.4Presentation of results 53 D.10Contaminated samples 54 D.11Other relevant tests 54D.11.1General 54D.11.2Documentation requirements 54 D.12Geological and geochemical tests 54D.12.1General 54D.12.2Visual description 55D.12.3Mineralogical analysis 55D.12.4Amino acid analysis 55D.12.5Stable oxygen isotope analysis 55D.12.6Analysis of gas in sediment samples 55D.12.714C dating (age determination) 56D.12.8Nanofossil and microfossil analysis 56D.12.9Organic and inorganic content 56D.12.10Analysis of parameters for determining corrosion risk 56 Annex E (Normative) Reporting 57E.1Reporting according to type and level of investigation 57 E.2Report structure 57 E.3Report content 58E.3.1General 58E.3.2Executive summary 58E.3.3Part A: Soil parameters for design 58E.3.4Part B: Geotechnical data 63E.3.5Part C: Field operations 64 E.4Reporting format 65 Bibliography 66ForewordThe NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for petroleum industry developments and operations. Furthermore, NORSOK standards are, as far as possible, intended to replace oil company specifications and serve as references in the authorities’ regulations.The NORSOK standards are normally based on recognised international standards, adding the provisions deemed necessary to fill the broad needs of the Norwegian petroleum industry. Where relevant, NORSOK standards will be used to provide the Norwegian industry input to the international standardisation process. Subject to development and publication of international standards, the relevant NORSOK standard will be withdrawn.The NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally applicable for most standards work and according to established procedures defined in NORSOK A-001.The NORSOK standards are prepared and published with support by The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) and Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries (TBL).NORSOK standards are administered and published by Standards Norway.IntroductionRevision 2 of this NORSOK standard is mainly an updated version to take into account the developments in the Offshore Soil Investigation Industry that have taken place since Revision 1 was issued in 1996.According to the "Petroleum Activities Act" (1996), marine soil investigations are petroleum activities. The "Petroleum Activities Act" (1996) itself and the health, environment and safety (HES) regulations issued by the Petroleum Safety Authority (PSA) are therefore applicable for planning, documentation and execution of marine soil investigations. The HES regulations includes a number of requirements which have to be applied and documented before a marine soil investigation can commence, especially if a drilling vessel is used.Type of soil investigation equipment to be used, extent of an investigation, laboratory testing programme and reporting requirements will be agreed as part of each contract. This will depend on type of structures involved (e.g. fixed platform, subsea structure, pipeline etc.), type of soil conditions and if it is a regional, site specific, preliminary or final soil investigation.Use of this NORSOK standard will result in equal quality from the various soil investigations.This NORSOK standard is published without marking of changes, compared to Rev. 1, as the modifications are considerable.1 ScopeThis NORSOK standard includes guidelines and requirements for equipment, testing procedures, interpretation and evaluation of test results and reporting for marine soil investigations. This NORSOK standard covers the most common equipment available today for sampling, in situ testing and laboratory testing.This NORSOK standard is applicable both for marine soil investigations performed by specialised drilling vessels (drilling mode investigation with down-hole sampling and in situ testing) and for investigations performed by standard survey vessels (surface mode investigation). The detailed requirements in this NORSOK standard are only applicable for the equipment and methods specified by the user (client) in the scope of work for the actual field work.2 Normative and informative referencesThe following standards include provisions and guidelines which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions and guidelines of this NORSOK standard. Latest issue of the references shall be used unless otherwise agreed. Other recognized standards may be used provided it can be shown that they meet or exceed the requirements and guidelines of the standards referenced below.references2.1 NormativeAPI RP 2A-LRFD, Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms—Load andResistance Factor Design. 1st Edition, July 1, 1993.API RP 2A-WSD, Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms—WorkingStress Design. 21st Edition, December 2000.ASTM D422-63, Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils.ASTM D854-02, Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by WaterPycnometer.ASTM D2166-00, Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of CohesiveSoil.ASTM D2216-98, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by Mass.ASTM D2435-03, Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties ofSoils Using Incremental LoadingASTM D2573-01, Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil.ASTM D4015-92, Standard Test Methods for Modulus and Damping of Soils by the Resonant-Column Method.ASTM D4318-00, Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index ofSoils.ASTM D4452-85, Standard Test Methods for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples.ASTM D4648-00, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Miniature Vane Shear Test forSaturated Fine-Grained Clayey Soil.ASTM D5334-00, Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Soil andSoft Rock by Thermal Needle Probe Procedure.ASTM D6528-00, Standard Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Direct Simple ShearTesting of Cohesive Soils.BS 1377-1:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. General requirementsand sample preparation.BS 1377-2:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Classification tests. BS 1377-3:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Chemical and electro-chemical tests.BS 1377-4:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Compaction-relatedtests.BS 1377-5:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Compressibility,permeability and durability tests.BS 1377-6:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Consolidation andpermeability tests in hydraulic cells and with pore pressure measurement. BS 1377-7:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Shear strength tests(total stress).BS 1377-8:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. Shear strength tests(effective stress).BS 1377-9:1990, Methods of test for soil for civil engineering purposes. In-situ tests.BS 5930:1999, Code of practice for site investigations.DNV Classification Note 30.4, FoundationsIRTP (1999), ISSMGE International Society of Soil Mechanics and GeotechnicalEngineering (1999) International Reference Test Procedure for the ConePenetration Test (CPT) and the Cone Penetration Test with Pore Pressure(CPTU). Report of the ISSMGE Technical Committee 16 on GroundProperty Characterisation from In-situ Testing, Proceedings of the TwelfthEuropean Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Amsterdam, Edited by Barends et al., Vol. 3, pp. 2195-2222. Balkema.ISO 19901-4, Petroleum and natural gas industries – Specific requirements for offshorestructures – Part 4: Geotechnical