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专题四 语 法 填 空最易得分的题型，但要求扎实的基础知识[全国卷考情导向]模式1| 有提示词动词的时态和语态 非谓语动词 形容词转换副词 形容词、副词的比较级 名词、代词的数和格词汇派生 考查动词八种时态和语态的基本构成形式。
考查动词的ing ，ed 形式和不定式形式。
考查形容词后加-ly 或-ily 变为副词。
考查形容词、副词变为比较级的基本构成形式。
考查单数名词变成复数名词的基本构成形式。
考查加前缀或后缀转化而来的派生词。
1．(·全国卷Ⅰ)However, be (care) not to go to extremes.careful [考查派生词。
be 后应接形容词作表语，故填careful 。
]2．(·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the (introduce) ofelectric-powered engines and lifts.introduction[考查派生词。
冠词后表示“介绍”应用名词形式，故填introduction。
]3．(·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.invitations[考查名词的数。
several几个，其后的名词要用复数形式，故填invitations。
]4．(·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.are removed[考查时态、语态和主谓一致。
根据语境可知此处用一般现在时，由于主语fat and salt是复数概念，且与remove是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态，故填are removed。
专题一阅读理解第四节词义猜测题（2018*全国卷HL D 篇）Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assumethat more __ i s_more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things , and it worked.Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a largebag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor) •For weeks, Fve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions： How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this.I decided to play with him withonly one toy for as long as it would keep his interest.I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max.I chose a red rubber ball― imple, universally available.We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it.lt was totally, completely enough for him.Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together.He had my full attention and I had his.My littleexperiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.32 • What do the words "more is more” in Paragraph1 probably mean?A.The more, the better.B.Enough is enough.C.More money, more worries.D • Earn more and spend more.33.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A • Saving up for her holiday.B • Raising money for a poor girl.C • Adding the money to her fund.D • Giving the money to a sick mother.34.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A.To try out an idea.B.To show a parent's love.C.To train his attention.D.To help him start a hobby.35 • What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Take It or Leave ItB. A Lesson from KidsC. Live More with LessD. The Pleasure of Giving【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，题材是生活哲理。
第四讲根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。
【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：(1)The phrase“...” in the sentence could be replaced by “________”．(2)The underlined word “...” in paragraph...refers to ________．(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the...paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean in the...paragraph?(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？(5)T he underlined word “...” most probably means “________”．(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that ________．Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。
(2)猜测短语的意义。
(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。
(4)猜测句意。
[考向1]词义猜测题——语境分析猜词义无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。
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第四讲词义猜测题——上下文中求答案[考查内容] [设问方式] 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。
要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。
词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by“______”．The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.词义猜测题7大猜词技巧要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
模式2| 无提示词[命题角度]1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over top.the[考查冠词。
此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
] 2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree engineering or architecture.in[考查介词。
关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。
a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。
]3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，is not good for the health.which[考查定语从句的关系词。
分析句子结构可知，空格处所填之词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。
]4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.a[考查冠词。
as a result结果是，为固定搭配，故填a。
]5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using every day.it[考查代词。
[命题角度]1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and thenbuilding a strong roof over top.the[考查冠词。
此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。
]2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree engineering or architecture.in[考查介词。
关于某个专业的学位要用介词in。
a degree in engineering or architecture工程学或建筑学学位。
]3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both，is not good for the health.which[考查定语从句的关系词。
分析句子结构可知，空格处所填之词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。
]4．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, people will eat more food to try to make up forthat something missing.a[考查冠词。
as a result结果是，为固定搭配，故填a。
]5．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25，000 people were using every day.it[考查代词。
模式4| 词义猜测题
[典题互动示法]
[典题1](2017·全国卷Ⅱ·D·节选)Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned．The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
1．What does the author mean by“the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?
A．The attackers get attacked.
B．The insects gather under the table.
C．The plants get ready to fight back.
D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.
[属于猜测句子的含义。
根据划线部分后面的句子“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被袭击了，故选A项。
]
[典题2](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·D·节选)To construct a working still，use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in
a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
2．What does the underlined phrase“the water catcher”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The tube.B．The still.
C．The hole. D．The cup.
[属于猜测短语的含义。
根据划线部分之前的句子“To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.”可知，划线部分指代前句中的a working still，即自制的太阳能蒸馏器，故选B项。
]
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