and foundation design considerations. ISO/DIS 19902, Petroleum and natural gas industries - Fixed steel offshore structuresNS 3481 Soil investigations and geotechnical design of marine structures.NS 8001, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Percussion liquid limit.NS 8002, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Fall cone liquid limit.NS 8003, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Plastic limit.NS 8005, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Grain-size analysis of soilsamples.NS 8011, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Density.NS 8012, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Density of solid particles.NS 8013, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Water content.NS 8015, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Determination of undrainedshear strength by fall-cone testing.NS 8016, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory method - Determination of undrainedshear strength by unconfined pressure testing.NS 8017, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Determination of one-dimensional consolidation properties by oedometer testing - Method usingincremental loading.NS 8018, Geotechnical testing - Laboratory methods - Determination of one-dimentional consolidation properties by oedometer testing - Method usingcontinuous loading.Petroleum Activities Act (1996), Lov om petroleumsaktivitet. LOV 1996-11-29, sist endret LOV-2003-06-27-68. English translation: Act 29 November 1996 No. 72 relating to petroleumactivities.references2.2 InformativeASTM D2487-00, Standard Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified SoilClassification System).ASTM D4253-00, Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of SoilsUsing a Vibratory Table.ASTM D4254-00, Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soilsand Calculation of Relative Density.ASTM D2850-03a, Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial CompressionTest on Cohesive Soils.ASTM D6467-99, Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Determine DrainedResidual Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils.Bishop et al. (1971), Bishop, A. W., G. E. Green, V. K. Garga, A. Andresen and J. D. Brown(1971): A new ring shear apparatus and its application to the measurementof residual strength. Geotechnique 21, 273-328.Bromhead, E.N. (1979), A simple ring shear apparatus. Ground Engineering, 12,40-44.Digby, A. (2002), Wireline logging for deepwater geohazard assessment. Proceedingsof the SUT International Conference: “Offshore Site Investigation andGeotechnics”, London, UK, 26-28 November 2002.Dyvik, R. and C. Madshus (1985), Lab measurements of G max using bender elements. Proceedings ofASCE Annual convention. "Advances in Art of Testing Soils underCyclic Conditions", Detroit, Michigan, October 1985. Soils underCyclic Conditions", Detroit, Michigan, October 1985. Also published inNGI Publication No. 161.Dyvik, R. and T.S. Olsen (1989), G max measured in oedometer and DSS tests using bender elements.NGI Publication No. 181.EN ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification andclassification of soil – Part 1: Identification and description.ETC5 (1998), Recommendations of the ISSMGE For Geotechnical LaboratoryTesting. Prepared by the European Regional Technical CommitteeETC5 “Laboratory Testing”.Jardine and Chow (1996) New design methods for offshore piles. MTD Publication 96/103,MTD(now CMPT) London.Norwegian Geotechnical Society, Guidelines and recommendations for presentation of geotechnical soilinvestigations, NGF, 1982.Norwegian Oil IndustryAssociation (OLF), (2003), Guidelines for characterisation of offshore drill cuttings piles.Oljeindustriens Landsforening (OLF), Final report May 2003.Ladd, C.C. and R. Foott (1979), New design procedure for stability of soft clays. JGED, ASCE, Vol.100, No. GT7, pp. 763-786.Lees, G. (1964), A new method for determining the angularity of particles.Sedimentology, Vol. 3, No. 1.Lunne et al. (1998), Lunne, T., T. Berre and S. Strandvik (1998). Sample disturbanceeffects in deepwater soil investigations. SUT Conference on SoilInvestigations and Foundation Behaviour. London Sept. 1998.Proceedings pp. 199-220.Mokkelbost, K.H. andS. Strandvik (1999), Development of NGI’s Deepwater Gas Probe,DGP. ProceedingsInternational Conference on Offshore and Nearshore GeotechnicalEngineering, Geoshore, Panvel,India, December, 1999. Pp. 107-112. NS 4737, Determination of sulphide content of waste water - Colorimetricmethod.Pettijohn, F.J. (1957), Sedimentary rocks. 2nd ed. New York, Harper & Brothers XVI, 718pp.Rad, N.S. and T. Lunne (1994), Gas in Soils: Detection and η-profiling. Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering, Vol. 120, No. 4, April, pp. 697-715.NGI/COFS (2004), Characterization of soft soils by in situ tests. Phase 2: SummaryReport/Manual. NGI Report No. 20011026-8, dated 29.04.04. Ramsey et al. (1998), Ramsey, N., R. Jardine, B. Lehane and A. Ridley (1998) "A Review ofSoil-Steel Interface Testing with the Ring Shear Apparatus",Proceedings SUT International Conference, Offshore SiteInvestigation and Geotechnics, London, November 1998.Randolph et al. (1998), Randolph,M.F.,Hefer, P.A., Geise,J.M. and Watson, P.G.(1998)Improved seabed strength profiling using T-bar penetrometer.Proceedings of the SUT International Conference, Offshore SiteInvestigation and Foundation Behaviour ‘New Frontiers’, London1998. Pp. 221-235.SFT (1991), Veiledning for miljøtekniske grunnundersøkelser. SFT-veiledning nr91:01. Translated to English by NGI: "Guide to environmental soilinvestigation". NGI Report No. 537000-1, December 1992.SUT-OSIG (2004), “Guidance Notes on Geotechnical Investigations for MarinePipelines”, OSIG-Rev 03, 17 September 2004. Prepared by thePipeline Working Group of the Offshore Soil Investigation Forum,OSIG. Updated 2004 by the Society for Underwater Technology. Taylor, Donald W. (1948), “Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics”, New York, John Wiley & Sons Inc. The Unified Soil ClassificationSystem (1953), Waterways Exp. Station. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, TechnicalMemorandum No. 3-357, Vols. 1 to 3. Vicksburg, 1953.3 Terms, definitions and abbreviationsFor the purposes of this NORSOK standard, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.3.1 Terms and definitions3.1.1shallverbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this NORSOK standard and from which no deviation is permitted, unless accepted by all involved parties3.1.2shouldverbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required3.1.3mayverbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of this NORSOK standard3.1.4canverbal form used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical or casual3.2 AbbreviationsBAT commercial name of a gas samplerCCV consolidated constant volumeCPT cone penetration testCPTU piezoconeCRS constant rate of strainundrainedCU consolidatedDGP deepwater gas probeDSS direct simple shearIRTP International Reference Test ProcedureISO International Organization for StandardizationNGF Norsk Geoteknisk Forening (Norwegian Geotechnical Society)NGI Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteStandardNS NorwegianratioOCR overconsolidationRPM rotations per minuteOSIG Offshore Site Investigation and Geotechnical CommitteeSFT Statens Forurensningstilsyn (The Norwegian Pollution Control Authority)SHANSEP stress history and normalized soil engineering propertiesSRB sulphate reducing bacteriaSUT The Society of Underwater TechnologyUCT unconfined compression testUU unconsolidated-undrained4 General objectives of investigations and need for planningThe requirements given in ISO/DIS 19902, ISO 19901-4, NS 3481 and DNV Classification Note 3.4 shall be mandatory, unless otherwise documented. These standards are the basis for this NORSOK standard regarding planning and execution of marine soil investigations.The level and extent of a soil investigation should be a function of several factors including,but not limited to, geology of the area, local soil conditions, project requirements, availablity of previous investigations, accessability, environmental conditions and any limitations related to budget and time available.The detailed plans and specifications for the investigation should be based on a consideration of the following factors:•type of investigation, regional or site specific;•expected soil conditions, bathymetry and seabed features;•active geological processes and possible geohazards;•type of problem, soil structure interaction, slope stability etc.;•required soil parameters;•previous knowledge from the area, geological, geophysical and geotechnical;•equipment that can be used;• budgetary restraints;• time schedules.5 General requirements to execution of workThe requirements given in ISO/DIS 19902, ISO 19901-4, NS 3481 and DNV Classification Note 3.4 shall be mandatory, unless otherwise documented. These standards are the basis for this NORSOK standard regarding planning and execution of marine soil investigations.Major equipment used during field work should as a minimum have a documentation consisting of the following:•description with schematic drawings showing all significant dimensions (size and weight); •operational procedures including safe job analyses;•interface of various drilling and geotechnical tools;•interface requirements to auxiliary equipment, power supply etc.;•calibration charts for documentation of prescribed accuracy.All lifting equipment including shackles and pad eyes shall be certified.Sufficient number or amount of equipment and associated required consumables to perform the work shall be available on board.The operators of the equipment shall have proper training and experience in the use of the equipment. Established routines shall be used for fault finding. This shall include personnel, equipment and spare parts to maintain and repair testing equipment breaking down during mobilisation or operation.Soil borings shall be carried out in such a way that there is a minimum disturbance to the soil to be sampled or tested.Continuous observations of the drilling progress shall be performed and checked against expected soil conditions, sample quality and results of in situ tests.A continuous evaluation of results as the work proceeds shall be carried out. The investigation programme can thus be immediately revised in order to meet the objectives of the investigation.The requirements regarding marine soil investigations shall be in accordance with ISO 19901-4.6 Drilling and loggingThe quality of down-hole samples and in situ tests depends very much on the equipment and procedures used for the drilling. Also performance rate and coverage of sampling and in situ testing depends on the drilling process. The drilling procedures should therefore be based on the aims of the project as detailed in Annex A. Attention should be given to drill bits, bit load, flow rate and mud type and their application to different soil types.In many cases useful information can be obtained from the drilling parameters and these shall be logged as outlined in Annex A.In some cases rotary core drilling may be the best solution, and if required this can be done according to Annex A.7 SamplingBasically sampling can be carried out in the following two modes:•from the seabed without drilling (seabed mode);•inside the drill string in the bottom of a borehole (drilling mode).In most cases sampling and sample handling should be done in such a way as to cause minimum disturbance to the sample. In some cases it is most important to get as complete a coverage of the soil profile as possible or to get a large sample volume. In such cases other types of equipment may have to be used.The choice of sampling equipment should be based on consideration of actual soil conditions, and the type of testing the soil samples are to be subjected to. A range of equipment is therefore normally required.Generally the type of equipment to be used for sampling in drilling mode should be considered in the following priority:•piston sampler, thin walled;•push sampler, thin walled;•push sampler, thick walled;• hammer sampler;•rotary core sampler.In some cases, especially in very stiff or hard clays the use of rotary coring may give the best quality samples.Further details are given in Annex B.8 In situ testingAll in situ test equipment systems prescribed shall be checked for functionality during mobilisation of equipment on board the survey vessel. Such functionality checks shall include, but not be limited to•signal response of sensors,•data acquisition system,•wet test of essential subsea equipment.The in situ equipment with electronic transmission shall be designed to sustain the water pressures expected in the field.During testing, zero readings of all sensors shall be recorded before and after each test.The specifications for in situ test equipment and procedures in Annex C are made for the most used tests. For other in situ testing, equipment specifications and procedures shall be established prior to mobilisation. Records of experience with the use of the equipment, routines and procedures for interpretation of measurements for assessment of soil parameters shall be documented and be made available on request.9 LaboratorytestingLaboratory tests shall be carried out according to recognised standards or codes.Detailed requirements to tests are given in Annex D, either as sole reference to standards and codes, or with additional guidance.The laboratory should provide documentation upon sound working procedures and show that the relevant tests can be carried out as specified in Annex D.Prior to the commencement of the testing the codes to be used and forms of presentation such as figures and plots should be agreed upon.10 Evaluation of data and reporting10.1 Evaluation of dataAn evaluation of all test results shall be carried out. Commonly there will be some results less representative than others. These shall be identified and given less weight when establishing characteristic soil parameters.The characteristic values shall in general be selected as conservative assessed mean values where the actual material property shall be selected so as to be on the conservative side.The actual soil design parameters recommended shall depend on at least the following factors:•soil investigation coverage;•quality of data•soil behaviour at failure (plastic, brittle, etc.);•consequence of failure;•spatial variability of material property within soil volume of interest;•possibility of progressive failure.10.2 Reporting of dataA standardised reporting structure will improve the access to the data and reduce laborious work. It is therefore required that reports are structured in levels and organised as outlined in Annex E.The organization of the report shall depend on the type and extent of the investigation.The reported data shall also be submitted in such a format that they can electronically be transformed to a geotechnical data base.All reporting shall be in SI units.。

第30卷第2期油气地质与采收率Vol.30,No.22023年3月Petroleum Geology and Recovery EfficiencyMar.2023—————————————收稿日期：2022-01-20。

作者简介：周银邦（1983—），女，青海互助人，高级工程师，博士，从事开发地质研究工作。

E-mail ：***********************。

文章编号：1009-9603（2023）02-0162-06DOI ：10.13673/37-1359/te.202201028咸水层CO 2地质封存典型案例分析及对比周银邦，王锐，何应付，赵淑霞，周元龙，张尧（中国石化石油勘探开发研究院，北京100083）摘要：咸水层封存是CO 2地质封存方式中潜力最大的。

目前全球比较成功的典型咸水层CO 2地质封存示范工程有挪威的Sleipner 和Snøhvit 、阿尔及利亚的In Salah 、中国鄂尔多斯盆地神华，这些工程提供了长期CCS 的经验，对于未来CO 2地质封存项目实施具有借鉴意义。

从构造、储层、盖层等地质特征出发，结合各示范工程的注入方案和监测方案将各案例进行了剖析，提取了地质及工程参数，分析了各地质特征对CO 2地质封存的影响，明确了背斜、断块、裂缝等不同构造特征CO 2地质封存的可行性，对比了咸水层CO 2地质封存注入方案和监测方案。

Sleipner CO 2地质封存项目成功的原因在于构造简单、面积大、储层物性好，盖层厚度大且稳定；Snøhvit 发育的断层和In Salah 的裂缝也验证了不同构造特征CO 2地质封存的可能性，CO 2羽流分布受地质特征的控制。

咸水层CO 2地质封存注入井相对比较少，但是注入量比较大，多以水平井为主。

高质量的监测数据可有效降低潜在泄漏风险，多种监测组合有助于CO 2长期安全地质封存。

关键词：CCUS ；CO 2地质封存；地质建模；咸水层；地震监测中图分类号：X701文献标识码：AAnalysis and comparison of typical cases ofCO 2geological storage in saline aquiferZHOU Yinbang ，WANG Rui ，HE Yingfu ，ZHAO Shuxia ，ZHOU Yuanlong ，ZHANG Yao（SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute ，Beijing City ，100083，China ）Abstract ：The storage of saline aquifers has the greatest potential in the CO 2geological storage.At present ，the successful demonstration projects of typical CO 2geological storage in the saline aquifer in the world include Sleipner and Snøhvit in Norway ，In Salah in Algeria ，and Shenhua in Ordos Basin ，China.These projects provide long-term Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS ）experience and are of reference significance for the implementation of future CO 2geological storage projects.Given the geological characteristics of the structure ，reservoir ，and caprock ，this paper analyzed each case in combination with the injection and monitoring plans of each demonstration project and extracted geological and engineering parameters.Then ，the influence of geological characteristics on CO 2geological storage was analyzed to clarify the feasibility of CO 2geo⁃logical storage with structural features such as anticlines ，fault blocks ，and fractures.The injection and monitoring plans for CO 2geological storage in the saline aquifers were also compared.The following conclusions are drawn ：①The success of the Sleipner CO 2geological storage project is attributed to the simple structure ，large area ，good physical properties of the reservoir as well as the large and stable caprock thickness.The faults developed in Snøhvit and fractures in In Salah also verify the possibility of CO 2geological storage with different structural characteristics ，and the distribution of CO 2plume is controlled by geological characteristics.②There are relatively few injection wells for CO 2geological storage in saline aqui⁃fers ，but the injection volume is relatively large ，and horizontal wells dominate.③High-quality monitoring data can effec⁃tively reduce potential leakage risk ，and a variety of monitoring combinations can contribute to the long-term safe CO 2geo⁃logical storage.Key words ：carbon capture ；utilization and storage （CCUS ）；CO 2geological storage ；geological modeling ；saline aquifer ；seismic monitoring第30卷第2期周银邦等.咸水层CO2地质封存典型案例分析及对比·163·CO2捕集与封存技术是应对全球气候变化的关键技术之一，咸水层封存是CO2地质封存方式中潜力最大的。

Data Replication with Code Ocean–A How-To Guidefor PA AuthorsSimon HeubergerOctober2,2019Contact•Code Ocean support:Online browser chat or*********************•PA replication team:**************************************Workflow for Authors•Create a capsule for your material on the Code Ocean website.If you don’t have a free account yet,you need to sign up for one•Add the member of the PA replication team as a collaborator(use the PA contact email provided above)•Add your material.If you have any questions or problems during the setup,contact the PA replication team with questions.If needed,refer to the Code Ocean help documentation and/or contact the Code Ocean support team(use the email provided above)as well•When you think your material is ready to work in the capsule,email the PA replication team.PA then checks:–The Readme–That allfigures and tables are saved to the/results folder and named correctly –Whether all libraries and dependencies are installed via the environment screen,not during runtime•After a successful check,replicate your material by clicking on“Reproducible Run”.This will run your material in the capsule remotely,i.e.you can close your browser andfiles will continue to be run.If there are any issues/errors during the run and you need helpfixing them,email the PA replication team/Code Ocean support•After a successful reproducible run,fill out the publication metadata section of the cap-sule,and submit your material for publication by clicking on“Submit for publication”.Successful submission requires one complete run of the material without errors•PA gets a notification that the material has been submitted,compares the produced output to the manuscript,and checks the metadata•If aspects are missing or there are discrepancies between the code output and the manuscript,make the required changes to the material and resubmit.This process is repeated until the material is ready for publication•Upon successful comparison/check,Code Ocean publishes your material as a repro-ducible capsule and publishes a copy to Dataverse for long-term preservationLanguages offered by Code Ocean•Code Ocean offers the three data analysis software programs that are most often used in political science:R,Stata,and Python•Code Ocean also offers selected other pieces of more advanced programming software, such as Jupyter(Programming languages on Code Ocean).However,PA’s focus lies on the three standard programs above.If your material uses a language other than R, Stata,or Python,please contact PA before setting up a capsuleHow to set up a Code Ocean capsule and install packages in R,Stata,and Python •Create a new blank capsule on your dashboard(What is a capsule?;What is the dashboard?)•Select your base environment(What is a base environment?;Selecting a base environ-mment)–For R,Code Ocean offers versions3.4.4,3.5.3,and3.6–For Stata,Code Ocean offers Stata15with R and Stata15with Matlab–For Python,Code Ocean offers versions3.7.3,3.7.0,3.6.3,and TensorFlow2.7•Install needed packages on the next screen.It is not possible to install packages insidea script–they need to be installed here.Click on+Add,type in the package nameand version(the latter is optional),and click on the tick(Adding packages on Code Ocean)–For R,use CRAN and GitHub–For Stata,use ssc(Using Stata on Code Ocean)–For Python,use conda and pipHow to use two data analysis software programs together•R and Stata–CodeOcean has a pre-provided environment(see the subsection on Stata baseenvironments above)•R and Python–With R as the basis∗Add python3-pip(Python3)or python-pip(for Python2)via apt-get(What is apt-get?)–With Python as the basis∗Add R as a conda package,then add the package you want(e.g.r-ggplot2)∗The conda list of R packages is quite limited:Some packages are in a differentconda channel(e.g.randomizr which is in channel conda-forge,not r),others are not in conda at all(e.g.blockTools)–General rule:If a material is mainly in R,use R as the base.Likewise for Python Folders in a capsule•The key folders on Code Ocean are/code,/data,and/results•/code–Contains all your scriptfiles•/data–Contains all your datafiles–To ensure complete reproducibility,/data is reset to its original form after eachrun.This means everything your code saves in/data would be lost at the endof a run.To avoid this,save all code output in/results instead(see subsection/results below)•/results–Everything that your code saves needs to be saved in/results(Savingfiles onCode Ocean).This includesfigures,tables,and any created.csv,.Rdata etc.files that other scriptfiles read in after creation.For instance,if a.csvfile iscreated in first.R and then needs to be read in by second.R,save and load the.csv to/from/results.Everything saved in/results is available after each run run•run is a shell run script that is central to the working of Code Ocean.In order to run any scriptfile in any programming language,it needs to be listed in run(What is a run script?)•run is not present when you create a new blank capsule.To create it,select an uploaded scriptfile and select“Set as File to Run”with right-point-and-click.run will appear in the Files tab and list the selected script•It is currently not possible to select several scriptfiles and select“Set as File to Run”.If your material includes more than one scriptfile to run(which is very likely),create a master scriptfile that reads in the others(then only this masterfile needs to be listed in run).Alternatively,select“Set as File to Run”for thefirstfile and manually enter the otherfiles into run,e.g.(for all three languages):Rscript"first.R"Rscript"second.R"python-u"first.py"python-u"second.py"stata"first.do"stata"second.do"•If you want a full log of any run scriptfiles(i.e.including all executed commands) enter scriptfiles in the following way into run:Rscript-e"source(‘first.R’,echo=T)"python-m trace--trace"first.py"For Stata,set up a logfile within the.dofileYour material in the capsule•Creating subfolders–Hover the cursor over any folder.A downward arrow will appear on the right.Click it and select“New Folder”to create a new subfolder in this folder •Uploadingfiles/folders–Hover the cursor over any folder.A downward arrow will appear on the right.Click it and select“Upload File(s)”to uploadfiles or folders to this folder.Ifuploading folders doesn’t work,switch to Chrome as your browser(some browserslike Safari don’t work with this feature)(Uploadingfiles/folders to Code Ocean)–Upload your scriptfiles to/code and your datafiles to/data•Readme–Provide a Readme that briefly describes your material and the related manuscript –The Readme can be uploaded to/code in any format•Saving code output–Your code needs to replicate and create saved output for all code-createdfigures and tables in the main text as well as in the supplementary material–Everything that your code saves needs to be saved in/results(see section“Fold-ers in a capsule”above)–If you want to save anyfigures,tables,or datafiles in subfolders within/results, these subfolders have to be set up in run.For instance,to set up the subfolder /sims in/results,enter the following into run:mkdir-p/results/sims–Figures need to be saved in.pdf format.Tables can be saved in the format you deem most appropriate(e.g..csv,.txt,.tex etc.)–Allfigures and tables need to be saved according to their respective numbers in the manuscript,e.g.figure1.pdf,table2.tex etc.•Reading infiles–Files that are present when you set up the capsule need to be read in from/data –Files that are created by a script and needed in subsequent scripts need to be saved to and read in from/results(see section“Folders in a capsule”above)•File paths–Always use relative paths,e.g.../data and../results,when reading in and savingfiles(File paths on Code Ocean)–If you have code in a subfolder,don’t forget to add..as necessary,e.g.load(‘../../data/simulations.csv’).This code would go up two parent di-rectories and then look for./data/simulations.csv–The working directory is/code.If you source any scriptfiles,you thus don’t need relative paths,e.g.source("calculations.R")will work•Runningfiles–After a successful PA check of your setup(see section“Workflow for Authors”above),click on“Commit Changes”,then on“Reproducible Run”–This will run all scriptfiles listed in run remotely–You can close your browser once reproduction has started.Files will continue to be run(Runningfiles on Code Ocean)–If there is an error in your code,execution will be halted.Execution will also be halted if your code requires interactive user input•Computing power–Your material will be run on at least a16-core machine with120GB of memory.If your material requires more computing power please contact PA(Computing power on Code Ocean)•Looking at resulting plots–Click on any saved plot and it will open in a new tab.If you see an empty tab, switch to Chrome as your browser(some browsers like Safari don’t work with this feature)•Submitting your material for publication–After a successful reproducible run,click on“Submit for publication”–Successful submission requires one complete run of your material without errors(Publishing on Code Ocean)–If you can’t see the“Submit for publication”button,make sure to commit allchanges(Where is the‘Submit for Publication’button?)–After submitting your material for publication,add the metadata(see section“Publication metadata”below).PA will then check your material.Upon success-ful check,Code Ocean makes your material publicly available(What’s involvedwith a published capsule?)Publication metadata(must be completed for publication)•Description•Basic info–Capsule name–Researchfield(“Social Sciences”)–Tags(optional)•License info–Software license(“MIT”is recommended)–Data license(“No Rights Reserved”is recommended)•Associated Publication–Select whether the publication associated with this capsule is:∗Published∗Yet to be published∗There is no associated article–If you have a DOI,select“Published”.Otherwise choose“Yet to be published”•Authors and affiliations。

OIC-2021 HMS 3.0 ServerDatasheetWith a marine background dating back to 1924 and a worldwide experience in meteorological stations, it is clear that Observator systems are widely used in offshore applications. Meteorological measurements are critical for daily operations in harsh conditions like this. Examples include (un)loading at sea and crane and installation works, which all depend on wind, but also approaching thunderstorms that may affect general operations.Taking crew members and other people to and from moving or non-moving offshore objects is often done with the aid of helicopters. Here too, meteorological information is of critical importance. To this end, Observator has been supplying its widely used Helideck Monitoring Systems (HMS) for many years. These meet the most stringent standards, such as those of the UK CAA CAP437, Norwegian CAA BSL D 5-1 and the Brazilian DPC Normam-27.However, the HCA, which certifies helidecks worldwide, tightens these standards when it comes to moving objects. Especially when it comes to the parameter 'movement'. Recently she published the HCA 9.x ‘Standard Helideck Monitoring Systems’ which describes new algorithms, calculations and new pages to be used. This guideline will become mandatory as of 1 April 2021 for FPSO's, FSO's, offshore installation vessels, mega yachts, offshore supply vessels, diving support vessels etc., which are equipped with a helideck.For this purpose Observator developed her completely new HMS 3.0 line. Now that the hard-and software is available, all users have the opportunity to update their systems on time.Helideck Status HMSoutput#1HMSoutput#2HMSoutput#3Repeater Light Mode000N/A safe to land010MSI/WSI exceedance100do not land110001N/A RWD within limits011 Mitigation act considered101 Mitigation act required111HMS CIP Modbus control module, suitable for DIN rail installation HMS repeater light L430, suitable for safe areaGeneralThe OIC-2021 is Observator’s latest HMS / MetOcean/ EMS Server, provided with dedicated software to meet the HCA (Helideck certification agency) Standard Helideck Monitoring System rev 9.x.Obviously the complete system fully complies with CAP437, Normam-27 and BSL D 5-1 and others as well.The unit comes in a 19” sub-rack of 3 HE only and comprises an industrial PC and all required i/o, based on Observator’s MeteoLink concept.Backside of the OIC-2021, on the left sensor or MeteoLink inputs, right on this the Auxiliary ports and ports to drive e.g. dedicated displays and contact outputs for the helideck repeater lights.The server is an industrial DNV 2.4 compliant, IEC 60945 certified, head-less PC with Intel® Core™ i5-7300U 2.6 GHz*/i5-6300U 2.4 GHz processor, Chipset: SoC integrated; System Memory 2 x DDR4-1866/2133 SO-DIMM,4GB(32GB max); BIOS: AMI; Memory SSD 128GB.The 2 swappable2.5” SAT drives are easy acceptable at the front of the OIC-2021 while removing the cover plate. The OIC-2021 uses a Linux operation system while the HMS 3.0 will come as pre-installed software.The OIC-2021 HMS 3.0 Server further contains two accurate high accurate barometric pressure sensors which can be accessed by the same cover plate, for calibration purposes. A common air-pressure inlet (conform CAP-regulations) is available on the back side as well. The barometric pressure sensors are specified as follows:•Range: 750..1.150 hPa•Accuracy: 0,2 hPa(typical 0,1 hPa)•Drift: max 0,1 hPa/year•Temp.: -40°C..+85°C (fully compensated over the temperature range)•Number of sensors: 2 Integrated I/OIn previous standards of the HCA a traffic light was already described which was mandatory on the software pages. Within the last 9.x standard not only the algorithms have changed how to control this, it has also become an obligation to send these warnings to the helideck itself.So-called helideck-repeater lights at four points on the deck display the status. At this point the OIC-2021 is equipped with 3 contact outputs which can control these lights as follows:As helideck repeater lights the Orga L430 can be used in combination with the controller. The lights have an integrated photocell to automatically control the required dimming at twilight and at night. No separate photocell is required. They also include failure monitoring so that the control panel can show any errors that may occur.SpecificationsHelideck Status HMSoutput#1HMSoutput#2HMSoutput#3Repeater Light Mode000N/Asafe to land010MSI/WSI exceedance100do not land110001N/ARWD within limits011Mitigation act considered101Mitigation act required111HMS CIP Modbus control module,suitable for DIN rail installationHMS repeater light L430,suitable for safe areaPower 24VDC 500W (max)I/O NMEA input(6 ports)Rain (pulse) inputLAN(UTP) (2)NMEA output (2 ports)Helideck Lights (HCA 9.x) outputHDMI (service only)USB 2.0(2 ports)Baro port for poly flow 6/4mmIP rating IP2x according to IEC EN 60529Indication Green Power led in frontButtons ATX power button (back)Service button (back)Fuses10 A slow for external sensors (accessible on the back)5 A slow internal (service only)Housing19” rack mountHeight: 3UWeight: approx. 12 kgEnvironment Indoor use onlyOperating Temperature: -25 .. 55 deg CHumidity: 5-95% RH non condensingCertificates EN IEC 61162-1:2016EN IEC 60945EN IEC 60297-100:2009Integrated I/OThe OIC-2021 is provided with a fully wired MeteoLink Smart node with NMEA extension PCB resulting in: 6 NMEA (or MeteoLink) inputs MeteoLink is an Observator concept enabling sensors to be linked through to each other, creating one industrial standard for all parameters(M<EA0183), while not losing the flexibility to install sensors at their right locations.Within a standard HMS system a wind sensor (or two) will be connected to a temperature humidity probe OIC-406 resulting in the first link to the main unit. Observator’s most common wind sensors are:A second MeteoLink is often created for the parameters visibility, present weather and cloud base/coverage. Since these sensors are often installed close to each other, Observator offers a field combiner with one common serial output which takes care of the power supply as well.Integrated I/O (II)The third sensor/NMEA port will standard be used for one of the most critical parameters of HMS 3.0, and is reserved for a Motion Reference Unit. Our R&D department has chosen to use the MRU3000 which fully comply with required specifications.A fourth sensor/NMEA port will commonly be used to offer vessels position, speed and direction by means of on board installed GPS/Gyro.This leaves at least two non-used and available NMEA inputs. Other I/O:• 2 NMEA outputs (e.g. to connect OMC-140 Display units)•Variety of aux ports•Pulse input (rain sensor)•Ethernet•Server/service ports USB connectors• 3 helideck status outputs to be used for Helideck repeatersThe above may be used to add non-mandatory sensors to the HMS server as well. As example Observator can implement these underneath sensors to her system. Please note that in case wave is measured on board it is mandatory conform CAP437 to offer the data to the used HMS.VPF-730 visibility / present weather sensor CBME-80 cloud ceilometerOMC-118 ultrasonic anemometer OMC-160cup and vane type wind sensor OIC-406 temperature humidity nodeOMC-116multrasonicanemometerMiros SM-140 wave radarRadacWaveGuidedirectionBTD-350thunderstormdetectorMRU3000 Motion Reference UnitWelcome to the world of ObservatorSince 1924 Observator has evolved to be a trend-setting developer and supplier in a wide variety of industries. Originating from the Netherlands, Observator has grown into an internationally oriented company with a worldwide distribution network and officesin Australia, Germany, the Netherlands,Singapore and the United Kingdom.Pre-landing pageWithin Observator’s HMS 3.0 software this willprobably be the most used screen: the pre-landingpage, mandatary conform HCA. The name of thevessel or installation should be mentioned on thispage, as well as the helideck category. These areobviously pre-set by Observator while the user mayselect incoming helicopter type and category andday/night by means of drop-boxes.On this page allmeteorological parameters are available as perCAP and BSL requirements, motion is given as perlatest HCA recommendations while the relationbetween MSI and WSI is given in the graph.On-deck pageWhile landing the helicopter the operator enters theheading (reported by the pilot, relative magneticNorth). The on-deck page will appear automaticallygiven the Relative Wind Direction (RWD). Stoplightalgorithm will change as well, in stead of MSI/WSIrelation the stoplight is controlled by the winddirection relative to the helicopter in combinationwith wind speed.Other meteorological parametersrequired for a safe take off will still be available.Parameter (EMS/MetOcean) pagesAs standard or as option all measured parameters,or group of parameters, have their own specificpages with clear trend graphs. A selection can bemade to show combined trends or singleparameters while a date/time selection can be madeto act as play-back function. On the left the optionalavailable lightning page.The pre-installed HMS 3.0 software。

921 井位海域的海洋气象和海床地质信息目标井位坐落在印度尼西亚东加里曼丹，望加锡海峡的South Sesulu海域。

根据海底勘测情况显示[1]，最低天文潮水深为54.1米，井位处的海床表面为极软粘土，存在海底凹陷坑群和个别单独凹陷坑，未观察到影响自升式钻井平台在此海域插桩和压载的障碍物。

计划的作业时间为当年的4月份，根据海洋气象调查报告显示 [2] ，4月份的主要风向为从北向南，风速为3节至7节的微风；浪为东北方向，浪高为0.5米至1米的轻浪。

在井位的海床钻孔取芯数据分析显示[3]，海床地质土壤非均质，有砂岩分层，软硬粘土层互叠。

2 钻井平台参数和穿刺风险分析中国船级社批准的操船手册[4] 显示，CJ46型自升式钻井平台桩靴高度为3.87m，估算体积288m 3，投影面积为150m 2，最大压载量的条件下，其桩靴反力为7900吨。

根据海事咨询机构对桩靴入泥的分析评估[5]，以平均线为参考如图1所示，钻井平台将遇到两个压载穿刺层位，当桩靴反力达到4100吨，预计的桩靴入泥为9米时，将遇到第一个压载穿刺层，如压破穿刺层，桩靴入泥将迅速下降至10米。

当桩靴反力达到7600吨，预计的桩靴入泥为20米时，遇到第二个穿刺层位，如压破穿刺层，桩靴入泥将迅速下降至22米。

3 压载实践和穿刺地层应对在实际的压载操作中，考虑到理论计算可能的误差，以及安全和可控性等因素，会优先考虑使用下限数据作为参照；根据钻井平台操作经验，优先使用艏桩进行单桩压载的试探性操作。

3.1 第一个穿刺层位应对根据作业时潮水预报显示[6]，井位所在的海域，每小时的潮差在0.6米以内，每日13:00至15:00为平潮段，每小时潮差小于0.2米，受潮水影响小，有利于压载期间船体吃水观察和控制。

根据图1所示，第一个穿刺层位将发生在桩靴反力达到3200吨至4800吨范围内，钻井平台的静CJ46型自升式钻井平台在双穿刺地层的压载实践和应用研究陈炳赫中海油田服务股份有限公司 钻井事业部 北京 101149摘要：压载穿刺，指海上自升式钻井平台在压载过程中，因海床土壤层承载力梯度不均匀，上层土壤承载力比下层要强，施加的桩靴反力超过上层土壤的承载力，导致桩靴快速且不受控制地下沉，直至遇到承载力强度足够的土壤层才会停止其沉降运动。